21. The Ecology Of Coral Reefs Although both fish and anemones are found from the poles to the tropics, from just below the surface to the ocean depths, it is only on coral reefs that this http://www.soc.soton.ac.uk/GDD/hydro/atmu/ecology/chapter6/2.html

Chapter 6 - Section 2 : forming partnerships Many of the partnerships on the coral reef have benefits for both participating species, and these relationships are called mutualistic, or less correctly symbiotic which means literally "living together". However, the word symbiotic is no longer just a scientific term, it is in use in general language, and when the majority of the public use the word, I see little point in avoiding it! It is important to remember that these relationships develop from the selfish desires of each species, and there is not the cosiness of altruism. These partnerships run right through the reef, from the zooxanthellae and corals to perhaps the best know example of a symbiotic relationship on land or sea, the anemone and the clownfish. Although both fish and anemones are found from the poles to the tropics, from just below the surface to the ocean depths, it is only on coral reefs that this relationship has been forged. Out of more than 1000 species of anemone world-wide only 10 host anemonefishes. Clownfish are always found with anemones. Indeed they can't live without them (in the wild), such is the specialisation of their evolution. The main benefit of the association for clownfish is protection. Anemones sting, clownfish are immune, so what better place is there to hide. And to lay and tend to eggs; for anemonefish also nest under the protective tentacles of their host.

22. Institute For Tropical Ecology And Conservation coral Reef ecology. Biological Parameters ecology Review of general concepts of ecology with emphasis on coral reefs as the basis of marine tropical ecosystems. http://www.itec-edu.org/coral2.html

Home Info Station Field Courses ... Site Contents Coral Reef Ecology Instructor: Dr. Moninya Roughan University of California, San Diego Scripps Institution of Oceanography Room 2147 Sverdrup Hall 9500 Gilman Drive La Jolla, CA 92093-0218 Phone: (858) 822 4926 Fax: (858) 822 0562 E-mail: mroughan@ucsd.edu NOTE: Diving certification is not necessary to enroll in this course, but is recommended. For SCUBA-certified (PADI, NAUI, or SSI certified) students who will be diving, there is a $100 Lab Fee with this course which covers dive tank, air and dive weight rental. Students with SCUBA certification are expected to bring their own BC, regulators, and proof of certification. Course Description This course will consider both the physical and biological aspects of coral reef ecology. Lectures and field trips will be used to cover the ecologically relevant aspects of geology and oceanography, review the organisms living on the coral reefs, and to consider the overall interactions of the organisms with each other, as well as with their physical environment. We will also look at the effect of various environmental factors (global warming, runoffs, over fishing, etc.) on the overall health of coral reefs. Additionally, students will be exposed to a number of field and laboratory research techniques used in coral reef ecology, and they will be expected to participate in an independent and original research project. As part of their research training, students will also be expected to review and critique a number of published articles.

23. Institute For Tropical Ecology And Conservation to develop an awareness of the objectives of research on coral reefs as well as an appreciation of current theoretical and practical issues in ecology. http://www.itec-edu.org/coral.html

Home Info Station Field Courses ... Site Contents Coral Reef Ecology Instructor: Dr. Al Beulig Division of Natural Sciences New College of Florida Sarasota, FL 34243-2197 Phone: 941-359-4374 E-mail: beulig@ncf.edu COURSE DESCRIPTION NOTE: Diving certification is not necessary to enroll in this course, but is recommended. For SCUBA-certified (PADI, NAUI, or SSI certified) students who will be diving, there is a $100 Lab Fee with this course which covers dive tank, air and dive weight rental. Students with SCUBA certification are expected to bring their own BC, regulators, and proof of certification. This course is designed to provide the student with a sound foundation in ecological concepts and field techniques as applied to coral reef ecosystems. The material covered is equivalent to a university upper level course in coral reef field ecology. (Note: Diving certification is not necessary to enroll in this course, but is recommended.) Formal Lectures Lectures will present topics that provide a background for the field work in an interactive discussion format. Topics are selected to permit students to develop an awareness of the objectives of research on coral reefs as well as an appreciation of current theoretical and practical issues in ecology.

24. A Guide To Protecting Coral Reefs warming (shifts in circulation patterns, increased air temperature, changes in cloudiness, etc.) would be expected to have major impacts on coral reef ecology. http://www.environmentaldefense.org/documents/496_ACFC6.htm

A Guide To Protecting Coral Reefs By Rodney M. Fujita and Mark S. Epstein, Environmental Defense Fund; Thomas J. Goreau, Global Coral Reef Alliance; Kristina Gjerde, Environmental Solutions International Originally published November 1992 Background Coral reef ecosystems deserve special attention within the scope of global efforts to protect our natural heritage. They play an important role in sustaining biological diversity, global biogeochemical cycles, and the economies of many countries. Despite these values, many coral reefs around the world are being rapidly degraded. While the biological and economic importance of coral reefs is fairly well documented, scant attention has been paid to them by policy makers at any level of political organization until recently. The degradation and destruction of coral reefs have such varied sources and widespread environmental and economic impacts, and funding for conservation is so limited, that coral reef protection must be addressed not only at the local, but at the regional and global levels as well. Local threats to coral reefs, such as sewage pollution, overfishing, and deforestation, must be addressed primarily by countries containing coral reefs, supplemented when appropriate by international financial and technical assistance. Regional problems, such as the transport of water and air pollution across national boundaries, must be addressed through regional legal instruments, again with international assistance to implement regional policies. Finally, the threats posed to coral reefs by global warming, ozone depletion, and international trade in coral reef organisms and natural products can only be reduced through international accords.

25. Coral Reef Ecology Science for the Conservation of coral reefs. coral Reef Monitoring Manual (download version 2.9meg) Hard copies are currently available. http://cars.er.usgs.gov/Coral_Reef_Ecology/coral_reef_ecology.html

Florida Integrated Science Center - Gainesville Home Publications Outreach ... Site Map Science for the Conservation of Coral Reefs Coral reefs in the Caribbean and western Atlantic are deteriorating in response to hurricanes, coral diseases, anchor damage, sedimentation, and other stresses. USGS biologists Overview Virgin Islands National Park VI Ecological Monitoring Program Sea Turtle Monitoring Protocols ... Complete Download Kit at the Caribbean Field Station are documenting the current status of coral reefs and the effects of some of these stresses within Virgin Islands National Park (St. John), Buck Island Reef National Monument (St. Croix), and Dry Tortugas National Park (Florida). The primary objective is to detect change in benthic cover over time using a statistically rigorous protocol. Coral Reef Monitoring Manual (download version - 2.9meg) Hard copies are currently available. For information, please contact Caroline Rogers, email: caroline_rogers@usgs.gov Virgin Islands National Park P.O. Box 710 St. John, USVI 00831

26. Hays Cummins' Home Page: Ecology, Marine Biology, Coral Reefs & Rainforests, Wea (ecology field courses, coral reefs, Bahamian Field Station, marine biology, Tropical rainforest ecology, nature photography,lagoons, Corcovado) http://jrscience.wcp.muohio.edu/html/

Home Page: Andrea and Joe return to the boat from Gaulin Reef in San Salvador, Bahamas. See other beautiful phenomena from the Bahamas. R. Hays Cummins Interdisciplinary Studies Miami University Search a Database of My Favorite Links!! Welcome! It is 3:55:30 AM on Tuesday, June 8, 2004. This page has served surfers. Last Update: Sunday, June 6, 2004 Site NAVIGATIONTable of Contents: Listen to a "Voice Navigation" Intro! (Quicktime or Look Below for.....WEATHERSITES........Use "Pop-Ups"-> Midwest Weather Spectacular Hurricane Movies and ImagesPast and Present Tropical Satellite Views Password Protected Radar Oxford,OH CURRENT Weather Conditions ARCHIVED Weather Conditions Satellite Movie Uploads! Main Street Weather Global Climate Change Starting Points (Climate Change Course) TROPICAL ECOSYSTEM COURSE SYLLABI......! -Tropical Ecosystem Syllabi 2004 -Course Announcement: Tropical Marine Ecology -Marine Ecology Course Starting PointsNEW -Marine Ecology LISTserve TROPICAL ECOSYSTEMS of COSTA RICA: Syllabus -Course Announcement: Tropical Ecosystems Costa Rica -Costa Rica Starting PointsNEW -Costa Rica LISTserve TROPICAL ECOSYSTEM IMAGE and MOVIE COLLECTION......!

27. Coral Reef Ecology, Alaska Pacific University coral Reef ecology. MAR410 The ecology of coral reefs and associated organisms. Offered alternate (even) years in January Block. Hawaiian coral Reef ecology. http://marine.alaskapacific.edu/courses/MAR410.php

Marine Biology Home Page Coral Reef Ecology MAR410: The ecology of coral reefs and associated organisms. Offered alternate (even) years in January Block. Course Page Syllabus General Expectations Web Resources Description A field-oriented block course that examines the ecology of coral reefs and associated organisms, including reef building organisms, organisms that live on or in the reef, and coral reef ecosystems. Topics include coral taxonomy, reproduction, morphology and ecology, reef structure and zonation, coral identification, symbionts on coral reefs, and coral reef ecosystems. Students will spend substantial time in or on the water (snorkeling). No SCUBA certification required. Lab included. Lab fee required. Additional costs of travel to and within the tropics, are required of the student. Prerequisites: MAR 201 and SC 301. Required texts: Gulko, D. 1998. Hawaiian Coral Reef Ecology . Mutual Publishing: Honolulu. Ronald H. Karlson. 2002. Dynamics of Coral Communities . Vol 23 in Population and Community Biology Series. Kluwer Academic Publishers. January Block 2006 field trip Hawaiian Vacations 261-2700 has good air fares out of Anchorage.

28. Coral Reef Ecology, Alaska Pacific University Syllabus coral Reef ecology. MAR410 The ecology of coral reefs and associated organisms. Offered alternate (even) years in January Block. http://marine.alaskapacific.edu/courses/MAR410 Syllabus.php

Marine Biology Home Page Syllabus: Coral Reef Ecology MAR410: The ecology of coral reefs and associated organisms. Offered alternate (even) years in January Block. Course Page Syllabus General Expectations Web Resources SYLLABUS Jan 2004 Jan 2006 document.write("Last modified: " + document.lastModified + ".")

29. NSGCP Published Coral Reef Related Projects of coral reef related species, (3) chemical ecology of coral reef related species, (4) economic significance and impacts of coral reefs, (5) management of the http://www.cbl.umces.edu/~mattia/SMProject/NSGCP/biblio.htm

Bibliography of Published Coral Reef Related Projects Funded by The National Sea Grant College Program Christopher M. Mattia St. Mary's College of Maryland St. Mary's City, MD 20686 and James McVey National Sea Grant College Program 1315 East West Highway Silver Spring, MD 20910 Prepared under: US Department of Commerce NOAA National Sea Grant College Program Project #43AANR602585 Table of Contents: Executive Summary Figure 1 Distribution of Coral Reef Related Research Funded By NSGCP Section 1 Coral Reef Related Reports Section 2 Physiology of Coral Reef Related Species Section 3 Chemical Ecology of Coral Reef Related Species Section 4 Economic Significance and Impacts on Coral Reefs Section 5 Management of Coral Reef Environment Section 6 Physical Characteristics of the Abiotic Coral Reef Environment Section 7 Interactions of Regional Ecosystems and Related Species Section 8 Proceedings to Conferences, Symposiums and Workshops Section 9 Other Research Related to Coral Reefs Appendix A NSGCP Institution Codes Appendix B NSGD Loan Procedures Appendix C Ordering Addresses for Obtaining Re-Prints Directly from Specific Sea Grant Offices Executive Summary Section 1 Section 2 Section 3 ... Appendix C Executive Summary Coral Reef Ecology Topics include: general ecology, population dynamics, field guides, reference materials relating to the topic and interactions of organisms with their environment.

30. Reef - Selected Topics With Links Marine ecology JS Levinton, 1982, Marine ecology, PrenticeHall Inc., New Jersey, p 5th edition, William C. Brown Publishing Co., Tropical coral reefs, p. 460 http://www.geology.iupui.edu/classes/g130/reefs/topics.htm

Reefs Topics- G130 Reefs: A Geologic Perspective Coral Reefs from Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary Marine Ecology - Ch. 20 by J.S. Levinton from Duxbury and Duxbury Reef Building Organisms Through Time Facies Models by James Historical Development of Reefs from Reefs Resource Pages The Modern Reef Ecosystem Marine Biology by Thurman and Webber Historical Development of Reefs from Reefs Resource Pages from Duxbury and Duxbury Marine Ecology - Ch. 21 by J.S. Levinton Facies Models by James Corals: Biology and Life Requirements Marine Ecology - Ch. 20 by J.S. Levinton Corals as Environmental Indicators from National Geographic The Reef and Anthropogenic Affects Essentials of Oceanography by Thurman Global Relief Effort for Corals Marine Ecology - Ch. 21 J.S. Levinton Saving The Reefs International Wildlife by D. Hinrichsen Global Relief Effort for Corals Complete References. Marine Ecology J.S. Levinton, 1982, Marine Ecology, Prentice-Hall Inc., New Jersey, p.394-418; 419-444. Duxbury and Duxbury N. P. James N.P. James, 1984, Reefs in Facies Models, Ed. R.G. Walker, Geological Association of Canada, p. 229-244. Thurman and Webber H.V. Thurman, and H.H. Webber, 1984, Marine Biology, Charles E. Merrill Publishing, Chapter 12, Benthos on the Continental Shelf, p. 303-313.

31. Coral Reefs Learn the facts about the ecology and conservation of coral reefs. The plight of coral reefs around the world, their disappearance http://annettelamb.com/42explore/reef.htm

The Topic: Coral Reefs Easier - Coral is a substance that is formed by the skeletons of sea animals. Live, healthy coral is often brightly colored. Large coral groups form rounded or branching masses. A strip or ridge of solidified coral at or near an ocean surface is called a coral reef. Harder - Coral is a limestone formation formed in the sea by millions of tiny animals called polyps. Most coral polyps live together in colonies. They attach themselves to each other with a flat sheet of tissue that connects to the middle of another polyp body; half of the coral polyp extends above and the remaining half is below the connective sheet. Coral polyps remove calcium out of the sea water to build their limestone skeletons. They then deposit calcium carbonate (limestone) around their lower body halves. When the animals die, they leave limestone "skeletons" that become the foundations of barriers and ridges called coral reefs. As new polyps grow, their mass makes the limestone formation larger and larger. Coral Reef from Enchanted Learning http://www.enchantedlearning.com/biomes/coralreef/coralreef.shtml

32. Phuket Reef Ecology Guide - Thailand & Burma Reef ecology Guide welcome. Discover Phuket s coral reefs. coral reefs are, without a doubt, one of the true natural treasures of our earth. http://www.diveasia.com/reef-guide/

Liveaboard Cruises Day Trips PADI Diving Courses PADI IDC - CDC ... Reptiles Reef Ecology Guide - welcome Discover Phuket's Coral Reefs Coral reefs are, without a doubt, one of the true natural treasures of our earth. They are home to an enormous variety of life forms, which is why they are often compared with tropical rainforests. Coral reefs need sunlight and warm water to exist. As a result, we only find coral reefs between the 30th parallels north and south of the equator. The minimum temperature that tropical corals can exist at is 20 degree C. Coral reefs are a complex system of uncountable micro-living spaces. In addition to the visible plants and animals, there are millions of nearly invisible, microscopic organisms that reside in these micro-caves and crevices inside of the coral blocks. Also, legions of tiny creatures called 'zooplankton' live directly above the reef. These creatures are an essential link in the reef food chain. Coral reefs are now facing the threat of massive destruction on a global scale. Fishing with dynamite and cyanide, specifically in Indonesia and the Philippines, has destroyed countless reefs already. As a result of global warming, more and more of the phenomenon known as 'coral bleaching' is also occurring. When bleaching takes place, the symbiotic algae in the corals are expelled and the corals become transparent. When this happens, it becomes possible to see through to the white limestone underneath, hence the name 'coral bleaching'. Most of the corals will eventually recover from the bleaching, but if the warmer water temperatures last too long, the corals will be destroyed forever.

33. Phuket Reef Ecology Guide - Thailand & Burma Reef ecology Guide Sponges Marine Worms. SPONGES (Spongia). Sponges MARINE WORMS. coral reefs are well and truly riddled with worms. Most http://www.diveasia.com/reef-guide/sponges.htm

Liveaboard Cruises Day Trips PADI Diving Courses PADI IDC - CDC ... Reptiles SPONGES (Spongia) GREAT VASESPONGE (Xestospongia testudinaria) Length: to 70 cm This species often hosts a variety of other organisms like crabs, shrimps, worms and fishes. They use the sponge to gain access to plankton-rich currents passing above. MARINE WORMS CHRISTMAS TREE WORM (Spirobranchus giganteus) Height: to 3 cm Because of its bright colors, this worm is very popular with divers. Settles in big colonies on hard corals of the species Porites. This species is ultra sensitive to light and pressure changes. When disturbed they are quickly withdrawn into the tube. Welcome Cartilaginous Fishes Bony Fishes Cnidarians ... Reptiles Dive Asia - Phuket Thailand Office Address: 24 Karon Rd., Kata Beach, Phuket 83100, Thailand

34. Phuket Corals And Reefs In Thailand Phuket reef ecology guide Thailand Burma Liveaboard Cruises Day Trips Padi Diving About Dive Asia News Faq Links Bookings Inquiries Home reefs coral. http://www.thaipro.com/dir/Phuket/Phuket_Corals_1.html

document.write('' +'' +'' +'Discount Thailand Flights' +' Cheap airline tickets to Thailand. Online booking for worldwide budget flights at the best prices' +'') Phuket corals and reefs in Thailand Corals Phuket, natural coral and reefs of the andaman sea diving resorts in Thailand Thailand Phuket Corals Reefs Viewing results of for: Phuket Corals Reefs Phuket reef Phuket reef Phuket reef Reef Guide Phuket corals reefs coral diveasia.com/ reef -guide/ sponges.htm more details Phuket Coral Divers - Scuba Diving in Phuket ... Thailand - Similan Phuket Coral Divers - Diving? Thailand? Padi? Learn to dive, dive Similan and beyond - Join our live-aboard safaris and see whale sharks and manta rays. Phuket and the Phuket Coral Divers situated in Rawai!. Phuket Coral Divers offer you a unique combination of world-class diving, professional diver education and the tropical surroundings of Asias www. phuket coral -divers.com/ more details Phuket Coral Divers - Scuba Diving in Phuket ... Thailand - Similan Phuket Coral Divers - Diving? Thailand? Padi? Learn to dive, dive Similan and beyond - Join our live-aboard safaris and see whale sharks and manta rays. Liveaboard Cruises to Similan and beyond. We offer regular Liveaboard departures throughout the high season from October to May. Join in for world class diving at affordable rates, designed to fit reef www.

35. Coral Reef Fishes The high diversity of the fish communities in the coral reefs is maintained Some aspects of the ecology of this remarkable community are further discussed here http://www.geocities.com/RainForest/2298/main.htm

"The marine fishes reach their greatest diversity in the coral reef ecosystems. Increasing polution, urban development, mining activities, deforestation and destructive fishing are endangering the coral reef and its fish diversity." Of all the creatures dwelling on coral reefs, none are more active or obvious than the fishes. Perhaps more than any other single component of the reef communities, fishes provide the best opportunity to observe essential features of reef ecology. The high diversity of the fish communities in the coral reefs is maintained mainly by the complexity of these places, that provide different ways for fishes to feed, live and reproduce. As many as the species numbers are the different ways of hunting, feeding, hiding, reproducing and living. Some aspects of the ecology of this remarkable community are further discussed here. Don't forget to take a look at our Fish of the Week page, now displaying the Spotfin Butterflyfish( Chaetodon ocellatus See our entry in the fish setion of the BBC Web Guide! Coral Reef Fishes has been selected as a clue location for the Spring 2000 Lycos Cybersurfari. Join now and play as a team, a school class, a family or an individual. Find answers to clues and learn interesting facts, visit fascinating sites while earning chances to win prizes.

36. Coral Reef Ecology Humann Nature/ecology Nature / Field Guide Books Nature Fish coral reefs and Islands Marine Life Science Marine ecology Behavior Caribbean http://topics.practical.org/browse/Coral_reef_ecology

topics.practical.org Coral reef ecology The Reef Set: Reef Fish, Reef Creature and Reef Coral (3 Volumes) Paul Humann Ned Deloach Nature/Ecology ... Animals - Marine Life

37. Coral Reef Biology coral reef biology coral reefs and islands Human ecology Endangered ecosystems Marine biology Coastal ecology Nature / Field Guide Books Nature http://topics.practical.org/browse/Coral_reef_biology

topics.practical.org Coral reef biology Book of Coral Propagation, Volume 1: Reef Gardening for Aquarists Anthony Rosario Calfo Corals Coral reef biology ... Science

38. EPA > Oceans, Coasts, & Estuaries > Coastal Watershed Factsheets > Coral Reefs A Learn about coral reefs and their importance to your coastal watershed. Participate in training or educational programs that focus on reef ecology. http://www.epa.gov/owow/oceans/factsheets/fact4.html

Contact Us Print Version Search: EPA Home Water Coastal Watershed Factsheets Partnerships ... for Children, Students and Teachers Coastal Watershed Factsheets Coral Reefs and Your Coastal Watershed United States Environmental Protection Agency Office of Water EPA 842-F-98-008 July 1998 oral reefs are among the world's richest ecosystems, second only to tropical rain forests in plant and animal diversity. However, they are extremely sensitive environments that have special temperature, salinity, light, oxygen, and nutrient requirements. If environmental conditions fall outside the acceptable range of these requirements, the health and dynamics of a coral reef community can be severely disrupted. That's why coral communities are sensitive indicators of water quality and the ecological health of the coastal watershed. They respond to alterations within the entire coastal watershed, such as changes in freshwater flows and nutrient inputs. Consequently, pollution from the destruction and alteration of surrounding coastal watersheds can directly affect the health and productivity of a coral reef. What Are Coral Reefs and What Do They Do?

39. Coral Reef Links Initiative. An Introduction to coral reefs coral reef ecology and a reference list, from the University of the Virgin Islands. Life http://response.restoration.noaa.gov/oilaids/coral/links.html

Oil Spill Aids Coral Reefs / Coral Reef Links Coral Reef Links Coral Basics Threats to Corals Research and Monitoring Conservation and Protection ... Sites for Kids Coral Basics NOAA's Coral Reef Coral Kingdom photo gallery Coral Reefs: 10 Questions, 10 Answers Answers to key questions from the International Coral Reef Initiative. An Introduction to Coral Reefs Coral reef ecology and a reference list, from the University of the Virgin Islands. Life on the Reef: A Live Expedition with the American Museum of Natural History Slide shows of reef life, reef pictures from space, and an archive of dispatches, from a 2000 expedition to the coast of Andros Island, a large barrier reef. Corals and Coral Reefs SeaWorld Education Department overview of corals and coral reefs; includes instructions for a "grow your own coral" experiment. Back to Top Threats to Coral Coral Reefs and Your Coastal Watershed An EPA website describing some important threats to coral reefs, what you can do, and what EPA, NOAA, and other agencies are doing. Coral Reef Bleaching Explanation of bleaching, maps and monitoring information, and links from NOAA NESDIS (National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service).

40. Coral Reef Ecology And Diver Damage To Coral Reefs Learn more Reef ecology PADI Underwater Naturalist Specialty. roles of individual reef creatures, basic reef creature biology, threats to coral reefs and more http://www.tobagodiveexperience.com/NuReef.shtml

Photo Gallery About Us Accommodations Boats Brain Coral Dive Sites Diver Training Diving FAQs Links Mantas Map-o-Tobago Rates Hyperbaric Chamber Reef Preservation Weather Whale Sharks Wreck Diving Guestbook Site Search Tobago Dive Experience PO Box 115 Scarborough Tobago West Indies Telephones: Speyside Shop Turtle Beach Shop FAX USA Toll Free Reef Ecology - the Basics The reef is a very complex association of animals and plants. There are over one thousand different species of animals and plants found in the near shore waters (0-200ft) of Tobago. Nearly all of these organisms are interdependent and they exist in a delicate balance with one another. The dominant components of Tobago's reefs are stony corals, gorgonian corals and algae. All corals are animals, although gorgonians (sea fans, sea whips, sea plumes, etc.) look more like bushy plants. The wide variety of sponges seen on the reefs are also animals, and all of these creatures are easily killed by careless or unknowing divers. Coral and algae are in constant competition. Most marine algae grows very rapidly - the world's fastest growing thing is a marine algae. Corals, on the other hand, grow very slowly, but live far longer than algae. These groups are in a constant struggle to dominate each other.

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