61. Buddhism And Confucianism VL, Taoism Information Page. Buddhist and Confucian Traditions. Comparative and General; Resources for the Study of East Asian Language http://www.clas.ufl.edu/users/gthursby/taoism/chinarel.htm

Taoism Information Page Buddhist and Confucian Traditions Comparative and General Resources for the Study of East Asian Language and Thought (Japan) http://www.human.toyogakuen-u.ac.jp/~acmuller/index.html [These are resources for the most part supplied (and a few linked) by Dr. A. Charles Muller of Toyo Gakuen University in Japan. There are several kinds of useful materials here, but chief among them for their relevance to philosophical Taoism are Dr. Muller's own translations of five Chinese classics: the Analects of Confucius, the Great Learning, the Doctrine of the Mean, the Mencius, and the Tao Te Ching.] Buddhist 10 Bulls http://www.cs.sfu.ca/people/ResearchStaff/jamie/personal/10_Bulls/Title_Page.html Buddhist Studies WWW Virtual Library (Australia) http://www.ciolek.com/WWWVL-Buddhism.html [An authoritative internet guide to Buddhism and Buddhist Studies sites that is maintained at the Australian National University by Dr. T. Matthew Ciolek and others. A major resource.]

62. Confucian Tradition Web Sites confucianism http//www.thespiritualsanctuary.org/confucianism/confucianism.html A simple introduction with links to other sites. http://www.clas.ufl.edu/users/gthursby/rel/kongfuzi.htm

Confucian Traditions The Teacher Confucius - K'ung-fu-tzu or Kongfuzi http://www.friesian.com/confuci.htm [A useful introductory interpretation by Kelley L. Ross who maintains a fine web site on the history of philosophy. For a simpler introduction, see the Confucius page at Richard Hooker's World Civilizations site.] Confucius http://www.cifnet.com/~geenius/kongfuzi/ [Keith Ammann's excellent page dedicated to the great sage is the best starting point for the beginner and can be useful to the student and teacher. Well-designed.] Confucius Page http://www.olsommer.com/tsoh/textonly/confucius-t.html [Very well designed and well illustrated introductory resource material presented by Ronald Henry Olsommer as part of his Look Within Eastern religions site.] Confucianism http://www.thespiritualsanctuary.org/Confucianism/Confucianism.html [A simple introduction with links to other sites. Part of "The Spiritual Sanctuary" pages.]

63. Confucianism: An Introduction A brief historical overview of confucianism and description of basic Confucian beliefs, by Meredith Sprunger. From the Urantia Book Fellowship. http://www.ubfellowship.org/archive/readers/601_confucianism.htm

Site Index E-mail us Religious Issues Archive An Introduction to Confucianism Dr. Meredith Sprunger This document contains a brief historical overview of Confucianism and a description of basic Confucian beliefs. Related Documents in this archive: The Social Problems of Religion Religion in Human Experience The Urantia Book's synopsis of Confucian teachings VI. CONFUCIANISM The Religion of Social Propriety Confucianism has been the chief cultural influence of China for centuries. The teachings of Confucius were never intended to be a religion. It has no revelatory sacred writings, no priesthood, no doctrine of an afterlife, and frowned on asceticism and monasticism. Later Confucius was deified and raised to the rank of Emperor and Co-assessor with the deities in Heaven and Earth. Official animal sacrifices were made at the tomb of Confucius for centuries. In 1982 Confucianism claims 156,070,100 adherents. The Chinese name of Confucius was Kung. His disciples called him Kung, the master (Kung Fu-tse) which western missionaries Latinized to "Confucius." He was born in 551 B. C. of an aristocratic family who had lost their wealth and position. His father, who died before Confucius was three, is said to have been a famous warrior of gigantic size and strength who was seventy years old when Confucius was conceived. Confucius was the youngest of eleven children. He grew up in poverty but received a good education. In his teens he accepted a minor government position, married and fathered a son but the marriage ended in divorce.

64. Confucianism societySociety and Culture—Religion—Major Religions of the World confucianism. Related content from HighBeam Research on confucianism. http://www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0001471.html

HOTWORDS CITE PRINT EMAIL in All Infoplease Almanacs Biographies Dictionary Encyclopedia Home Almanacs Atlas Dictionary ... Father's Day Infoplease Tools Periodic Table Conversion Tool Perpetual Calendar Year by Year ... Site Map Also from Infoplease Search Infoplease Info search tips Search Biographies Bio search tips Society and Culture Religion Major Religions of the World Confucianism Confucius (K'ung Fu-tzu), born in the state of Lu (northern China), lived from 551 to 479 B.C. He was a brilliant teacher, viewing education not merely as the accumulation of knowledge but as a means of self-transformation. His legacy was a system of thought emphasizing education, proper behavior, and loyalty. His effect on Chinese culture was immense. The teachings of Confucius are contained in the Analects , a collection of his sayings as remembered by his students. They were further developed by philosophers such as Mencius (Meng Tse, fl. 400 B.C. ). Confucianism is little concerned with metaphysical discussion of religion or with spiritual attainments. It instead emphasizes moral conduct and right relationships in the human sphere. Cultivation of virtue is a central tenet of Confucianism. Two important virtues are

65. Confucius And The Scholars - 99.04 Article published in The Atlantic in 1999. Considers the modern revival of confucianism in the light of recent scholarship which questions confucianism's historical origins and the appropriateness of confucianism as a general term. http://www.theatlantic.com/issues/99apr/9904confucius.htm

Return to this issue's Table of Contents. A P R I L 1 9 9 9 East Asian technocrats and modernists in Beijing, among others, are eagerly embracing an updated Confucianism even as scholars in the West ask some eyebrow-raising questions. Did the Chinese sage really exist? If so, did he have much to do with the religious and ethical system that bears his name? Could Confucianism have been invented by Jesuit missionaries? by Charlotte Allen The online version of this article appears in two parts. Click here to go to part two. O many educated Westerners, Confucius is the very emblem of Chinese civilization and religious belief. If the dates that historians have assigned to him 551-479 B.C. are correct, he was a contemporary of the Greek poet Pindar, the tragedian Aeschylus, and the philosopher Heraclitus. According to tradition, Confucius was easily their equal. In addition to having written or edited parts of a diverse body of literature that includes the I Ching Book of Changes ) and the Book of Poems, classics to this day, he was a scholar, a minister of state, and an accomplished horseman and archer. Confucius is said to have taught his disciples the cultivation of personal virtue (

66. Confucianism, Confucius confucianism, Confucius. {kuhn fue - shuhn - izm} General Information. E-mail. confucianism - Confucius (551 - 478 BC). {kuhn - fue - shuhn - izm} http://mb-soft.com/believe/txo/confuciu.htm

Confucianism, Confucius General Information Confucianism, the philosophical system founded on the teaching of Confucius (551 - 479 BC), dominated Chinese sociopolitical life for most of Chinese history and largely influenced the cultures of Korea, Japan, and Indochina. The Confucian school functioned as a recruiting ground for government positions, which were filled by those scoring highest on examinations in the Confucian classics. It also blended with popular and imported religions and became the vehicle for articulating Chinese mores to the peasants. The school's doctrines supported political authority using the theory of the mandate of heaven. It sought to help the rulers maintain domestic order, preserve tradition, and maintain a constant standard of living for the taxpaying peasants. It trained its adherents in benevolence, traditional rituals, filial piety, loyalty, respect for superiors and for the aged, and principled flexibility in advising rulers. BELIEVE Religious Information Source web-site Our List of 1,000 Religious Subjects

67. Neo Confucianism An overview of the NeoConfucian doctrines adopted under Japan's Tokugawa Shogunate (1603-1867). http://www.willamette.edu/~rloftus/neoconfucianism.html

CONFUCIANISM IN THE EDO (TOKUGAWA) PERIOD In Japan, the official guiding philosophy of the Tokugawa period (1603-1867) was Neo-confucianism. This philosophy profoundly influenced the thought and behaviour of the educated class. The tradition, introduced into Japan from China by Zen Buddhists in the medieval period, provided a heavenly sanction for the existing social order. In the Neo-Confucian view, harmony was maintained by a reciprocal relationship of justice between a superior, who was urged to be benevolent, and a subordinate, who was urged to be obedient and to observe propriety. The Chinese Neo-Confucian scholar Chu Hsi's (aka Zhu Xi) ideas were the most influential, but they were by no means the only ones studied in the Tokugawa period. Here are the four main elements of Neo-Confucianism which influenced Japan: 1) Fundamental rationalism a. stressed objective reason as the basis of learning and conduct b. pursued the "investigation of thing" as described in The Great Learning.

68. New Confucian Obstacles Short article by Joseph Wang from China Community Forum. Notes three key philosophical obstacles to the modern revival of confucianism. http://weekly.china-forum.org/CCF96/ccf9625/ccf9625-1.html

New Confucian Obstacles Joseph Wang CCF 9625 (Wednesday, May 29, 1996) I was reading Theodore de Bary's comments on the New Confucian revival in East Asia, and he mentioned two philosophical obstacles to this, so which I would add a third. The two obstacles are 1) defining Confucianism's relation to science and 2) defining a New Confucian political philosophy, especially its relationship to democracy. For the first, de Bary defines that the problem is that if Confucianism places philosophical speculation over scientific inquiry, then why should Confucians go into science rather than philosophy? The way out of this problem I think is to define scientific methods as the means for inquiry in the world. For example, social science methods can be used to try to answer the question of how relationships should be ordered. This solution continues in the spirit of Dai Zhen, and I think is a natural outgrowth of the anti-metaphysical trend of mid-Qing Confucians. The second problem, that of developing a modern Confucian political philosophy, is I think much less difficult than it first appears. There are many who would argue that the there is tension and a bad fit between Confucian values and modern democracy, but it should be pointed out that there is tension and a bad fit between Confucian values and Monarchism. To me, the development of a Confucian political philosophy rests on the concept of legitimacy. In classical times the source of legitimacy were cosmological and dynastic, and the emperor served as a link between the sources of power and the bureaucracy. Confucianism provided norms for the bureaucracy which allowed the system to run. In modern times, the sources of legitimacy are popular and in some cases revolutionary, and the political leadership provides a link between the sources of raw power and the implements by which the power is expressed (the civil service).

69. Bibliography On Confucianism Bibliography on confucianism. Thomas A. Wilson. Birdwhistell, Anne. 1989. Transition to Neoconfucianism Shao Yung on Knowledge and Symbols of Reality. http://www.hamilton.edu/academics/Asian/templebiblio.html

70. Images Of The Temple Of Culture Hamilton College. Version of this web page with Chinese characters. confucianism is a tradition that traces its beginnings to an educated elite called shi of http://www.hamilton.edu/academics/Asian/TempleCulture.html

71. Confucianism confucianism, It ji, The Five Classics of confucianism were works from the Zhou Dynasty which preceded the Warring States Period. http://www.geocities.com/tokyo/springs/6339/Confucianism.html

Confucianism "It is the man that can make the Way great, not the Way that can make the man great." Founded by: Analects Confucius "Confucius" is the Latin name for Kong Qiu-zi ("-zi" being a suffix meaning "master"), born in the Chinese state of Lu in 551 BC. He was born into a family which was on the poor end of the gentry class. Confucius spent his life trying to gain office at the court of a ruler who would be willing to rule according to the tenets of Confucianism. Ironically, Confucius died a failurehe never got anyone besides a handful of disciples to follow himbut after his death (in 479 BC) Confucianism became the most important influence on Chinese culture. Summary of Philosophy ru jia Rites, righteousness, relationships and benevolence towards others. Also very important is keeping order in relationships and in the state. ru: the Confucian school jia: family, the term is used to mean "school" Major Texts: Lunyu (translated, The Analects to the Chinese Philosophy Home Page Analects is a collection of sayings of Confucius, recorded by his disciples. As a result, the Analects is not a comprehesive manifesto of Confucianism. Rather, it is a collection of quotations and anecdotes. Because of this, Confucianism according to Confucius is open to interpretation. Adding to the confusion is the fact that many scholars consider certain parts of the

72. Some Ming Buddhist Responses To Neo-Confucianism A 1988 paper by ChunFang Yu in the Journal of Chinese Philosophy, reviewing these replies to Neo-Confucian attacks on Buddhist doctrine. http://sino-sv3.sino.uni-heidelberg.de/FULLTEXT/JR-JOCP/yu.htm

73. World Religions confucianism. China was in the midst of social and political upheaval at the time of Confucius teaching. The behavior of the average http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Forum/1699/Confucius.html

Confucianism China was in the midst of social and political upheaval at the time of Confucius' teaching. The behavior of the average Chinese citizen was influenced by years of tradition and custom but many of those traditions and customs that governed people's lives were being ignored as people became more individualistic. Warfare between different states was continuous and Chinese civilization teetered on the brink of self destruction. The individualism that began to emerge in Confucius' time was seen as a prelude to social anarchy. Custom and tradition was the "mortar" that kept society together and the "deliberate tradition" social system that Confucius built appealed to the people by using existing behavior established by precedented custom and tradition. Confucius used the teachings, morals, values and ideals of the Chinese people to create a philosophy that would allow the people to behave responsibly and still retain the essence of China's history and cultural identity. The following five terms outline the basic concept of Confucius' philosophy. JEN: "The virtue of virtues". The goodness of the human spirit. The perfection of what would make one supremely human. Untiring diligence,unselfishness, courtesy and empathy. "Do not do unto others what you would not want others to do to you." The idea that all of mankind is bonded together as brother and sister , the ideal relationship between human beings.

74. Tokugawa Neo-Confucianism Article covering the introduction and development of NeoConfucian teachings in Tokugawa Japan. http://www.wsu.edu:8000/~dee/TOKJAPAN/NEO.HTM

Japan Glossary Bakufu Daimyo system of government, the bakufu , or military, government of the Tokugawa shogunate reserved the right to inspect the 250 or so autonomous territories, or han under the control of various daimyo . In order to oversee all these territories, about three-fourths of Japan, and autonomous daimyo , the Tokugawa shogunate established an elaborate bureaucracy modelled after the Chinese imperial bureaucracy. Although Confucianism had been rooted in Japan since the sixth century A.D., it had largely been confined to Buddhist monasteries; however, Tokugawa Ieyasu turned to Confucianism, particularly Neo-Confucianism, as he began to build the bureaucracy which would eventually bring about over 260 years of domestic peace. Fujiwara Seika met Fujiwara Seika (1561-1619) long before he rose to the shogunate and still served under Toyotomi Hideyoshi . Seika was a devoted student of China and Chinese poetry, and became convinced that the most important advance in China was the establishment of Neo-Confucianism as the official orthodoxy. Its great virtue was its secularity; it focussed on the rational understanding of the human and material worlds.

75. A Ready Defense - Confucianism confucianism Chapter 26. of Mencius concerning the nature of man. The Sources of confucianism. The Five Classics as we have them today http://www.passionofchrist.com/english/resources/areadydefense/ch26/default.htm

CONFUCIANISM Chapter 26 Back to previous page C onfucianism, a religion of optimistic humanism, has had a monumental impact on the life, social structure and political structure of China. The founding of the religion goes back to one man, known as Confucius, born a half-millennium before Christ. The Life of Confucius Although Confucius occupies a hallowed place in Chinese tradition, little is verifiable about his life. The best source available is The Analects, the collection of his sayings made by his followers. Long after his death much biographical detail on his life surfaced, but most of this material is of questionable historical value. However, there are some basic facts that can be accepted reasonably to give an outline of his life. Confucius was born Chiu King, the youngest of eleven children, about 550 B.C., in the principality of Lu, which is located in present-day Shantung. He was a contemporary of the Buddha (although they probably never met) and lived immediately before Socrates and Plato. Nothing is known for certain concerning his ancestors except the fact that his surroundings were humble. As he himself revealed: "When I was young I was without rank and in humble circumstances."

76. Confucius And Confucianism - Introducing The Man And His Principle Ideas Confucius and confucianism introducing the man, his main ideas and his influence on China. The influence of confucianism in Chinese history. http://www.imperialtours.net/confucianism.htm

//Top Navigational Bar III v3.4.1.1b (By BrotherCake @ cake@brothercake.net) //Permission granted/modified by Dynamicdrive.com to include script in archive //For this and 100's more DHTML scripts, visit http://www.dynamicdrive.com/ //This notice MUST stay intact for legal use Confucius - an innovative conservative In the introductory article on the Occult Universe we establish the the basic model of Chinese thought which Confucius inherited. His contribution was to imbue this primtive but complex system with a moral value. For Confucius was an innovative conservative. While upholding all the ceremonial rituals of the existing cultural model, he gave them a moral significance of his own making. In this short article, after introducing Confucius and principal ideas, we outline his significance in Chinese history. Confucius In 551 BC in the state of Lu, Confucius was born to a noble but impecunious house. As a young man he took up government office, in which he rose to a position of relative prominence before being forced out by intrigue. At the age of 50 he became China's first private teacher, and developed a large following of disciples who wrote up his sayings after his death. His Principal Ideas Confucianism contains 3 central ideas: (1) the rectification of names, (2) the relationship between human-heartedness and righteousness and (3) knowing Ming or fate.

77. Confucianism confucianism, a religion of optimistic humanism, has had a monumental impact upon the life, social structure and political philosophy of China. http://www.greatcom.org/resources/handbook_of_todays_religions/03chap04/default.

Handbook of Today's Religions Confucianism Home What is a Cult? The Characteristics of Cults The Beliefs of Orthodox Christianity ... Print this page Confucianism, a religion of optimistic humanism, has had a monumental impact upon the life, social structure and political philosophy of China. The founding of the religion goes back to one man, known as Confucius, born a half-millennium before Christ. History The Life of Confucius Although Confucius occupies a hallowed place in Chinese tradition, little is verifiable about his life. The best source available is The Analects, the collection of his sayings made by his followers. Long after his death much biographical detail on his life surfaced, but most of this material is of questionable historical value. However, there are some basic facts that can be accepted reasonably to give an outline of his life. Confucius was born Chiu King, the youngest of 11 children, about 550 B.C., in the principality of Lu, which is located in present-day Shantung. He was a contemporary of the Buddha (although they probably never met) and lived immediately before Socrates and Plato. Nothing is known for certain concerning his ancestors except the fact that his surroundings were humble. As he himself revealed: "When I was young I was without rank and in humble circumstances." His father died soon after his birth, leaving his upbringing to his mother. During his youth Confucius participated in a variety of activities, including hunting and fishing; but, "On reaching the age of 15, 1 bent my mind to learning."

78. Confucianism - Jongmyo Royal Ancestral Shrine confucianism Jongmyo Royal Ancestral Shrine. confucianism confucianism. With the overthrow of the monarchy in 1911-12, confucianism declined. http://media.graniteschools.org/Curriculum/korea/confucian.htm

Confucianism - Jongmyo Royal Ancestral Shrine Confucianism is a moral and religious system from China started by Kongfuzi, under the Pinyin system, c.551-479 B.C., Chinese sage more commonly known as Confucius, who created sayings known as the Analects and other ancient commentaries. These moral concepts taught how to treat other people. This was similar to the Golden Rule. Confucianism, with these practical social concepts, was surpassed by Buddhism from the 3rd to 7th century A.D., Confucianism had a revival under the Tang Dynasty of China (618-907). The Song Dynasty (960-1279) developed a modified version of Confucianism, based on beliefs of Zen Buddhism and during the Ming Dynasty, under the Pinyin system, (1368-1644) meditation became a part of Confucianism. With the overthrow of the monarchy in 1911-12, Confucianism declined. Although Confucianism was introduced to Korea during the Three Kingdoms era (57 B.C.-A.D. 668) even before Buddhism, its ideological flowering occurred later through the introduction of Neo-Confucianism during the early period of the Joseon Dynasty (1392-1910). In 1910 Japan formally annexed Korea. While under Japanese colonial rule until 1945, all of Korea's religions were suppressed. Jongmyo was built by King T'aejo in 1395, the fourth year of his reign. Jongmyo has been used for Confucian memorial rites since that time.

79. An Overview Of Confucianism By Michael A. Ashby An Overview of confucianism. by Michael A. Ashby. This system is known as confucianisma religion to some, a philosophy to others. http://web.lemoyne.edu/~kagan/ashbykf.htm

An Overview of Confucianism by Michael A. Ashby Confucius was born in 551 B.C.E. in the principality of Lu (Shantungprovince), China. He became a gifted teacher who acquired a facility involvingthe Socratic method of teaching a diverse array of subjects, includinghistory and poetry. Confucius used this facility to train his students’minds and to impart wisdom to them. The problem that confronted Confucius entailed social anarchy. Specifically,Confucius was concerned with the destruction of Chinese culture and normativesocietal behavior. His solution involved the development of a system whichencouraged cooperation and social cohesion. This system is known as Confucianism:a religion to some, a philosophy to others. Historically, custom and tradition stabilized Chinese society. Theseelements allowed China to progress in an orderly manner. However, yearsof turmoil from warring provincial factions undermined this stability.Confucianism provided a framework which reinstated these two vital componentsof Chinese society. Furthermore, Confucius promulgated an ingenious doctrine:reliance on the past for solutions which solve problems in the presentcultivates continuity, an essential element of social cohesion. Therefore,Chinese societies should first look to the past for solutions before deviatingfrom established traditions. Confucius also promulgated the belief whichstates that human beings are innately good. (Seemingly, people who believethemselves to be innately good are more likely to act in a morally correctmanner).

80. "Confucianism" In Question: A Bibliographical Guide By Colin Jeffcott, Publicati confucianism in Question a Bibliographical Guide. Compiled by Dr Colin Jeffcott. Centre for Asian nature. confucianism. The first http://www.anu.edu.au/asianstudies/publications/bibguide.html

National Institute for Asia and the Pacific ANU Home Search ANU Faculty of Asian Studies ... Publications "Confucianism" in Question: a Bibliographical Guide Compiled by Dr Colin Jeffcott Centre for Asian Societies and Histories , Faculty of Asian Studies, Australian National University. This guide is designed to provide help in finding reading which will contribute to youir understanding of the history and nature of Confucian thought and practice. It tries to point you to work directly concerned with Confucianism itself, but also to the varying contexts which are essential to any full understanding of its nature. Confucianism The first item is list of books and articles directly on Confucianism itself, covering its history in China down to the Song dynasty, on the Internet: 1. Confucianism: a bibliography http://www.anu.edu.au/asianstudies/publications/confbib.html For more general books, and some articles, the first reference to use is: 2. The American Historical Association's

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