121. Colombia - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia history. Main article history of Colombia Spanish explorers arrived in the area around 1500, at which time they encountered many http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombia

Colombia From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. The Republic of Colombia is a country in north-western South America . It is bound to the north by Panama and the Caribbean Sea , to the east by Venezuela and Brazil, to the south by Ecuador and Peru, and to the west by the Pacific Ocean República de Colombia In Detail Full size National motto : Libertad y Orden Spanish ; "Liberty and Order") Official language Spanish Capital Bogotá ... Independence From Spain July 20 August 7 Currency ... Internet TLD .CO Calling Code Table of contents 1 History 2 Politics 3 Departments 4 Geography ... edit History Main article: History of Colombia Spanish explorers arrived in the area around , at which time they encountered many Chibchan peoples who they subjugated through warfare, disease, exploitation, and conquest. They soon established settlements that eventually grew into the provinces which where part of the Captaincy General of New Granada . As it became a Viceroyalty in , some other provinces of northwestern South America came under its jurisdiction. An independence movement sprang up around that finally succeeded in when the territory of the Viceroyalty of New Granada became the Republic of Greater Colombia Gran Colombia Internal political and territorial divisions led to the secession of Venezuela and Quito (today's Ecuador ) in and the remaining Department of Cundinamarca was renamed New Granada until when it became the Granadine Confederation until when it became the United States of Colombia until when it became the Republic of Colombia. Internal divisions remained, occasionally igniting

122. Colombian Rebels Claim Responsibility For Downing U.S. Plane CNN http://cnn.com/2003/WORLD/americas/10/03/colombia.plane.ap/index.html

123. Colombia US Library of Congress An extremely dated (1988) but still valuable Country Study Handbook on Colombia, including chapters on Colombia s history, society http://www.fe.doe.gov/international/colombia.html

COLOMBIA An Energy Overview of Colombia includes information about Colombia's energy policy, a lengthy description of the energy situation in Colombia, an environmental summary, plus brief privatization and economic summaries. (Prepared by DOE Office of Fossil Energy) LINKS TO BUSINESS INFORMATION SOURCES ON COLOMBIA US-DOE Energy Information Administration - Country Analysis Brief on Colombia. A description of Colombia's energy economy, including Oil, Natural Gas, Coal, and Electricity. Elsewhere at this site is a somewhat dated (1999) but still useful Country Energy Balance for Colombia with information on oil, coal, natural gas, and electricity. CIA World Factbook 2002 - A very useful information summary about Colombia, including sections on geography, people, government, economy, communications, transportation, military forces, and transnational issues. U.S. Department of State - Fiscal Year 2001 Country Commercial Guide for Colombia (in PDF format), including economic trends, political environment, marketing information for U.S. products and services, an overview of the investment climate, leading sectors for U.S. exports and investments, Colombia's trade regulations and standards, trade and project financing, and business travel. U.S. Department of State

124. CNN.com - Colombian Military Pinpoints U.S. Hostages - Nov. 7, 2003 CNN http://cnn.com/2003/WORLD/americas/11/07/colombia.usa.reut/index.html

International Edition MEMBER SERVICES The Web CNN.com Home Page World U.S. Weather ... Special Reports SERVICES Video E-mail Services CNNtoGO Contact Us SEARCH Web CNN.com Colombian military pinpoints U.S. hostages Story Tools YOUR E-MAIL ALERTS Follow the news that matters to you. Create your own alert to be notified on topics you're interested in. Or, visit Popular Alerts for suggestions. Manage alerts What is this? BOGOTA, Colombia (Reuters) The Colombian military has a good idea where Marxist rebels are holding three U.S. Defense Department contractors hostage but has not attempted to rescue them for fear of endangering their lives, the Colombian defense minister said Friday. "We have a pretty clear idea of where they are keeping them, but the prime concern of our armed forces has been the responsibility to avoid any operation which could put them in serious risk," Defense Minister Marta Lucia Ramirez told reporters. Thomas Howes, Marc Gonsalves and Keith Stansell were captured by the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia in February when their light aircraft crashed on a southern Colombian jungle hillside while on a mission spying out drug crops. The rebels, a 17,000-strong group known by the Spanish initials FARC, say the three civilians are CIA agents and have put them on a list of politicians and soldiers they want to swap for guerrillas held in government jails. They killed two other crew members who survived the crash a Colombian army sergeant and a U.S. Vietnam veteran.

125. Colombian Jungle Outpost Focus Of Drug War CNN http://cnn.com/2001/WORLD/americas/12/01/colombia.drug.ap/index.html

126. Republic Of Colombia Francisco, CA 94110 María del Carmen Martí Administrative Assistant Phone (415)4957195 Fax (415)777-3731 More information on colombian consular offices http://www.colostate.edu/Orgs/LASO/Colombia/colombia.html

Latin-American Student Organization (LASO) Republic of Colombia Colombia - Kolumbien - Colombie General Information History Geography Regions and Cities ... Colombia on the Internet Area: 1,138,910 sq km (439,735 sq mi.) Population: Capital: Largest Cities: Language: Spanish Religions: Roman Catholic 95% Currency: Peso Colombia stretches over approximately 1,140,000 sq. km, roughly equal to the area of Portugal, Spain, and France put together. Colombia occupies the northwestern end of South America, and is the only country there with coasts on both the Pacific (1350 km long), and the Atlantic (over 1600 km.) Three Andean ranges run north and south through the western half of the country (about 45% of the total territory.) The eastern part is a vast lowland which can be generally divided into two regions: a huge open savannah on the north, and the amazon in the south (400,000 sq. km aprox.) Antioquia (spanish) Cali Macondo Cartagena ... Company index at indexcol Some of these recipes need to be revised. I'll include some comments or modify them as I or someone else tries them. I'd like to thank all the people that have contributed to this section. They have provided recipes, translations, corrections, and useful suggestions. These are the mirror sites for these recipes with their respective languages: Delft University of Technology,

127. Colombia Unofficial site focusing on the national team with match reports and player profiles. http://www.geocities.com/psycho1060/colombia.html

The Official Colo mbian Soccer page! Venezuela 2 - 2 Colombia [full report] *NEW* COPA AMERICA SITE ... Check out the NEW Copa America 2001 site This is the HOME! of Colombian International Soccer where I'll be up-to-date on all the international results and where I'll be telling you how they got on in competitions or how they done in a recent friendly- keep your cool because the whole site is still in contruction... Last Updated 17/04/2001 I would welcome your suggestions and comments- click here The Colombian Squad World Cup 2002 [qualifying games] This is the No. of people that have visited since Sep. 1999 CONCACAF Gold Cup 2000 Results of the most recent game: !NEW! GUESTBOOK- leave your messages on what you'll like changed and views on what you think of the site! Click here for the latest news: David Piedrahita TOP STORY- Javier Alvarez is sacked after Colombia lose to a shocking by Brazil Javier Alvarez is replaced by Luis Augosto "Chiqui" Garcia after one of the most humiliating defeat Colombia have experienced for 20 years. Even though it was the under-23's we still had some good players lined up for the game. He and his technical advisors were sacked by the Colombia Football Federation (CFF). This comes just days after Colombia get ready to play in the 2000 Gold Cup in the US. I just hope that this does not affect our game-play in the Gold Cup as that would be a real shame.

128. Use Of U.S. Forces Abroad By midSeptember there were 50- 100 US military advisers in Colombia in connection with To Chain the Dog of War; the War Power of Congress in history and Law. http://www.history.navy.mil/wars/foabroad.htm

Return to Naval Historical Center home page. Return to Wars and Conflicts page DEPARTMENT OF THE NAVY NAVAL HISTORICAL CENTER 805 KIDDER BREESE SE WASHINGTON NAVY YARD WASHINGTON DC 20374-5060 (NOTE: The following represents the views of the author and not necessarily the views of the Naval Historical Center.) Instances of Use of United States Forces Abroad, 1798 - 1993 by Ellen C. Collier, Specialist in U.S. Foreign Policy, Foreign Affairs and National Defense Division Washington DC: Congressional Research Service Library of Congress October 7, 1993 Summary This report lists 234 instances in which the United States has used its armed forces abroad in situations of conflict or potential conflict or for other than normal peacetime purposes. It brings up to date a 1989 list that was compiled in part from various older lists and is intended primarily to provide a rough sketch survey of past U.S. military ventures abroad. A detailed description and analysis are not undertaken here. The instances differ greatly in number of forces, purpose, extent of hostilities, and legal authorization. Five of the instances are declared wars: the War of 1812, the Mexican War of 1846, the Spanish American War of 1898, World War I declared in 1917, and World War II declared in 1941.

129. Colombian FARC Rebels Kill Mayor On Hit List CNN http://cnn.com/2002/WORLD/americas/06/05/colombia.mayor.reut/index.html

130. Colombian President Says Armed Groups Have Kidnapped 46 Venezuelans CNN http://cnn.com/2003/WORLD/americas/09/02/colombia.venezuela.rebels.ap/index.html

131. Colombian Paramilitary Groups Spar CNN http://cnn.com/2003/WORLD/americas/06/04/colombia.violence.ap/index.html

132. Gunmen Kill Colombian Mayor During Party CNN http://cnn.com/2003/WORLD/americas/08/03/colombia.mayor.killing.reut/index.html

133. BBC - History - The Story Of The Conquistadors the extraordinary explorations across the Andes, deep into Venezuela and Colombia in the say that these are some of the greatest land explorations in history. http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/discovery/exploration/conquistadors_02.shtml

@import url('/includes/tbenh.css') ; Home TV Radio Talk ... A-Z Index TUESDAY 8th June 2004 Text only BBC Homepage History Topics ... Help Like this page? Send it to a friend! The Story of the Conquistadors By Michael Wood Page 2 of 6 1. Introduction 2. Colombian exchange 3. The Aztecs 4. Conquistador regret ... Print entire article Colombian exchange The long-term effects of the Conquest are no less fascinating. The 'Columbian Exchange' as modern historians call it, brought the potato, the pineapple, the turkey, dahlias, sunflowers, magnolias, maize, chillies and chocolate across the Atlantic. On the other hand, tens of millions died in the pandemics of the 16th century, victims of smallpox, measles and the other diseases brought by Europeans (and don't forget that the African slave trade was begun by the Europeans, to replace the work force they had decimated). Then, after the defeat and extermination of the native societies, came the arrival of the European settler class and the appropriation of the native lands and natural resources. From this process has emerged the modern US empire. The effects on the economies of the world were no less marked as it shifted the centre of gravity of civilisation to the countries of the Atlantic seaboard and their offshoots in the New World. However, the story is also one of history's greatest adventures. The opening up of the continent involved unparalleled journeys of exploration with almost unbelievable bravery, endurance, cruelty and greed. For instance, Almagro's 6,000km expedition to explore the wastes of Chile, or de Soto's fateful three-year march through a dozen US states - a tale only now being untangled by US historians. Then there are the extraordinary explorations across the Andes, deep into Venezuela and Colombia in the 1530s, journeys which gave birth to the alluring legend of El Dorado. It was the dream of El Dorado that fired Gonzalo Pizarro's 18-month expedition across the Ecuadorian Andes: 'the worst journey ever in the Indies', it was said. However, it led by accident to the discovery and descent of the Amazon. When all is said and done, it is no exaggeration to say that these are some of the greatest land explorations in history.

134. Unarmed Colombian Villagers Defy Rebels, Rescue Police CNN http://cnn.com/2001/WORLD/americas/11/24/colombia.defiant.town.ap/index.html

135. WWW Virtual Library: Museums Around The World List of Coloombian museums. http://www.icom.org/vlmp/world.html#Colombia

Virtual Library Museums Search u s e u m s around the world This page includes an eclectic collection of World Wide Web services connected with museums around the world. Please use the submission form if you know of a museum not included here. If you would like your museum included in this directory, please consider maintaining a list of museum links for your country as part of VLmp . Please contact Jonathan Bowen if you would like to do this. You are virtual "visitor" number: Museums and exhibitions The museums in this list are categorized by country/continent. Museums in some countries are listed on separate pages for space reasons. In general, information and exhibits are in English unless otherwise stated. Afghanistan Africa Algeria Andorra ... Italy (see also selected list Japan Jordon Indonesia ... Yemen Items starting with have been recently added. Starred items marked have large collections and/or are especially recommended. If enough people ask for a star to be added to an item I will do so! Afghanistan Kabul Museum Antarctica McMurdo Historical Society Virtual Museum , McMurdo Station. Antarctic history.

136. Columbus World Travel Guide - South America - Colombia - History And Government World Travel Guide Colombia - history and Government - includes information on the constitution and politics. http://www.travel-guide.com/data/col/col580.asp

OAS_sitepage = URL + '/SouthAmerica/Colombia/HistoryandGovernment'; document.write('Research Colombia hotels at TripAdvisor'); Contact Addresses Overview General Information Passport/Visa ... South America /Colombia COLOMBIA History and Government History: The Republic of Colombia was formally established in 1855, four years after the abolition of slavery. Over the next 100 years, Colombian politics were dominated by the Conservative-Liberal feud, which often broke out into warfare. Periods of democratic government alternated with dictatorships. There were occasions, however, when the two parties were able to unite to see off a common threat. This occurred in 1970, when they joined forces to prevent a bid for power by the Alianza Nacional Popular (ANAPO), led by the former dictator, General Rojas. At a desperately close election in April 1970, which needed four recounts, Rojas was narrowly defeated by Dr Misael Pastrana Borrero, the candidate for the National Front alliance of Liberals and Conservatives. The 1970 election was a turning point in Colombia’s recent history. Disaffected members of ANAPO formed a guerrilla movement known as Movimiento 19 de Abril (M-19), which initiated a 15-year-long guerrilla campaign against the government. They were soon joined in insurrection by two other left-wing groups

137. CNN - Rebels Make A Fortune From Crime, Colombian Government Says - May 11, 1999 CNN http://www.cnn.com/WORLD/americas/9905/11/colombia.drugs/index.html

[an error occurred while processing this directive] MAIN PAGE WORLD africa americas ... news quiz CNN WEB SITES: TIME INC. SITES: Go To ... Time.com People Money Fortune EW MORE SERVICES: video on demand video archive audio on demand news email services ... pointcast DISCUSSION: message boards chat feedback SITE GUIDES: help contents search FASTER ACCESS: europe japan WEB SERVICES: Keyword Title Author Rebels make a fortune from crime, Colombian government says May 11, 1999 Web posted at: 3:55 a.m. EDT (0755 GMT) BOGOTA (CNN) - Marxist rebels in Colombia have shown themselves to be quite capable capitalists, earning more than $5.3 billion over the last eight years through drug trafficking, kidnapping and extortion, according to a report released Monday by the Colombian government. The report, issued by the army and the government's National Planning Department, said the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC) and the National Liberation Army (ELN) the oldest and largest rebel groups in the hemisphere generated $2.3 billion from drugs alone from 1991 through 1998. The report also said the guerrillas earned $1.8 billion from extortion and theft and more than $1.2 billion from ransom payments.

138. RecipeSource: Colombian Recipes Handful of recipes from RecipeSource.com. http://www.recipesource.com/ethnic/americas/colombian/

Jump to Page Content Welcome to RecipeSource! RecipeSource is the new home of SOAR: The Searchable Online Archive of Recipes and your source for recipes on the Internet. Home Ethnic Recipes Colombian Recipes Search for Recipes: Search entire site Search just this area Advanced Search Browse by region: Europe Non-regional Browse by type: Main Dishes Baked Goods On the Side Holiday Foods Other info: About Us Contact Us Site Map Site News ... Submit a Recipe Recipes in this category: Arepas Fritas De Queso O Chicharron Arepas Jenesanences(Corn Bread Jenesanen Sty Colombian Avocado Vichyssoise(Sopa De Aguacate Y Papas) Colombian Marinated Tomatoes(Weir) ... Frituras De Caracol(Columbian Conch Fritters All trademarks are the property of their respective owners.

139. Colombian Rebels Deny Losing Ground CNN http://cnn.com/2003/WORLD/americas/07/15/colombia.rebels.reut/index.html

140. CNN.com - Colombian Rebels Halt Planned Release Of Tourists - Dec. 10, 2003 CNN http://cnn.com/2003/WORLD/americas/12/09/colombia.rebels.ap/index.html

International Edition MEMBER SERVICES The Web CNN.com Home Page World U.S. Weather ... Special Reports SERVICES Video E-mail Services CNNtoGO Contact Us SEARCH Web CNN.com Colombian rebels halt planned release of tourists Relatives of others who were kidnapped seize church in protest Story Tools RELATED Teenager describes escape Two hostages released YOUR E-MAIL ALERTS Follow the news that matters to you. Create your own alert to be notified on topics you're interested in. Or, visit Popular Alerts for suggestions. Manage alerts What is this? BOGOTA, Colombia (AP) Colombian rebels, reneging on a promise, said Tuesday they won't release four Israelis and a Briton they are holding hostage in a northern wilderness because of ongoing military operations. In a communique addressed to Israel and Britain, the National Liberation Army, or ELN, said "the lives of your citizens have been put at risk in an irresponsible way by the army." The ELN insisted that it lacked the security conditions needed to release the hostages as planned before Christmas. "We are bitterly disappointed to hear this news that there may be a problem," Sharelle Henderson, the mother of captive British television producer Mark Henderson, told the British national news agency Press Association.

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