Geometry.Net - Basic_C: Colombian History

21. Geography And Wildlife Of Colombia
In Spanish. colombian history A few paragraphs on 400+ years of history. Country History of Colombia From World History Archives. History
http://gosouthamerica.about.com/cs/colgeog/
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Geography and Wildlife of Colombia
Maps, climate, weather, wildlife, geography, photos and related resources about the country
Alphabetical Recent Up a category Colombia's National Parks Colombia has developed a vast system of national parks, wildlife reserves and sanctuaries to enjoy when things quiet down. Colombia from Lonely Planet Clear map displaying cities (favorite destinations in red) plus national parks. Colombia - General Information Colombia has a wide variety of landscapes, climatic conditions, peoples, and types of settlement and economic activity. Colombia Manipulate the map by direction and zoom. Excellent resource from Expedia.com.

22. Colombia Update - An Overview Of Recent Colombian History
Heaven on Earth. Farclandia! Cool, but be careful. Never heard of it. Results Polls Votes 327. An Overview of Recent colombian history.
http://colombiaupdate.com/Members/george/l/20020119130137
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23. Genesis Gems / Pre-Colombian History
PreColombian Goldwork. Courtesy of Museo Del Oro / Bogota, Colombia. Colombia, one of Latin Americas riches countries in natural
http://www.genesisny.net/GGems/PreHistory.html
Pre-Colombian Goldwork Courtesy of: Museo Del Oro / Bogota, Colombia Colombia , one of Latin Americas riches countries in natural resources is located in the northwest of South America. Washed by the Atlantic Ocean to the north and by the Pacific to the west, like a spinal column, the chain of the Andes Mountains stretches up from the south of the continent forming three fertile branches with countless valleys, plateaus and hillsides inhabited by the majority of the present-day population. The total land area is 1,141,748 sq km (440,831 sq mi). Colombia's varied topography also includes torrid lowlands; selvas (rain forests); and vast plains, or llanos. The principal river, the Magdalena, flows north across practically the entire country. Wildlife includes the larger South American mammals such as jaguars, pumas, and tapirs and monkeys, red deer, snakes, and birds. Colombia lies almost entirely in the Torrid Zone, between the tropics of Cancer and Capricorn. The climate, however, varies with the elevation, with cooler temperatures at higher altitudes. In ancient times this land was occupied by societies governed by chiefs. Gold, the sacred metal, adorned the political leaders and was used as offerings to the gods. In the southwest of Colombia, the cultures which archaeologists call Tumaco, Calima, Malagana, Cauca, San AgustÃn, Tierradentro, NariÃ±o, Quimbaya and Tolima, were the first to work the metal they found in the rivers.

24. Pre-colombian
Precolombian history. back, Nicaragua has historically been at the crossroads between northern and southern pre-Spanish civilizations
http://www.elporvenir.org/html/pre-colombian.html
Pre-Colombian History Nicaragua has historically been at the crossroads between northern and southern pre-Spanish civilizations and cultures and there is evidence of human habitation dating back 30,000 years. In Managua near the crater lake of Acahualinca are some very well preserved human and animal footprints of what appears to be the remains of a mass fleeing of a volcanic eruption 6000 years ago. The best understood cultures are the
For more information, please call (916) 736-3663
E-mail us at info@elporvenir.org Home About Us... Nica Info ... Links

25. Bolerium -- The Llanos Frontier In Colombian History 1830 - 1930.
Rausch, Jane M The Llanos frontier in colombian history 1830 1930. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque. 1993, xii, 401p
http://www.bolerium.com/cgi-bin/bol48/47629.html
Purveyors of rare and out-of-print books, posters, and ephemera on social movements. Browse by Category Abolitionism Aborigine Abortion Abyssinia Addicts, Addiction Advertising catalogue Afghanistan AFL-CIO Africa African American African Communism African National Congress African National Congress, ANC, A.N.C. Afrikans, Afrikaner Afro-Cuban, African-Cuban Agriculture AIDS Alabama Alaska Albania Alberta Alcohol, Alcoholics, Alcoholics Anonymous Algeria American Civil Liberties Union American Federation of Labor American Indians American Legion American Presidents American Revolution Americana Americans from India Anarchism Angling, fishing Angola Animal Rights Anthropology Anti-Fascist Anti-Semitism Anticatholic Anticommunist Antiques-Craft-Furniture Antiquities AntiZionism, AntiZionist Apartheid Appalachia Arab Arab-Israeli Conflict Arabia Arabic American Archaeology Architecture Argentina Arizona Arkansas Armaments manufacture Armed struggle Armenia Arms, weapons Art Art Young Ashanti Asia Asian American - Pacific Islander Asian American history Assassinations Astronomy Atlantic alliance Atmosphere; weather

26. ÂRÂÂÂÂÂrÂAÂÃÂÃ°ÂjÂ@COLOMBIAN HISTORY
THE TIME TRAVEL TO WORLD HISTORYÂ. colombian history.
http://www.ne.jp/asahi/tk/7777/worldhistory/colombianhistory.htm
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27. Washington Colombia Z
At one point, Garcia Marquez described the event in colombian history in which hundreds of striking United Fruit workers were massacred in the town of Cienega
http://www.thirdworldtraveler.com/US_ThirdWorld/WashColombia_Z.html
Washington's Role in Colombian Repression
The myth and the reality
by Matthew Knoester
Z magazine, January 1998
The Macondo Garcia Marquez describes is a spiraling history of his native Colombia. Macondo reveals an official Colombian history, surrounded by a whirlwind of myth. The official history becomes "magic." It erases the government repression in Colombia from history, just as Bogota daily newspapers misname those who are at fault for daily homicides, disappearances, and the hundreds of thousands of displaced people in Colombia.
Today Colombia suffers from the worst human rights record in the hemisphere. Throughout the century, myths about Colombia have endured with rhetoric about the oldest functioning "democracy" in Latin America, a booming economy for the Colombian people, and perhaps a slight problem with drug trafficking which requires military assistance from the United States. But in Macondo, official history is myth, only human dreams are real. Let us take a look at today's "mere dreams" in Macondo, which happen to be documented in the U.S. State Department's Human Rights Report of 1997, among other places.
Since 1986 more Colombians have been killed at the hands of the military and their "paramilitary" allies each year than throughout the entire 17 years of political repression in Chile under the Pinochet dictatorship. Father Javier Giraldo, the Jesuit director of the Intercongregational Commission of Justice and Peace in Bogota, estimates that the military and paramilitary are responsible for 70 percent of the killings in Colombia. This amounts to over 14,000 people since 1986, if Amnesty International's figures are correct. And, as is well documented, even by the U.S. State Department's Human Rights Report of 1997, the impunity rate in Colombia rests between 97-99.5 percent.

28. WFP Travel Programs: Colombia
rebel groups. However, colombian history seems to indicate that lasting peace will require more than a firm hand. Since at least
http://www.witnessforpeace.org/tools/colombia_oped.html

SEND IN THIS OP-ED TO YOUR LOCAL PAPER!
This was written by the Witness for Peace Colombia Team, but we encourage you to sign your name to it and have it published in your local paper- feel free to make any relevant changes. If it's printed, be sure to send us a copy... and send one to your Representative and Senators in DC. They are getting a *lot* of lobbying on the other side. The Bush administration is going all out in its efforts to increase US military involvement in Colombia and we must also go all out to stop it and take control of the national debate! Please help out by placing this op-ed and watching our website for more developments and resources!
OP-ED: Counterinsurgency Just Won't Work in Colombia! The nature of the current conflict also creates a powerful disincentive to fight it militarily. The insurgents are largely Colombian peasants who inhabit the vast jungle or mountainous terrain. Their most effective weapons are not sophisticated missiles or expensive helicopters but crude bombs made from household gas tanks. To "win" this counterinsurgency war would require such draconian civilian repression by the state and its armed forces that it would effectively sow the seeds of the next insurgency group. Colombian peace advocates point to the last time there was a major counterinsurgency campaign in Colombia under the "soft dictatorship" of Rojas Pinilla in the 1950's. Rather than bringing lasting peace, that era of counterinsurgency led to the founding of both major guerrilla groups currently active in Colombia, the FARC and the ELN.

29. Book Review The American Historical Review, 108.2 The
Henderson offers a perspective on colombian history that is remarkably nuanced and realistic. 3. Nor did GÃ³mez hold colombian history together.
http://www.historycooperative.org/journals/ahr/108.2/br_83.html

30. | Review | The History Teacher, 35.3 | The History Cooperative
It has also made it possible for the opposition party to take power and explains those pendulum shifts in colombian history, such as in 1849, 1885, 1930, and
http://www.historycooperative.org/journals/ht/35.3/br_17.html
Review
General Books
Colombia: Fragmented Land, Divided Society , by Frank Safford and Marco Palacios. New York/Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2002. 404 pages. $24.95, paper. This is the long-announced survey of the history of Colombia by Frank Safford and Marco Palacios in Oxford's Latin American Histories series. Central America and Chile are already in their third edition, Argentina, Bolivia, the Caribbean, and Cuba in their second, while Brazil, Mexico, and Peru have new authors with entirely new histories. Nevertheless, the wait is richly rewarded. This is now the best single-volume history of Colombia although some may still prefer David Bushnell's The Making of Modern Colombia (1967). These individual Macondos make up the Colombian regions and nation, but in ever shifting relationships whose organizing principles and evolution have often escaped the understanding of historians but not that of Safford and Palacios. Many monographs from different disciplines have been produced on Colombia in the last thirty years. Safford and Palacios have benefited enormously from this production. To their credit they have actually read most of them. Synthesizing Colombia's history involves homogenizing its incredible diversity. Safford and Palacios have solved this problem by providing forty-two tables of country-wide statistics on such topics as population, gold production, slavery, exports, and urbanization. They then provide a solid overview of Colombia's political, economic, social, and urban development.

31. Violence In Colombia 1990-2000: Waging War & Negotiating Peace
A good foundation of colombian history would help the reader, for what is told within is extremeley insightful, and necessary for gaining a profound
http://20th-century-history-books.com/0842028706.html

Home Search High Volume Orders Links ... Yitzhak Rabin Additional Subjects Egyptian Politics Under Sadat: The Post-Populist Development of an Authoritarian-Modernizing State The Final Nightmare: The House on Cherry Street Spark Notes The Great Gatsby Nazzareno Gabrielli ... Music Of The 20th Century Music
Written by Charles Bergquist Ricardo Penaranda Gonzalo Sanchez G.
Published by Scholarly Resources (March 2001)
ISBN 0842028706
Price $21.95
Customer Reviews This book offers a collection of viewpoints. Each gives detailed explanations of the violence in Colombia. Moreover, it goes into great lenths to explain the dynamics of the civil war in Colombia. The scholars that contribute to this book are outstanding. However, I found Gonzalo Snchez to be the most engaging. A good foundation of Colombian history would help the reader, for what is told within is extremeley insightful, and necessary for gaining a profound understanding of Colombia's unfortunate situation. The compilation of authors in this anthology brings together the economic, political, historical and sociological factors that have, and continue to, contribute to Colombia's demise. They show how it finds itself in regards to the rest of the world, as well as within its own borders. Look for related books on other categories Other related products Still didn't find what you want?

32. ISEP Institutions
Academic notes Particularly recommended for ISEP students are anthropology, art history, colombian history and culture, geography, history of education, Latin
http://www.isep.org/nus/colombia/
Back to Search and Directory Home
Map from used by permission of Microsoft Corporation. Higher Education. After finishing seven years of elementary school and six of secondary school or bachillerato, a student interested in higher education takes at least two examinations: the government's official test (ICFES) and the special admission test of each university. Public educational institutions are supported by the government, and private ones (including those of religious sponsorship) are supported by tuition fees. Each university is divided into faculties, which in turn are divided into departments or programs which manage their respective carreras or majors. Students follow a set plan of study for each semester. The duration of the first degree, or grado, ranges from three years for programs in technology to five years for humanities. After finishing this program of study, a thesis or a set of special comprehensive examinations is sometimes required before the degree is given. Usually the name of the degree designates the type of study that was completed. Another examination has to be taken in order to be accepted for programs at the master's and Ph.D. levels. Classes vary according to the different teaching styles of professors; however, the student must be prepared to work independently. The courses are evaluated by means of written or oral examinations, papers and in-class participation on a numerical scale that ranges from or 1, minimum, to 5, excellent. An evaluation below 3 mandates that the course be repeated. Some universities also require a minimum semester average.

33. The Colombia Observatory - Chicagoans For A Peaceful Colombia
Marulanda s capture would mark a turning point in colombian history a lot more than can be said for the capture of Palmera. A
http://www.chicagoans.net/
Subscribe to our E-Bulletin
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Book Review Chicagoans for a
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P.O. Box 302
Wheaton, IL 60189-0302
Phone: 773-454-0820 Join our Delegation 2004
Speakers Available
The Cacarica Community Conference 2004 ... About Us/Contact Us Urgent Action March 3, 2004: Human rights lawyer Rodolfo RÃos Lozano has reportedly received death threats accusing him of links with left-wing guerrillas. Other human rights lawyers threatened in this way by the armed forces or their paramilitary allies have been killed, and Amnesty International is seriously concerned for his safety. Public AI Index: AMR 23/013/2004. Antonio Caro "Colombia" synthetic enamel on metal 56x80 cm Welcome to The Colombia Observatory in Chicago, resources center for grassroots activists. Please visit and participate in our new forums . Thanks!

34. ReVista: Harvard Review Of Latin America
Talks have covered a wide scope of approaches, including colombian history, ecological concerns, epidemiology of Colombian violence, questions of territorial
http://drclas.fas.harvard.edu/publications/revista/colombia/ortega1.html
Colombia
SPRING 2003 back to Table of Contents BEYOND ARMED ACTORS The Colombian Colloquium
A Short History
T he long-standing Colombian crisis has sparked a growing interest within the U.S.-based academic community. The realization as to the complexity of the Colombian crisis has been accompanied by a growing need to understand the diverse dynamics and challenges faced by Colombia today.
In biweekly meetings, Colombians and other residents in the Boston area have had the opportunity to attend a series of talks to stimulate discussion on a variety of topics related to Colombia. A wide variety of Colombian and non-Colombian public figures and academic experts have been invited to discuss diverse issues. From the beginning, a conscious effort was made to choose interdisciplinary topics. Talks have covered a wide scope of approaches, including Colombian history, ecological concerns, epidemiology of Colombian violence, questions of territorial decentralization, indigenous rights, Colombian cinema, and issues facing successful peace negotiations.
The experiment has been quite successful. This year the Colloquium will complete six years of operations and, to the extent of our knowledge, is the only permanent forum about Colombia in the U.S. It has attracted successive generations of students and other Colombians in Boston and elsewhere and has helped those interested in Colombia gain a space for critical, interdisciplinary and open dialogue on political, economic, social and cultural issues related to Colombia, a possibility which is not offered in any class or student organization at Harvard or elsewhere.

35. Plan Colombia: A Closer Look
solve the underlying political, social and economic problems that have been the real cause of all the violence that has occurred throughout colombian history.
http://www.colombiajournal.org/plancolombia.htm
C o l o m b i a J o u r n a l Online
Home
Special Reports Colombia History Photo Gallery ... Who Are We?
Plan Colombia A Closer Look Report prepared by Garry Leech , July 2000
Introduction
The Sales Pitch
The Ten Elements
The Economic Plan ...
Conclusion
Introduction The proponents of Plan Colombia claim its successful implementation will end Colombia's civil war, revive the nation's economy and put the narco-traffickers out of business. In order to implement the $7.5 billion Plan, conceived by the Colombian and U.S. governments, Colombia is asking for $3.5 billion in international aid to supplement $4 billion of its own funding. However, it is still unclear just how the financially-strapped Colombian Government is going to raise $4 billion.
According to the Plan, the initial objective is for the state to gain control of the entire country, some 40 percent of which is currently controlled by guerrilla forces. It intends to achieve this goal by launching a military offensive against the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC) in southern Colombia, while at the same time eradicating the coca crops that are grown in that region. Following the military phase, peasant farmers whose coca crops have been eradicated will be offered funding for alternative crops and aid will be made available to those campesinos forced to flee their homes and their land.

36. Washington
At one point in One Hundred Years, Garcia Marquez described the event in colombian history in which hundreds of striking United Fruit workers were massacred in
http://www.zmag.org/zmag/articles/jan98knoes.htm
Washington's Role in Colombian Repression By Matthew Knoester Gabriel Garcia Marquez, the Colombian born 1982 Nobel Prize winner in literature, almost single-handedly changed the way Latin American literature is read around the world. Writing in a style others coined "magical realism," Garcia Marquez narrated the history of a town called Macondo in such classics as One Hundred Years of Solitude. In Macondo, "civilization" came and went, civil wars were fought without end, and massacres of banana workers appeared only as figments of a character's imagination. At one point in One Hundred Years, Garcia Marquez described the event in Colombian history in which hundreds of striking United Fruit workers were massacred in the town of Cienega in 1928. As Garcia Marquez told the story, one banana worker survived. The man returned to Cienega to find no traces of what had happened. He asked the police chief about the morning's occurrence and the chief said "Massacre? What massacre is he talking about? He must have been dreaming. Aqui, no pasa nada.

37. ZNet | Colombia | Colombia Interview
There s another item in colombian history that s relevant here. But colombian history, and the history of the war, plays a role as well.
http://www.zmag.org/content/Colombia/podur-shalom.cfm
COLOMBIA WATCH Colombia Interview ZNet Top
Colombia Home Other Sections Activism
Afghanistan Watch
Africa
Alternative Media ...
ZNet InterActive
by Justin Podur and Stephen Shalom
ZNet Sustainer Program
March 22, 2002 Steve Shalom. The New York Times ran a story on February 25 by Juan Forero titled "Colombian Rebels Sabotage Peace Hopes." Perhaps you can address some of the questions raised by the article. Let me begin, however, by asking about the political program and values of the guerrilla group, Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC). Latin America has some guerrilla movements, like the Zapatistas in Chiapas, Mexico, who have been an inspiration to North American leftists, and others, like Shining Path in Peru, that are strongly condemned by North American leftists. Where would you place FARC on this continuum? Justin Podur. It is important to understand the FARC's roots. The FARC have their origins in peasant self-defense organizations. They grew out of a fight for survival, against the incursions of the state and against the mercenaries the landlords would hire to displace and kill them. That state-mercenary alliance evolved into the paramilitary forces of today, and the peasant self-defense groups evolved into the guerrilla insurgency. That's still the base of the FARC, I think peasants who are fighting for survival. Any solution to the conflict has to deal with this question: if people have no option but to fight with arms for survival, then they will fight with arms for survival.

38. Countries Of The World
Contemporary articles from periodicals collected by The World History Archives
http://www.emulateme.com/history/colomhist.htm
CountryReports.org 2004 Edition Countries profiled from around the world. Here you will find over 6,600 pages and 6,400 related links on over 260 countries! Afghanistan Albania Algeria American Samoa Andorra Angola Anguilla Antarctica Antigua and Barbuda Argentina Armenia Arctic Ocean Aruba Atlantic Ocean Australia Austria Azerbaijan Bahamas Bahrain Baker Island Bangladesh Barbados Bassas da India Belarus Belgium Belize Benin Bermuda Bhutan Bolivia Botswana Bouvet Island Brazil British Indian Ocean Territory British Virgin Islands Brunei Bulgaria Burkina Faso Burma Burundi Cambodia Cameroon Canada Cape Verde Cayman Islands Central African Republic Chad Chile China Christmas Island Clipperton Island Cocos (Keeling) Islands Colombia Comoros Congo Congo, Democratic Rep. Cook Islands Coral Sea Islands Costa Rica Cote d'Ivoire Croatia Cuba Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Djibouti Dominica Dominican Republic East Timor Ecuador Egypt El Salvador Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Estonia Ethiopia Europa Island Falkland Islands Faroe Islands Fiji Finland France French Guiana French Polynesia Gabon Gambia Gaza Strip Georgia Germany Ghana Gibraltar Greece Greenland Grenada Guadeloupe Guam Guatemala Guernsey Guinea Guinea-Bissau

39. Latin American History Sources
Colombia Historia de Colombia Collection of Spanish language texts both secondary and primary dealing with colombian history. Also
http://www.lib.washington.edu/subject/History/tm/latin.html
Latin American History
General Latin America Studies Sites Mexico Central America Caribbean ... Indigenous Peoples
General Latin America Studies Sites
Latin American Studies
List of links dealing with all aspects and nations of Latin America maintained by the University of Texas Latin American Network Information Center. Also see Internet Resources for Latin America and Historical Text Archive
Linking the Americas
Stanford University Libraries' project to digitize a collection of Stanford University Press titles dealing with Latin America and some rare and manuscript materials.
Regional Sites: Mexico
Legislacion Mexicana 1687-1901
First 11 volumes of the classic printed collection of Mexican legislation.
Mexican Presidential Messages
Collection of presidential messages from the 19th through 20th century.
Mexico from Empire to Revolution
Exhibit with images and narrative from the Getty Research Institute.
Tlatelolco Massacre
Part of the National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book series at George Washington University. Provides a brief overview and copies of declassified documents.
Zapatistas! Documents of the New Mexican Revolution

40. If You're Colombian...
You re very far from Japan, amigo You went over PreColumbian, Colonial and Republican colombian history in school. Some History
http://www.zompist.com/colombia.html
Are you Colombian?
Another in a series of educational and entertaining culture tests
M.R. If you're Colombian...
You believe in personal freedom in an individualistic way. You don't see any connection between this and politics.
The A-Team, The Beverly Hillbilies, Who's the Boss, Star-Trek , etc. but nowadays you can only see telenovelas on TV (unless you have cable).
You expect to have three weeks of vacation a year.
You're fairly likely to believe in God. Most likely you are Catholic, at least by name, but today it's common that you are "Christian", which means non-Catholic Christian (probably Evangelical).
You think of corrientazo (a one or two dollar lunch) as cheap food. McDonald's, Burger King, KFC etc. are cheaper than a formal restaurant but not your choice for a cheap lunch. Unless you have kids, you would rather go to El Corral than to McDonald's.
You probably own a telephone and a TV set. Even poor people have TV sets.
You don't heat your place at winter in fact, there is no winter. What you call invierno
Your place has its own bathroom. You do your laundry either by hand or in a machine, deppending on your resources, but most probably you do it at home. You don't usually kill your own food. You don't probably have a dirt floor. You eat at a table, sitting on chairs.

A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

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Colombia Update

An Overview of Recent Colombian History

For more information, please call (916) 736-3663 E-mail us at info@elporvenir.org Home About Us... Nica Info ... Links

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Washington's Role in Colombian Repression

The myth and the reality

by Matthew Knoester

Z magazine, January 1998

SEND IN THIS OP-ED TO YOUR LOCAL PAPER!

Review

General Books

Latin American History

General Latin America Studies Sites

Regional Sites: Mexico

Are you Colombian?

For more information, please call (916) 736-3663
E-mail us at info@elporvenir.org Home About Us... Nica Info ... Links

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