41. McKnight Foundation : Search To promote restoration of the Mississippi river s coastal delta program areasEnvironment url http//www.crcl.org 225344-6555 e-mail coalition@crcl.org http://www.mcknight.org/grantee_results.aspx?prog_area_1=Environment

42. NOAA's National Ocean Service: Contaminants In The Environment the environmental quality of the nation’s coastal areas. a punctured tanker in ariver to prevent the source pollution through its coastal Nonpoint Pollution http://www.nos.noaa.gov/topics/coasts/contaminants/welcome.html

@import "/styles/nos.css"; Contaminants in the Environment NOAA's Trustee Role NOS Cleanup and Restoration Tools Sediment sampling for polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and metals at a Superfund site (Quanta Resources) on the Hudson River near Edgewater, NJ. Contaminants can impact natural resources, public health and the economy. Most enter the environment from industrial and commercial facilities; oil and chemical spills; non-point sources such as roads, parking lots, and storm drains; and wastewater treatment plants and sewage systems. Many hazardous waste sites and industrial facilities have been contaminated for decades and continue to impact the environment. Pollutants that resist breakdown and accumulate in the food chain are of greatest concern because they are consumed or absorbed by fish and wildlife, which in turn are consumed by humans. The chemical contamination of sediments continues to affect large coastal areas , threaten human health, and reduce the economic well-being of regions that depend on a healthy coastal environment. Trace metals leaching through groundwater from Wildcat Landfill (shown here) near Dover, DE resulted in contaminated sediment and surface waters. NOAA has been working to clean up this site since 1988.

43. ENVIRONMENT A large proportion of coastal fish and shrimps pass at They act as guardians of riverbanks and coastlines. The areas near the sea are secured from the harmful http://www.pakistaneconomist.com/page/issue08/etc4.htm

PROFILE YOUSUF ALI MAHMOOD COLUMN FOR THE RECORD SOCIETY CREATION OF KNOWLEDGE IN BUSINESS SCHOOLS ENVIRONMENT GROWTH OF MANGROVES IN COASTAL AREAS GROWTH OF MANGROVES IN COASTAL AREAS Pakistani mangroves rank sixth among the mangroves spread in 92 countries of the world By Dr. S.M. ALAM NIA, Tandojam Feb 23 - 29, 2004 Trade opportunities I nvestment opportunities Capital market Macro Economy Guest Book ... PMA Pakistani mangroves rank sixth among the mangroves spread in 92 countries of the world. The mangroves thrive at the mouth of the Indus the sixth largest river of the world and the Indus Delta is the fifth largest delta in the world. This delta is an important fly over for migratory birds from Siberia, and thus the mangroves are an important stopover for many winter birds. 'They are the arid coast mangroves (mangroves which grow in high salinity areas with low rainfall) and spread over the largest area among the world's arid coast mangroves. The mangrove's ecosystem is dominated by a single species called Avicennia marina, which forms 99.9% of the total crop. There are few stands of Ceriops tagal, Bruguiera conjugafa and Aegiceras corniculatum. Perhaps, the most important aspect of these unassuming plants are their ability to act as physical barriers to cyclones and typhoons. The recent cyclone to hit coastal areas of Thatta and Badin districts would not have been so intense, if the previously present mangroves had been wiped out to make room for human development. The roots trap the sediment that is brought into the sea via the flow of the Indus and its tributaries. This helps in keeping the sedimentation level of the harbour under control. With the depletion of these plants sedimentation level is increasing and is a sign of concern for the port authority.

44. Tumen Net including the problems of environment and biodiversity consider that the easterncoastal areas and offshores Peninsula including the Tumen river are affected http://www.ecdc.net.cn/newindex/chinese/page/tumen_net/page/7.htm

Under embargo as of the time of printing Coastal Priority Environmental Issues (including Peter the Great Bay and East Coast of Korean Peninsula) Executive Summary and Recommendations Tumen River is the largest river of the East/Japan Sea (further East Sea) basin. Sea coast and waters adjacent to the River are amazing with the unique diversity of plant and animal species. This report considers marine area, which is under Tumen River's direct and indirect influence, as well as near-shore waters that can influence the coastal area close to Tumen River mouth. The given Sector Report provides analysis of the following regional parameters: - environmental components (sea waters; inland waters flowing into the sea; atmosphere; bottom sediments; coastal area) - coastal and marine biodiversity; - environment impact sources (anthropogenic factors, natural processes including transboundary transport, emergencies); - social and economic development.

45. Coastal Plan 2003 of a swing mooring in a lake or river. The existing access lanes and reserved areashavel largely remained as they were. Regional coastal environment Plan (2003 http://www.ecan.govt.nz/Plans-Reports/coast-harbours.html

Advanced Search Contact us Plans and Reports Air Annual plans and reports Coast and Harbours Compliance monitoring ... Maps Plans and Reports Home Plans and reports Coast and Harbours New Inland Water Navigation Safety Bylaws Environment Canterbury has replaced its navigation safety bylaws for inland waters with new bylaws that are consistent with Environment Canterbury bylaws applying in Harbour Areas and Maritime Rule 91. The new bylaws come into effect on 1 April 2004 . At this stage Environment Canterbury is not extending its bylaws beyond the presently regulated areas. This will retain our ability to service the existing areas within existing budgeting constraints. Read the Environment Canterbury Inland Waters Navigation Safety Bylaws for 2004 (401 KB pdf document). New Provisions The more significant new provisions include: A new reserved jet-ski area and changes to the slow speed areas in Lake Hood. (This is included at the request of the Lake Hood Management Committee.) Inclusion of the Collision Rules (Maritime Rule 22) as part of the bylaws. (This will enable us to better utilise our enforcement resources.)

46. Total Environment Centre - Natural Areas Campaign has had a severe impact on our natural environment. overviews and updates on our NaturalAreas campaigns coastal Protection Law Handbook 12 September 2003; Can http://www.tec.org.au/member/tec/project_intros/NaturalAreas_index.html

Natural Areas Campaign The placing of economic growth above social and environmental values has had a severe impact on our natural environment. Unsustainable land clearing, irrigation, woodchipping, urban sprawl and other developments continue in regional NSW. This in spite of the sometimes successful attempts by the NSW Government to check and reverse the destruction of our coast, bushland, forests and waterways. TEC is working on a range of campaigns to protect and restore many of our natural areas. Check the bulletins below for background overviews and updates on our Natural Areas campaigns. Also check our News area for related media releases. Latest postings Coastal Protection Law Handbook - 12 September 2003 Can The Catchments Sustain Us? (Final Report) - 22 August 2003 The Sydney Catchment Project - 22 August 2003 Concreting The Coast - 12 August 2003 ... River Health Report - 01 August 2003 Bulletins by subject: Coastal Development Threats Concreting The Coast - 12 August 2003 SAVE THE COAST CAMPAIGN - 04 July 2003 SAVE THE COAST LETTER - 11 June 2002 COMMON COASTAL COMPLAINTS - 14 December 2001 ... Coastal Protection Blueprint - 03 September 2001 Ecologically Sustainable Development Natural Resource Sustainability Targets - 05 July 2002 Inland Development Threats OVERVIEW of TEC's Regional Development Threats Campaign - 04 June 2001 National Parks and Wildlife OVERVIEW of TEC's National Parks and Wildlife Campaign - 04 June 2001 Rivers

47. ADB Reta - Pakistan Component recently emerged as essential ecosystems for coastal areas as they As the river mergeswith the sea, the few people regard these insect ridden areas worthy of http://www.iczm-sa.org/pakistan/coen.htm

Introduction Coastal Environment Stakeholders High Priority Areas Project Updates Discussion Forum Related Links Databases Newsletter Contact Us Home - Select Related Topic - Coastal Areas of Pakistan Essential ecosystems for coastal areas Development or Destruction? Mangrove Fauna Mangrove protection programmes Mangroves of Pakistan Introduction Nature is organised in its own unique way and everything in it, is connected to the other in a special web. These webs form ecosystems, where communities of living things interact with one another and with their non-living environment. All ecosystems have their own uniqueness and mystery. The life of oceans, rivers and seas presents a unique world, and the ecosystems of these areas are designed and balanced in a special way to support the coastal as well the terrestrial life around them. A small break in the fragile thread connecting these life forms, disturbs the very nature of life and may lead to the complete annihilation of species. "when one touches a flower, a star is disturbed"

48. Protected Areas - Find A Wilderness Area -- Nova Scotia Environment And Labour Wilderness areas, Nature Reserves, Heritage rivers. 1 Polletts CoveAspy Fault 8Trout Brook. 9 Middle-river Framboise. 14 Canso coastal Barrens. 15 Liscomb river. http://www.gov.ns.ca/enla/pareas/protmap.htm

Protected Areas Find a Protected Area Click an area on the Map to view its information, or use the Index , below. For details about a type of protected area, please see our Wilderness Areas Nature Reserves or Heritage Rivers pages. Provincial Protected Areas Map - Colour [PDF - 1 page, 1 Mb] [PDF - 1 page, 1 Mb] Wilderness Areas Nature Reserves Heritage Rivers Polletts Cove-Aspy Fault Margaree River Jim Campbells Barren French River ... Shelburne Heritage River Page last revised: 2004-Mar-26 Send Questions or Comments to: webster@gov.ns.ca

49. Defra UK; ERDP - Schemes - Environmentally Sensitive Areas an area, and, where possible, improve public access to these areas. most importantlandscapes upland wetland; moor; coastal marsh; river valleys, which http://www.defra.gov.uk/erdp/schemes/esas/default.htm

Skip navigation Rural Affairs Home Contact Defra About Defra News ... Schemes Environmentally Sensitive Areas (ESAs) Environmentally Sensitive Areas (ESAs) Environmentally Sensitive Areas ESA Monitoring reports Public Access section Other ERDP Schemes Pre-ERDP Agri-Environment Schemes ... Countryside Stewardship and Environmentally Sensitive Areas Schemes Annual Report 2002-3 - This is the first annual report for the two flagship schemes in England - Countryside Stewardship (CSS) and Environmentally Sensitive Areas (ESA) - and covers the period 2002 to 2003. What is the Environmentally Sensitive Areas Scheme? The Environmentally Sensitive Areas Scheme was introduced in 1987 to offer incentives to encourage farmers to adopt agricultural practices which would safeguard and enhance parts of the country of particularly high landscape, wildlife or historic value. There are now 22 ESAs in England, covering some 10% of agricultural land. These were introduced in stages as follows:- Stage I Broads Pennine Dales South Downs West Penwith Stage II Breckland Clun North Peak Suffolk River Valleys ... Test Valley Stage III Avon Valley Exmoor Lake District North Kent Marshes ... South West Peak Stage IV Blackdown Hills Cotswold Hills Dartmoor Essex Coast ... Upper Thames Tributaries Uptake Rates Under the ESA Scheme YEAR Number of agreements Area under agreement (ha) [Back to top] What are the benefits of the Environmentally Sensitive Areas Scheme?

50. Maritime Coastal Mollusc Harvesting Guide Lawrence river Estuary and are caught using baited hoop traps set Canada assessesand classifies the sanitary quality of coastal mollusc growing areas. http://www.ns.ec.gc.ca/epb/sfish/mmguide/mmguide.html

Contact Us Help Search Canada Site ... Home Select a Topic Air Quality Forecasts Atlantic Coastal Action Program Birds Oiled at Sea Children's Environmental Health Climate Centre Contact List of Experts Emergencies Enforcement and Compliance Environmental Assessment Environmental Damages Fund Environmental Links EcoAction Halifax Pollen Forecast Hunting Hurricane Centre Legislation We Administer Media Spokespersons Meet Our Minister Meteorology News Releases Pollution Information Severe Weather Awareness Wildlife Atlantic Region Wildlife and Nature Pollution Meteorology ... Media Zone Maritime Coastal Mollusc Harvesting Guide NOTICE: Use of the information on these pages is at the reader's own risk. The shellfish maps on this web site are intended for general information and are updated on a yearly basis. They are based on bacteriological contamination only and may be superseded by the Department of Fisheries and Oceans Regulations. For the most up to date information and BEFORE HARVESTING SHELLFISH FROM ANY AREA, contact the nearest Department of Fisheries and Oceans office. Introduction One of the greatest attractions of Canada's Maritime Provinces is the selection of seafood delicacies. Among the favourites are many varieties of coastal molluscs harvested from the kilometres of beaches and rocky coastline.

51. Environment And Nature - Refdesk.com beach erosion; beach nourishment; and surfing areas. Rivers North America s leadingriver-saving organization. Beach environment and coastal Health) Watch http://www.refdesk.com/nature.html

Search Net Facts Subject Index Facts Encyclopedia Newspapers USA/World ... HOME Search the Web Search Tips Help Support Refdesk FACTS ENCYCLOPEDIA ENVIRONMENT AND NATURE Top of Page 1998 - International Year of the Ocean (YOTO) - ocean-related fact sheets and news articles; state-by-state links to weather, buoy data, satellite pictures and local ocean-related links; resources and links for teachers and kids; links to other ocean/coastal resources-related sites and federal agencies concerned with marine resources; discussion papers on various ocean resource management topics. 2003 State of the Beach - This report assesses the state of America's beaches by summarizing each coastal state's availability of information and status in these areas: general beach description; website access; beach access; surf zone water quality; shoreline structures; beach erosion; beach nourishment; and surfing areas. Acid Rain Information - Acid rain is a serious environmental problem that affects large parts of the US and Canada. This EPA site provides information about acid rain's causes and effects, how we measure acid rain, and what is being done to solve the problem. American Rivers - North America's leading river-saving organization. Find out about North America's Most Endangered and Threatened Rivers of 1996.

52. California Coastal Commission: Links To Other Coastal Related Sites streamside habitat, bring back fish and bird life, and improve recreation areas inthe San Lorenzo river Watershed. San Mateo County Local coastal Program. http://www.coastal.ca.gov/web/sites.html

Go to the State of California Home Page Go to the Governor's Home Page Home Page Links to Other Sites about the California coast and coastal zone management topics SITES BY REGION CALIFORNIA GOVERNMENT SITES CALIFORNIA NON-GOVERNMENT SITES CALIFORNIA COUNTY/REGIONAL/STATE SITES CALIFORNIA COASTAL CITY SITES ... INTERNATIONAL SITES SITES BY SUBJECT ACADEMIC/RESEARCH SITES DIRECTORIES/LISTS SITES EDUCATION SITES ELECTRONIC PUBLICATIONS SITES ... WILDLIFE SITES SITES BY REGION CALIFORNIA GOVERNMENT SITES California Codes Official site for California legislative information The San Francisco Bay Conservation and Develpment Commission is the California coastal management agency resposible for the San Francisco Bay-Delta portion of the coastal zone. The California Coastal Conservancy works to preserve, improve, and restore public access and natural resources along the California coast and on San Francisco Bay. California Department of Boating and Waterways "protect[s] significant natural resources through its programs to provide for public access to the waterways, and promot[es]recreational boating safety. These programs include funding and designing the construction and improvement of boating facilities, beach erosion control, aquatic weed control, boating safety education, and supporting and training local boating law enforcement officers." California Department of Fish and Game . Information on the California Department of Fish and Game and includes links to Natural Heritage Division, Bay-Delta Division, and the Wildlife Protection Division

53. Coastal Ecosystems - Lagoons And Bays - Indian River Lagoon the lagoon and provide critical nursery areas for fish Johns river Water ManagementDistrict IRL Program coastal Ecosystems Home Estuaries Lagoons and Bays http://www.sfwmd.gov/org/wrp/wrp_ce/2_wrp_ce_lagoon/irl.html

Indian River Lagoon Lake Worth Lagoon Biscayne Bay Estero Bay Indian River Lagoon License Plate Estuaries Other Coastal Resources Watershed Source Control New! IRL 2000-2005 SWIM Plan Update Available for download Indian River Lagoon Lake Worth Lagoon Biscayne Bay ... Estero Bay Indian River Lagoon License Plate Estuaries Other Coastal Resources Watershed Source Control INDIAN RIVER LAGOON External sites are not endorsed by the SFWMD. Some pages will open in a new browser window. The Indian River Lagoon is a series of three distinct, but interconnected, estuarine systems, which extend 156 miles from Ponce Inlet to Jupiter Inlet on Florida's east coast. The northern portion of the lagoon is within the St. Johns River Water Management District (SJRWMD). The lagoon's southern section is located within the South Florida Water Management District (SFWMD) in St. Lucie, Martin and northern Palm Beach counties. The estuary is characterized by the greatest species diversity of any estuary in North America including manatees, dolphins, sea turtles and seahorses. Approximately 2,200 species have been identified in the lagoon system, with 35 of these species listed as threatened or endangered. Sheltered by sandy beaches and massive beds of sea grasses, the lagoon has evolved into a nursery for young sea creatures oysters, clams, shrimp, crabs and hundreds of species of fish that thrive in the warm shallow waters. Species diversity is generally high in the south end of the lagoon system and near inlets. Species diversity is lower near cities, where nutrient input, sedimentation and turbidity are high and where large areas of mangroves and seagrasses have been lost.

54. NRC | State Of The Environment 2002 | Coastal | Coastal Water Quality | 11.5 Pre from many coastal, land and riverbased sources serve relatively small populationareas and as significant implications for the coastal environment and coastal http://www.nrc.govt.nz/special/soe.2002/coastal/coastal.water.quality/11-5-index

COASTAL 11 Coastal Water Quality 11.5 Pressures Affecting Coastal Water Quality 11.5.1 Environmental Incidents ... 11.5.5 Recreational Boating 11.5 Pressures Affecting Coastal Water Quality The coastal environment is not a closed system; pressures on the coastal environment are derived from many coastal, land and river-based sources. Sources of pressure include natural processes that are accelerated by human modifications of the land, and industrial and recreational use of the coastal environment's resources. Various information held by the Northland Regional Council enables us to give a qualitative insight into the types of pressure the Northland coastal environment is facing. 11.5.1 Environmental Incidents An environmental incident can be defined as "pollution or an unauthorised activity (an activity not permitted under the Resource Management Act) that may have an adverse effect on the environment". Environmental incidents are reported to the Northland Regional Council by members of the public, people in industry and Council staff. The Northland Regional Council receives notification of approximately 100 environmental incidents in the coastal marine area each year. Of the types of incidents that are reported (for the period November 1993 - March 2001) oil spills are the most common, followed by incidents of sewage and refuse.

55. Biodiversity Investment Areas: Coastal Wetland Ecosystems Description Of Databas Marys river These atlases, which were designed for use in The bulk of the coastalwetlands in the atlases were classified under areas of Ecological http://www.epa.gov/glnpo/solec/98/papers/coastabia/description.html

Existing Wetland Inventories Wetland Polygons and Shoreline Classification ESA Database Natural Heritage Information Centre (NHIC) Database All available information relating to coastal wetlands in the NHIC database were obtained and this represented roughly a third of the entire Canadian inventory. The information consisted of the geographic location of the wetland centroid but not the wetland polygon. Depending on the wetland, there were also sometimes accompanying information on wetland area, substrate type, site type and dominant vegetation derived from OMNR Wetland Evaluation Sheets. The boundaries of all provincially significant wetlands in Ontario have been or are presently being digitized by the OMNR. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Services' National Wetland Inventory (NWI) Michigan Natural Features Inventory Database Michigan Natural Features Inventory (MNFI) contains information on over 100 marshes along the Great Lakes coastline that were sampled between 1987 and 1994. Data on marsh size, type, substrate, water depth, and aquatic macrophyte distribution and coverage values were obtained along transects. Limitations of Databases Incomplete coverage of U.S. coastal wetlands in the GIS database

56. Biodiversity Investment Areas: Coastal Wetland Ecosystems Indentification Of Bio as important habitat for waterfowl migration and nursery areas for fish. SC2 (LakeSt. Clair) contains the St. Clair river delta, the largest coastal delta in http://www.epa.gov/glnpo/solec/98/papers/coastabia/bia.html

In 1996, several areas were identified as "Biodiversity Investment Areas" by Reid and Holland (1996) because of high concentrations of rare species or high quality natural communities. In attempting to use the same approach for the coastal wetlands, we have identified eco-reaches of Great Lakes shoreline that support extensive use by birds for breeding habitat, and by fish for spawning and/or nursery habitat. While wetland habitat is important for a large number of plant and animal species, the number of rare species known from coastal wetlands is very low; the Heritage Program databases for most of the Great Lakes states and the Province of Ontario contains locations for high quality examples of typical Great Lakes wetland types, but few occurrences for rare species. Therefore, we have not based our assessment on the presence of rare species in the respective eco-reaches. Distribution of Wetlands Value of Eco-reaches General We recognize that the value of the eco-reach must reflect both the distribution of wetlands as well as wetland size, uniqueness and quality. A very good example of this is E3, a stretch of shoreline on the north shore of Lake Ontario that have only a few wetlands that are relatively large, high-quality coastal marshes (e.g. Long Point Marsh). Unfortunately, information regarding wetland size and quality is incomplete, and we were not able to conduct a systematic comparison of eco-reaches with respect to these parameters.

57. Learn About Ocean Areas In Oregon's Coastal Atlas Oregon ocean areas stretch approximately 360 miles from the mouth of the ColumbiaRiver to the drilling, can affect Oregon s coastal environment and communities http://www.coastalatlas.net/learn/settings/ocean/index.asp

OREGON COASTAL ATLAS Site Index: Home Maps Tools For Planners For Scientists For the Public For Contributors Learn About Estuaries About Sandy Shores About Rocky Shores About Ocean Areas Search For Data About Coastal Atlas Coastal Atlas Background Link Center To join our news list please send a blank email to: CoastalAtlas_News-subscribe@yahoogroups.com o.cean (o'shen) n. 1. The entire body of salt water that covers approx. 72% of the earth's surface. 2. A great amount or expanse. Webster's New College Dictionary About Ocean Areas in Oregon Oregon ocean areas stretch approximately 360 miles from the mouth of the Columbia River to the California border and extend some 14 to 40 miles into the ocean. The state's ocean jurisdiction [the Territorial Sea ] extends three nautical miles from shore [ Mean Low Water ], although offshore rocks and islands can extend this area seaward, such as at Orford Reef near Cape Blanco.

58. Nova Scotia's Coastal Plain Flora - Who's Involved? in the conservation and recovery of the coastal Plain Plants. immediate objectivesare to protect the Tusket river and surrounding areas from environmental http://conservation.acadiau.ca/coastalplainflora/who.htm

Who's Involved? The conservation and recovery of these species of Coastal Plain Flora involves more than just the Recovery Team. It involves community members, land owners, developers, farmers, foresters, industry, non-government organizations, and provincial and federal government departments. The Atlantic Coastal Plain Flora Conservation/Recovery Team facilitates and coordinates the conservation and recovery efforts. Meet the Recovery Team Meet the Organizations Involved Goals/Objectives and Initiatives History of the Team Meet the Recovery Team These are the members of the Atlantic Coastal Plain Plant Recovery Team with links to their email addresses. Sherman. Boates Nova Scotia Department of Natural Resources Mark Elderkin Nova Scotia Department of Natural Resources Peter MacDonald Nova Scotia Department of Natural Resources John Mills Nova Scotia Department of Natural Resources David MacKinnon Nova Scotia Department of Environment and Labour Leif Helmer Nova Scotia Department of Environment and Labour Ruth Newell E.C. Smith Herbarium, Acadia University

59. Shrimp Farming And The Environment - now been identified extending across regions encompassing coastal areas from riverbasins and shelves and the seaward margins of coastal current systems. http://www.oceansatlas.org/cds_static/shrimp_farming_environment__3542_25189.htm

Language: English All Topics Current Topic + Subtopics Home USES Fisheries and Aquaculture Technology Aquaculture Navigate the Atlas: USES ISSUES ABOUT GEOGRAPHY ... Related Knowledge (4) 6 SUB-TOPICS: Biotechnology Engineering Facilities Feeds ... Techniques Topic Overview ID# : 2801 Visits: 458 Added: 01-Jan-2000 Updated: 27-Sep-2001 URL: http://www.oceansatlas.org/id/2801 Editors Tina Farmer Serge Garcia Become a joint editor KO Overview ID# : 25189 Visits: 214 Added: 01-Jan-2000 Updated: 16-Jul-2002 URL: http://www.oceansatlas.org/id/25189 Owner Serge Garcia Aquaculture The technology employed in aquaculture has developed over many centuries but has done so more rapidly during the last half century. Aquaculture systems, and the technology used, vary from very simple systems, used for family ponds in tropical countries, where production is for domestic consumption, to high technology systems, such as intensive closed systems, like those used for rearing stripped bass. Herbivorous and filter feeding fish, reared mostly in simple systems of small freshwater ponds, however, account for about half of global aquaculture production. Much of the technology used in aquaculture is relatively simple, amounting to small modifications that improve the growth and survival rates of the target species, such as providing additional food, adding seed animals collected elsewhere, managing water exchange to maintain adequate oxygen levels, and protecting the stock from predators. Greater understanding of complex interactions between nutrients, bacteria and cultured organisms, together with advances in hydrodynamics applied to pond and tank design, have enabled the development of closed systems. These have the advantage of isolating the aquaculture systems from natural aquatic systems, thus minimizing the risk of disease or genetic impacts on the external systems.

60. Coastal And River Macro-waste coastal and river macrowaste. negative for it is necessary to clean such areasearly in material degrades quicker in a marine or coastal environment, and to http://www.apesa.asso.fr/Version anglaise/macrowaste.htm

Coastal and river macro-waste Minutes of the General Meeting on Coastal Macro Waste, held at the Hôtel du Distict Bayonne-Anglet-Biarritz (France), 19 MAY 1999 The major statements made can be summarised as follows; Coastal waste constitutes a much larger preoccupation today for those departments that manage the coastlines. The waste that has been carried by wind and currents has an everyday, negative impact, such as degrading the efforts undertaken further afield by the treatment of coastal water, and coastal areas. A national effort is therefore very much needed. The simple theories, if not simplistic, suggest that the majority of the waste that is situated on the south-west coast comes from Spain, and the majority of the waste found on the Med. Coastline comes from Italy, have now been dismissed. It is now the general consensus that the currents close to the polluted areas that are often the source of natural or man-made waste, have a much greater effect than any posed by the waste originating from Spain or Italy. Also, packaging of Spanish origin has not necessarily been disposed of in Spanish waters, or by Spanish boats. Eradicating the principal sources will be a long haul, demanding not only inter-regional co-operation at a maritime level but a local effort. On the other hand, it is almost certain that it will take at least a decade. The experience of those who have been involved in cleaning up operations will provide a base for a quantitative analysis of the situation, which at present does not exist.

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