41. AllRefer Reference - Nigeria - Commodity Trade | Nigerian Information Resource In 1794 the african Association commissioned Mungo Park expedition to the SokotoCaliphate, hugh clapperton learned where to the sea, but clapperton also died http://reference.allrefer.com/country-guide-study/nigeria/nigeria24.html

You are here allRefer Reference Nigeria History ... Nigeria Nigeria Commodity Trade The development of "legitimate" trade was the final phase of private and official British efforts to find a positive alternative to the traffic in slaves. Earlier aspects of such constructive interest had included the founding of the colony at Sierra Leone in 1787 as a refuge for liberated slaves, the missionary movement designed to bring Christianity to the region, and programs of exploration sponsored by learned societies and scientific groups, such as the London-based African Association. The principal commodities of legitimate trade were palm oil and palm kernels, which were used in Europe to make soap and as lubricants for machinery before petroleum products were developed for that purpose. Although this trade grew to significant proportionspalm oil exports alone were worth £1 million a year by 1840it was concentrated near the coast, where palm trees grew in abundance. Gradually, however, the trade forced major economic and social changes in the interior, although it hardly undermined slavery and the slave trade. Quite the contrary, the incidence of slavery in local societies actually increased. The Niger Delta and Calabar, which once had been known for the export of slaves, now became famous for the export of palm oil, so much so that the delta streams were given the name the "oil rivers." The basic economic units in each town were "houses," family-operated entities that were also the focus of loyalty for those employed in them. A "house" included the extended family of the trader, both his retainers and slaves. As its head, the master trader taxed other traders who were members of his "house" and was obligated to maintain a war vessel, which was a large dugout canoe that could hold several tons of cargo and dozens of crew, for the defense of the harbor. Whenever a trader could afford to keep a war canoe, he was expected to form his own "house". Economic competition among these "houses" was so fierce that trade often erupted into armed battle between the large canoes.

42. Saharan Exploration 96 A Scot, commissioned by the african Association to 1826) 182526 Left Tripolito explore the Niger hugh clapperton (1788-1827) Richard Lander (1804-1834 http://www.manntaylor.com/explore.html

Index Index The153 Club The Agades Cross People of the Sahara Saharan Landscapes ... Jim Mann Taylor's Home Page Index Index The153 Club The Agades Cross People of the Sahara Saharan Landscapes ... Jim Mann Taylor's Home Page Saharan Exploration A potted history of Saharan knowledge gathering and exploration through the centuries. ( ) indicates dates of birth and death. [ ] indicates dates of African travels. Herodotus born c. 484 BC Herodotus in his Histories mentions for example the Garamantes of Libya. Click for Quotations Al Idrisi (1100-1166) born in Cueta. Wrote a medieval geography The Book of Roger . Created a map of the world in 70 sections. Ibn Battuta (1304-1369) [1349-53] Born at Tangier in 1304, Battuta was to travel the world including Jordan, Arabia, Iraq, Iran, Somalia, Tanzania, Crimea, Balkans, Russia, Central Asia, India, Maldives, Sri Lanka, Assam, Bengal,Malaya, Indonesia, China, Spain and the West African states. Wrote The Travels of Ibn Battuta.

43. Clapperton, Hugh clapperton, hugh 17881827, British explorer, b. Annan After serving with the Britishnavy in East India and Canada he made two journeys to W Africa. http://es.slider.com/enc/12000/Clapperton_Hugh.htm

44. PARK later confirmed by the investigations of hugh clapperton and Richard best criticalestimate of the explorer and his Mission into the Interior of Africa in 5805 http://48.1911encyclopedia.org/P/PA/PARK.htm

PARK PARK, MUNGO (1771-1806?), Scottish explorer of the Niger, was born in Selkirkshire, Scotland, on the 20th of September 1771, at Foulshiels on the Yarrowthe farm which his father rented from the duke of Buccleuch. He was the seventh in a family of thirteen. Having received a good education, he was apprenticed to a surgeon named Thomas Anderson in Selkirk, and then attended the university of Edinburgh for three sessions (I 7891791), obtaining the surgical diploma. By his brother-in-law, James Dickson, a botanist of repute, he was introduced to Sir Joseph Banks, then president of the Royal Society, and through his good offices obtained the post of assistant-surgeon on board the Worcester East Indiaman. In this capacity he made the voyage in 1792 to Benkulen, in Sumatra, and on his return in 1793 he contributed a description of eight new Sumatran fishes to the Transactions of the Linnean Society. J. Thomsons Mungo Park and the Niger (London, 1890) contains the best critical estimate of the explorer and his work. See also the Life (by Wishaw) prefixed to Journal of a Mission into the Interior of Africa in 5805 (London, 1815); H. B., Life of Mungo Park (Edinburgh, 1835); and an interesting passage in Lockharts Life of Sir Walter Scott, vol. ii. PARK (Fr. parc; Ital. parco; Sp. parque; O.Eng. pearroc; connected with Ger. pferch, fold, and pfarrei, district, translating med. Lat. parochia, parish), a word ordinarily used in two senses:

45. Hugh Clapperton, Explorer hugh clapperton (1788—1827). by the Hurons in Canada; through his stint as an explorersearching for He died of dysentery in Africa without reaching his goal. http://www.fife.50megs.com/hugh-clapperton.htm

Tour Scotland Home Page Tour Scotland on a unique small group tour of Scotland Hugh Clapperton Explorer A 19th-century hero who lived a life of travel and excitement, from his time as a 13-year-old cabin boy on a cross-Atlantic ship to a spell as a navy captain; his adoption by the Hurons in Canada; through his stint as an explorer searching for the source of the Niger in the 1820s. He died of dysentery in Africa without reaching his goal. Quick Links to: Tour Scotland Small Group Tours Scottish Books Scottish Music ... Gazetteer for Scotland Send an email if you would like a link on this site: Sandy Stevenson Return to Famous Scots E-Mail me today Homepage

46. Scottish Surnames 1848. clapperton, hugh (17881827) of Annan. explorer in Africa. Diedin his attempt to discover the source of the Nile. clapperton http://www.fife.50megs.com/scottish-surnames-c.htm

Tour Scotland Home Page Tour Scotland on a relaxing, small group vacation of my homeland. Click here for the Best Scottish Tours ! Scottish Names CADDELL Warlike. CADELL , Francis (1822-79) of Cockenzie. Explorer in Australia. Ex-plored the Murray River. He was murdered by his crew. CADER A keep, a fortress, a stronghold. CAIRD , Edward (1835-1908) of Greenock. Idealist and philosopher. Master of Balliol Coll., Oxford (1893-1907). Best known for his monumental commentary The Critical Philosophy of Immanual Kent (1889). CAIRD , John (1820-98) of Greenock. Brother of Edward. Preacher and writer. His 'Religion in Common Life', preached before Queen Victoria at Crathie in 1855, was said to have been the greatest single sermon of the century. CAIRNCROSS , Sir Alexander K. (1911-) of Lesmahagow. Economist. Master of St Peter's Coll., Oxford (1969-).

47. Links & Other Stuff 18231825 hugh clapperton explored most of Nigeria and explored the land in WesternAfrica that is Kingsley, the first female explorer, traveled throughout http://www.fandm.edu/departments/Anthropology/Bastian/ANT269/link.html

Mande Yoruba Timeline Art Gallery ... Class Roster Mande Web Links www.Mande.net tcd.freehosting.net/djembemande/index.html www.oswego.edu/other_campus/stud.org/mansa/photo.html www.coraconnection.com ... www.oswego.edu/other_campus/stud.org/mansa This site seeks to promote and preserve the knowledge of Mande speaking peoples by listing all languages in addition to groups and subgroups of the Mande. A variety of pictures add to the educational value of the site. Yoruba Links www.nando.net/prof/caribe/voodoo.html The Face of the Gods www.cultural-expressions.com/ifa/ifadef.htm www.Yoruba.org www.yorubanation.org This is the web sit of the National Association of Yoruba Descendants. www.wsu.edu:8080/~brians/anglophone/soyinka.html Resources on Wole Soyinka www.mg.co.za/mg/news/wolesoyinka.html www.africanperspective.com/html7/Aweek.html#aw1 African Perspective . Issue #7 dated October 24, 1998, features Wole Soyinka's return from exile. The article discusses Soyinka, in addition to the politics of Nigeria. prelectur.stanford.edu/lecturers/soyinka/index.html

48. The Darwin Correspondence Online Database Previous Clapham, Abraham, Next Clark, Andrew. hugh clapperton, 1788–1827. Navalofficer and explorer in Africa. Travelled in West Africa, 1822–7. http://darwin.lib.cam.ac.uk/perl/nav?pclass=name&pkey=Clapperton, Hugh

49. The Darwin Correspondence Online Database explorer in Africa. Accompanied hugh clapperton to West Africa andpublished an account of clapperton s last expedition to Africa. http://darwin.lib.cam.ac.uk/perl/nav?pclass=name&pkey=Lander, R. L.

50. Africa: Philadelphia Rare Books The Bight of Benin to Soccatoo . clapperton, hugh. tables, and a list of clapperton sArabic manuscripts. Travel Lite (not necessarily african) — click here http://www.prbm.com/interest/africa.shtml

AFRICA "The B ight of B enin to S occatoo Clapperton, Hugh. The Journal 's appendix contains such diverse information as short word lists of the Yoruba and Fellatah languages, meteorological tables, and a list of Clapperton's Arabic manuscripts. The engraved plan shows the course of the Kowara or Quarra River. With Lithos Gamitto, A[ntonio] C[andido] P[edroso]. lacking the map yet a sound and otherwise decent copy. The Protestant Version Geddes, Michael. The church-history of Ethiopia . Wherein, among other things, the two great splendid Roman missions into that empire are placed in their true light. To which are added, an epitome of the Dominican history of that church. And an account of the practices and conviction of Maria of the Annunciation, the famous nun of Lisbon. London: Ri. Chiswell, 1696. 8vo (19 cm, 7.5"). A a Ii ; [24], 488 pp. this account is proudly anti-Jesuit and anti-Jewish, but anti-Catholic above all else. Following the history is Father Lewis De Uuretta's "Short Account of the Dominican History of Ethiopia," first printed in 1610; De Uuretta's work is here sharply criticized for lack of veracity, especially regarding the alleged miracles of Maria of Lisbon, whose stigmata were eventually discovered to have been painted on with red lead.

51. Mungo Park - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia later confirmed by the investigations of hugh clapperton and Richard best criticalestimate of the explorer and his Mission into the Interior of Africa in 1805 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mungo_Park

Mungo Park From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Mungo Park September 20 ) was a Scottish explorer of the African continent. He was born in Selkirkshire , Scotland, at Foulshiels on the Yarrow the farm which his father rented from the Duke of Buccleuch. He was the seventh in a family of thirteen. Having received a good education, he was apprenticed to a surgeon named Thomas Anderson in Selkirk, and then attended the University of Edinburgh for three sessions (1789-1791), obtaining the surgical diploma. By his brother-in-law, James Dickson , a botanist, he was introduced to Sir Joseph Banks , then president of the Royal Society , and thus obtained the post of assistant-surgeon on board the "Worcester" East Indiaman. In this capacity he made the voyage in 1792 to Benkulen, in Sumatra , and on his return in 1793 he contributed a description of eight new Sumatran fishes to the Transactions of the Linnean Society Park in offered his services to the African Association, then looking out for a successor to Major Daniel Houghton, who had been sent out in 1790 to discover the course of the Niger and had died in the Sahara . Supported by Sir Joseph Banks, Park was selected. On

52. Amana Online resumed its attempts to explore West Africa and solve hugh clapperton, the son ofa good family from the As an explorer he may have lacked Barth s inquiring http://www.amanaonline.com/Sokoto/sokoto_11.htm

H.A.S. Johnston. The Fulani Empire of Sokoto London. Ibadan. Nairobi: Oxford University Press. 1967. 312 p. Chapter Eleven Sultan Bello — the First Ten Years Previous Chapter Next Chapter On Shehu 's death in 1817 the Empire, which for some time had, in effect, been divided into two parts and governed separately by Bello and Abdullahi , was formally partitioned between Sokoto, and Gwandu. In Sokoto, therefore, Bello succeeded as the second Sarkin Musulmi and the first Sultan. The accounts of Bello that have survived give us a fair idea of his appearance and bearing. The explorer Clapperton , when he met him eight years later, described him as a noble-looking man, forty-four years of age although much younger in appearance, five feet ten inches high, portly in person, with a short curling beard, a small mouth, a Grecian nose, and large black eyes Another eye-witness, who was probably speaking of him in a later period of life, said that, though beginning to go bald, he had a thick beard and a ruddy complexion and that when he appeared in public he was always veiled, in the Tuareg manner, with a fold of his turban drawn across the lower part of his face

53. African Studies: Maps And Power clapperton, hugh. Denham, Dixon, Captain clapperton, and the late Dr. Oudney. theriver Zaire, usually called the Congo (microform) in South Africa in 1816 http://www.columbia.edu/cu/lweb/indiv/africa/mappower.html

African Studies Address: African Studies 308 International Affairs 420 W. 118th St. New York, NY 10027 Telephone: Email: africa @libraries.cul.columbia.edu About Staff ... Area Studies Maps and Power in Modern African History A Bibliography for Research at Columbia University on "Maps and Power in Modern African History: with special reference to West, East, and Central Africa." (May 2000) Compiled by Dr. Joseph S. Caruso African Studies Librarian caruso@columbia.edu In consultation with Professor Mohamed Mbodj Manhattanville College, Valhalla, New York. Contents Preface General Reference Pre-19th Century Africa 19th Century Africa ... Rare Maps of Africa and the World PREFACE This bibliography of sources was compiled in support of a graduate history course designed by Professor Mohamed Mbodj. The course emphasizes an interdisciplinary approach to the history of cartography, Western imperialism, and geographical boundaries as they relate to West and East-Central Africa. African, Arab, and European concepts of "mapping" will be explored in depth, along with a general history of the modern geography of Africa. Consisting mostly of printed publications, the bibliography provides a foundation for the class readings, research, and discussions which focus on the Senegambian region, the Niger valley, and the Nile valley from around the 14th century of our era to the late 20th century. Book chapters and journal articles are not included in this list. The location and holdings of titles available at Columbia University Libraries, including the Rare Books and Manuscripts Library, are indicated.

54. Travel Intelligence | Hovering Through Africa By Robin Hanbury-Tenison hugh clapperton, Walter Oudney and Major Dixon Denham managed to cross left to RichardLander, who buried clapperton on a As far as I know, no african or South http://www.travelintelligence.net/wsd/articles/art_1770.html

Travel Intelligence on.... Afganistan Albania Algeria Antarctica Arctic Argentina Australia Austria Azerbaijan Bahamas Barbados Belgium Belize Bermuda Bosnia Botswana Brazil British Virgin Islands Burma (Myanmar) Cambodia Canada Chad Chile China Colombia Cook Islands Costa Rica Croatia Cuba Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Dominica Ecuador Egypt Estonia Ethiopia Falkland Islands Fiji Finland France French Polynesia Gabon Georgia Germany Gibraltar Greece Greenland Grenada Guadeloupe Guam and Yap Guatemala Guyana Hungary Iceland India Indonesia Iran Iraq Ireland Italy Jamaica Japan Jordan Kazakhstan Kenya Kyrgyz Republic Latvia Lebanon Leeward Islands Lesotho Liberia Libya Lithuania Madagascar Malaysia Maldives Martinique Mauritius Mexico Micronesia Mongolia Morocco Mozambique Namibia Nepal Netherlands Netherlands Antilles New Zealand Niger Norway Oman Pakistan Panama Papua New Guinea Peru Philippines Pitcairn Poland Portugal Puerto Rico Republic of Palau Reunion Romania Russia Senegal Seychelles Singapore Slovenia South Africa Spain Sri Lanka St Lucia St Vincent and Grenadines Sudan Swaziland Sweden Switzerland Syria Taiwan Tanzania Thailand Tibet Tonga Trinidad and Tobago Tunisia Turkey Uganda United Kingdom United States US Virgin Islands Uzbekistan Vanuatu Venezuela Vietnam Yemen Yugoslavia Zambia Zimbabwe Other Features on: Chad Exploration For selective hotel recommendations with reviews, go to

55. Africa 24 form a reprint of hugh Denham s played not only by Denham and clapperton themselves,but The final chapters describe the East african Expedition of 1857 http://www.sotherans.co.uk/Catalogues/Occasional/AfricaEgyptIslands.html

Africa Including Titles on Egypt and the African Islands 1 [AFRICAN ASSOCIATION.] Proceedings of the Association for Promoting the Discovery of the Interior Parts of Africa. T. Cadell 8vo. Contemporary mottled calf, gilt ruled on spine, contrasting lettering piece; pp. xvi + 351; one folding map; slightly rubbed, a little fading to spine, repair to fold of map, a very good copy. 8vo edition - a 4to edition had appeared in 1790. The African Association was founded in 1788. "Its activities mark the beginning of African exploration in a systematic way, as well as the furthering of British trade and political prestige on that continentThe first concern of the African Association was the River Niger - where was its source and what was the direction of its flow, etc. The first four expeditions were unfortunate for the leaders, Ledyard, Lucas, Horneman, and Houghton, all of whom either died while enroute or were murdered by the fanatical Moors. The fifth, that of Mungo Park, was rich in geographical results, though he too died on his second expedition" (Cox). The map, compiled by James Rennell, shows the extent of geographical knowledge of north Africa at this time. Cox I.388.

56. Index clapperton, hugh; Cleaveland, Timothy; cnv; Code pages; Collins Hill, Richard; Hiskett,Mervyn; History in Africa; Intellectuals; Internet; Internet explorer; Iran; Iraq; http://www.hf.uib.no/smi/Index.html

Index for the Middle East Centre's Web pages There are three indexes to the Web pages at the Middle East Centre: Alphabetical index of topics Alphabetical index of pages Index of pages per area Notice that there is also another full-text index of all pages at the Arts faculty (HF) site. Topics index A B C D ... Z Overview over topics A B C D ... Zineldin, Mosad Responsible for this Web page is . Last updated 07.06.2004

57. CFIRC - Canada's Early Explorers It will culminate in the execution of the explorer with bows Francisco José de Lacerda(Southern Africa, 1798). hugh clapperton (Sokoto, Nigeria, 1827) Illness http://www.canadafirst.net/our_heritage/explorers/

Exploring the roots of our "guilt" The campaign that sets out to assail our traditions and belittle our heroes will end by forbidding them altogether. In June, 1998, Reuters News Service reported that Honduran Indians in Tegucigalpa intended to try Christopher Columbus before an - ahem - "Indigenous People's Tribunal." As is so often the case with tribunals, the decision was a foregone conclusion: "It will culminate in the execution of the explorer with bows and arrows on Columbus Day on October 12." Unfortunately, we just don't know whether this act of vegeance, 500 years after the fact, was ever carried out. At the end of October, Honduras was devastated by Hurricane Mitch. Tegucigalpa was hardest hit of all. Champlain's astrolabe lost 1613 - found 1867 near the Ottawa River This is the smallest of 35 surviving astrolabes dated to the early XVIIth century. Our simplistic (not to say simple-minded) grasp of history-as-a-cartoon permits "aboriginal restitution and retribution issues" to first cloud, then eclipse the accomplishments of our European ancestors, while the suffering and privation that defined the New World experience for most Europeans is callously dismissed. If indigenous people are presumed to have enjoyed a God-given right to defend "their" soil from the polluting tread of European boots, why are we forbidden the bloodless "luxury" of merely discussing present-day numerical and cultural swamping? Or do the forces of political correctitude instinctively gravitate toward, and confine their outrage to, a time frame more congenial to them say, 500 years ago, during the height of the Inquisition? Europeans may have "won" the battle, but the side making reparation payments is generally considered to have "lost the war".

58. MSN Encarta - Search View - Explorers other explorers of Africa, see Sir Richard Francis Burton; Verney Lovett Cameron;hugh clapperton; Paul Belloni Norwegian explorer of Greenland, see Eric the http://encarta.msn.com/text_761586694__1/Explorers.html

Search View Explorers Article View To find a specific word, name, or topic in this article, select the option in your Web browser for finding within the page. In Internet Explorer, this option is under the Edit menu. The search seeks the exact word or phrase that you type, so if you don’t find your choice, try searching for a key word in your topic or recheck the spelling of a word or name. Explorers Explorers , travelers to places previously uninvestigated by the culture from which they came. Explorers had one or more of several motives: scientific curiosity, economic gain, religious conversion, or political domination. For information on: first person to circumnavigate the globe, see Ferdinand Magellan some leading explorers of Africa, see Sir Samuel White Baker; Heinrich Barth; James Bruce; David Livingstone; Mungo Park; John Hanning Speke; Sir Henry Morton Stanley other explorers of Africa, see Sir Richard Francis Burton; Verney Lovett Cameron; Hugh Clapperton; Paul Belloni Du Chaillu; Mehmed Emin Pasha; Sir Harry H. Johnston; Mary Henrietta Kingsley; Richard Lemon Lander; Frederick John Dealty Lugard, 1st Baron Lugard; May French Sheldon; Joseph Thomson earliest white explorers of the Americas

59. Commentary Magazine - West African Diary central base from which to explore the city in our newspapers, based on Africanpoliticians speeches shares the surprise of Captain hugh clapperton (who was http://www.commentarymagazine.com/Summaries/V36I6P39-1.htm

60. J & SL Bonham - Africa DENHAM, Major; clapperton, Captain; OUDNEY, Dr. NARRATIVE OF TRAVELS AND DISCOVERIESIN NORTHERN CENTRAL HOLE hugh Marshall. HOLLEMAN J F. african INTERLUDE http://www.bonbooks.dial.pipex.com/africa.htm

Antiquarian Booksellers AFRICA AMERICA EUROPE MOUNTAINEERING POLAR ... VOYAGES In our Online Catalogue we have only a selection from our extensive stock. We would be happy therefore to answer any Enquiries. Visitors are always welcome but please make an appointment to avoid a wasted journey. AARONOVITCH S and K. CRISIS IN KENYA. London: Lawrence and Wishart, 1947. FIRST EDITION, 8vo, pp 211, original blue cloth, small split at head of spine, dust-jacket. ADAMSON George. THE LIFE STORY OF GEORGE ADAMSON. London: Collins, 1968. FIRST EDITION, 8vo, pp 320, illustrations, original brown cloth. ADAMSON Joy. THE STORY OF ELSA. FIRST EDITION, 8vo, pp 319, illustrations, original yellow cloth, slightly faded. AHLEFELDT-BILLE G. TANDALLA; a Danish Game Warden’s Study of Native and Wild Life in Kenya and Tanganyika. London: Kegan Paul, 1951. First UK Edition, 8vo, pp xiv, 296, original green cloth, dust-jacket. AKELEY Mary L Jobe. CARL AKELEY’S AFRICA; the Account of the Abeley-Eastman-Pomeroy African Hall Expediton, London: Victor Gollancz, 1931.

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