21. 1825 usglawgeogmdw Aug 27 african explorer William Balfour Baikie bsnanmwtrwst OtherMiscellaneous Africa Dixon Denham, hugh clapperton and Walter Oudney http://home.eznet.net/~dminor/1825.html

The following is an Eagles Byte Chronology for the year 1825, current up to 5/12/98. The apparent gobbledygook in the square brackets is actually a cluster of codes, to make electronic seraching easier. Many will be fairly obvious, i.e. AR = American Revolution (many are case sensitive) bsn = buisness nys = new york state. You'll get a full list with your order. Ordering and pricing information can be found at the bottom of this page. Enjoy. January The state capital of Indiana is moved from Corydon to Indianapolis. [gvtmdw] ** Congress votes $200,000 and a 24,000-acre Florida township for The Marquis de Lafayette, as a gift for his aid in the Revolution. [ARFlausgbsnhstmltsth] Jan 1 The New York House of Refuge for juvenile delinquents opens. [nyclaw] Jan 3 Robert Owen buys the German Rappite settlement of Harmonie, Indiana, and founds the utopian community of New Harmony. [bsnmdw] ** Troy, New York's Rensselaer School of Theoretical and Practical Science (Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute; RPI) opens. [nysedcsci] Jan 7 Subscription of stock in Delaware and Hudson Canal Company opens, sells out. [engnrwtrnvlbsn]

22. Hugh Clapperton, Annan Scotland, African Explorer Click Here. Date of Birth hugh clapperton, Annan Scotland, african explorer,Browse May21 May-20 May-19 - May-18 - May-17 May-16 May-15. January http://www.hiphistory.com/e/1788/may18.165408.html

23. Tuesday, May 18th, 2004 Beer Bohemia clarinetist/composer (5th clarinet flap) 1759 Charles Duquesnoy composer1788 - hugh clapperton Annan Scotland, african explorer 1797 - Frederik http://www.dannycarlton.net/calendar/thisday.php?month=05&day=18&cat=births

24. This Website Uses Style Sheets And Features That Have Been to the latest Internet explorer or Netscape Novo Cinema, african Cinema, American,african Americans in Civil War, American clapperton, hugh Clark, Alexander G http://www.us.oup.com/us/brochure/africana/headwordlist/ad/?view=usa

25. Fact Or Fiction follows Park s Journal, which relates the explorer s experiences up such as ThomasCampbell (1817), hugh clapperton (182224 Mungo Park the african Traveler. http://www.rlc.dcccd.edu/annex/COMM/english/mah8420/WaterMusic.htm

Fact or Fiction?: Historical Indeterminacy in T. Coraghessan Boyle 's Water Music Matthew Henry In arguing that history does not exist except as text, it does not stupidly and "gleefully" deny that the past existed, but only that its accessibility to us now is entirely conditioned by textuality. We cannot know the past except through its texts. Linda Hutcheon (1988) The value in this alternative (i.e., postmodern) approach is two-fold: it undermines both the traditional belief in a singular historical "reality" and the traditional hierarchy that values history (fact) over literature (fiction). Postmodern historical novelists wish to expunge such traditions in favor of views that are less rigid and that accept interpretation and indeterminacy in regard to history. Thus, their novels strive to highlight the subjective nature of the supposedly objective narratives of history and to underscore that these narratives offer not the truth but only a possible truth. Boyle is acutely aware of how both those directly involved in historical events and subsequent historians have rewritten the past to conform to individual or collective interpretations. His intent, then, is to reveal the fictionality of documented history. Thus, Boyle combines in his writings what has been traditionally separated and labeled as "fact" and "fiction," intentionally blurring and questioning the rigid distinctions between these two categories. In short, Boyle's task and practice is to self-consciously rewrite history through fiction to point out the relativity of textualized history and the fallacy of believing that historical texts embody a singular "truth." Such practice is at the basis of much of Boyle's writing, but I believe it is displayed best in Boyle's first novel

26. Pekka Masonen - Tutkimus - Studies In 1823, the British explorer hugh clapperton visited Hausaland but he could alsoask clapperton detailed questions in Hijaz, met West african pilgrims on http://www.uta.fi/~hipema/tutkimus.htm

Etusivulle ~ Top page Esittely ~ Introduction Julkaisut ~ Publications Opetus ~ Teaching ... Henkilökohtaista ~ Personal Tutkimus ~ Studies DISSERTATION PROJECTS OTHER INTERESTS CONTACT Lucky bastard having some fun with comrades... (after the trial, 11.11.2000). Dissertation My doctoral dissertation - The Negroland Revisited. Discovery and Invention of the Sudanese Middle Ages - was publicly examined at the University of Tampere on 11 November 2000. It was published by the Finnish Academy of Science and Letters (Annales Academiæ Scientiarum Fennicæ, Humaniora 309; ISSN 1239-6982; ISBN 951-41-0886-8; 599 pages, soft). While there are many works describing the European encounter and exploration of sub-Saharan Africa, a comprehensive history of African historiography is still lacking. My dissertation was offered as a humble contribution to that field of study. I focussed on examining the development of African historiography in Europe with special emphasis on literature describing the three ancient West African empires of Ghana Mali , and Songhay , during the "Sudanese Middle Ages" as the period of their flourishing (

27. The FReeper Foxhole's TreadHead Tuesday - British Cromwell & Comet Cruiser Tanks Italian astronomer 1744 Joseph Beer Bohemia clarinetist/composer (5th clarinetflap) 1788 hugh clapperton Annan Scotland, african explorer 1798 Ethan Allen http://209.157.64.200/focus/f-vetscor/1137598/posts

FreeRepublic .com "A Conservative News Forum" Browse ... www.wwiivehicles.com ^ Posted on 05/18/2004 12:00:33 AM PDT by SAMWolf Lord, Keep our Troops forever in Your care Give them victory over the enemy... Grant them a safe and swift return... Bless those who mourn the lost. FReepers from the Foxhole join in prayer for all those serving their country at this time. U.S. Military History, Current Events and Veterans Issues Where Duty, Honor and Country are acknowledged, affirmed and commemorated. Our Mission: The FReeper Foxhole is dedicated to Veterans of our Nation's military forces and to others who are affected in their relationships with Veterans. In the FReeper Foxhole, Veterans or their family members should feel free to address their specific circumstances or whatever issues concern them in an atmosphere of peace, understanding, brotherhood and support. The FReeper Foxhole hopes to share with it's readers an open forum where we can learn about and discuss military history, military news and other topics of concern or interest to our readers be they Veteran's, Current Duty or anyone interested in what we have to offer. If the Foxhole makes someone appreciate, even a little, what others have sacrificed for us, then it has accomplished one of it's missions.

28. ORIENTALIA InfoBase World History Central+Africa. Central+african+Republic. Central+America. Christians. Christianson+Frederick+fur+trader+and+explorer.Christie+Agatha. clapperton+hugh. Clare. http://www.orientalia.org/infobase2-C.html

29. Any-Day-in-History PAGE Of SCOPE SYSTEMS. Beer Bohemia clarinetist/composer (5th clarinet flap) 1759 Charles Duquesnoy composer1788 hugh clapperton Annan Scotland, african explorer 1797 Frederik http://www.scopesys.com/cgi/today2.cgi?askmonth=05&askday=18

30. Islam UK established welfare system as observed by the European explorer hugh clapperton whenhe he does not invest in productive sectors of african needy economies but http://www.gamji.com/NEWS2694.htm

Islam UK-Nigeria Road Tour: Representations of Islam in the Media By Ibrahim Ado-Kurawa Independent Scholar Kano, Nigeria majekarofi@yahoo.com This program was part of the five-year connecting features project of the British Council the cultural organ of the British society. The tour was organized by the Kano office of the council as part of its effort to promote dialogue and better understanding of the societies, which have significant Muslim population. It was part of an ongoing effort against Islamophobia , which is an irrational hatred of Islam and it is also a form of racism. Britain like all liberal societies is against all forms of hatred and racism promoted by the mass media. The tour of six Nigerian cities (Abuja, Zaria, Gusau, Sokoto, Katsina and Kano) was initiated by Gillian Belben the Director British Council Kano office with Professor Abdalla Uba Adamu as the consultant and chair of the plenary sessions. The program of the tour included a video show of two documentaries: The Madrasah (School) produced in Kano and the Birmingham Mosque produced by the BBC in UK and an interactive session after brief presentations by three panelists. The panelists were Merryl Wyn Davies, the British intellectual and co-author along with Ziauddin Sardar of the best seller

31. Hugh Clapperton --  Encyclopædia Britannica , clapperton, hugh the first European explorer in West Africa to returnwith a firsthand account of the region now known as northern Nigeria. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article?eu=24549

32. Richard Lemon Lander --  Encyclopædia Britannica British explorer of West Africa who traced the course of the lower Niger River toits delta. He accompanied the Scottish explorer hugh clapperton as a servant http://www.britannica.com/eb/article?eu=48138&tocid=0&query=landers, ann

33. Richard Lemon Lander: Explorer Of West Africa - EnchantedLearning.com As a young man, Lander worked for the Scottish explorer hugh clapperton, andwent with him on a trip to West Africa (what is now northern Nigeria). http://www.enchantedlearning.com/explorers/page/l/lander.shtml

Join Enchanted Learning Click here for more information on site membership. $20.00/year or other amount (directly by Credit Card $20.00/year (transaction via PayPal Other Amount (transaction via PayPal As a thank-you bonus, site members have access to a banner-ad-free version of the site, with print-friendly pages. (Already a member? Click here. An Enchanted Learning Web Page Zoom Explorers A B C D ... Glossary of Exploration Terms Richard Lemon Lander: Explorer of West Africa Richard Lemon Lander (1804-1834) was an English explorer who made three trips to West Africa; he and his brother John were the first Europeans to canoe down the lower Niger River to its delta (where it meets the sea). Richard Lander was born in Truro, Cornwall, England, on Feb. 8, 1804. He had no formal education, but went on an extended trip to the West Indies as a child. As a young man, Lander worked for the Scottish explorer Hugh Clapperton, and went with him on a trip to West Africa (what is now northern Nigeria). The expedition (1825-1828) was designed to travel down the Niger River, but it was unsuccessful due to illness and many deaths. Clapperton and Lander's European companions all died early in the trip. Lander and Clapperton both had bouts of illness, and Clapperton died on April 18, 1827. African tribesmen later accused Lander of witchcraft, forcing him to drink poison to determine whether or not he was indeed a witch. Since he survived, the charges of witchcraft were rescinded, and Lander eventually returned to England (in July 1828). In England, Lander published "Journal of Richard Lander from Kano to the Sea Coast" (1829) and "Records of Captain Clapperton's Last Expedition to Africa, with the Subsequent Adventures of the Author" (1830).

34. Discovering Other Places is California, find out about this explorer of what is now known as California. clapperton,hugh. hugh clapperton, Explored much of western Africa, including the http://www.hpedsb.on.ca/sg/quinte/other_places.htm

A proud part of the Belleville, Ontario Webmaster Visit over 50 links to over 25 explorers of other parts of the world, both famous and not-so-famous, updated 2004 February 19 Click on these underlined links to jump down this very long page. Africa General Amundsen Antarctica General People who explored parts of Canada ... Vespucci For Images of Original Maps : see Lewis Clark African Explorers, General Famous Explorers of Africa Short biographies and accomplishments of Mungo Park, Rene Callie, Johann Rebmann, David Livingstone, and Richard Burton Amundsen, Roald Biography A biography of one of the most successful polar explorers ever known. He visited both poles. Antarctic Explorers, General South-Pole .com A website dedicated to explorers of the Antarctic continent, both the well-known and the obscure. Click on the "History" link at the top of the page, then "The Explorers". Apollo 11 The History Place - Apollo 11 Lots of pictures and audio files of the ultimate exploration, including the famous "One small step " speech of Armstrong’s; with links to NASA’s histories of other missions to the moon. Astronauts Astronauts Biographies of veteran astronauts, trainess, payload specialists, and cosmonauts from NASA, who ought to know.

35. HighBeam Research: ELibrary Search: Results Park, Mungo 17711806, British explorer in Africa a taste and feel of what Africancivilization was hugh clapperton, James Augustus Grant and Verney Lovett http://www.highbeam.com/library/search.asp?FN=AO&refid=ency_refd&search_thesauru

36. Discoverers Web: Hugh Clapperton lieutenant, also from Edinburgh, hugh clapperton and an Lander Records of Captainclapperton s Last Expedition to Perham and J Simmons african Discovery ; an http://www.win.tue.nl/~engels/discovery/clapperton.html

Hugh Clapperton During the Napoleonic Wars, Great Britain had occupied, and finally annexed, the island of Malta in the Mediterranean. Malta carried on an important trade with Tripoli, on the north coast of Africa. Tripoli was the capital of one of the six Barbary States, of which the others were the Empire of Morocco, the Deylik of Oran, the Deylik of Algiers, the Beylik of Constantine and the Beylik of Tunis. All of these states, with the exception of Morocco, were nominally part of the Ottoman Empire, but the Basha of Tripoli was practically independent, and had become an ally of the British Government following Nelson's victories which had given Great Britain the maritime control of the Mediterranean. The consuls who represented Great Britain diplomatically and commercially in Tripoli began to send reports of the Sudan trade, and of the rich countries of Bornu, Hausa, Sokoto, the Niger River and the great Lake Chad. After the failure of James Kingston Tuckey's expedition to the Congo in 1816, the authorities felt that the best course to follow was to send an expedition across the Sahara Desert to reach the lower Niger, and accordingly a caravan under Dr Joseph Ritchie (ca 1788 - 1819) and a naval captain, George Francis Lyon (1795 - 1832) started from Tripoli in 1818 and reached the country of Fezzan. Here Ritchie died, and Lyon was forced to return. Lyon had wrongly come to the conclusion that the Niger must enter Lake Chad and then flow on to join the Nile. The direction of the British government's next expedition was influenced by Lyon's mistaken theory. This time the plan was to go to Bornu, the kingdom around Lake Chad, using the same caravan route which had been taken by the German, Frederick Hornemann, in 1798.

37. Discoverers Web Alphabetical List C Reaches Mecca and East Africa. hugh clapperton (Scotland, 17881827) 1820-5 WithOudney and Denham Cook Dr. Frederick A. Cook - An American explorer The Cook http://www.win.tue.nl/~engels/discovery/alpha/c.html

C (Spain, 1490?-1556) People in the West - Cabeza de Vaca (translation of De Vaca's own story) (different site) Windows to the Unknown (various articles) The Journey of Cabeza de Vaca The Estevanico Society Giovanni Caboto (better known as John Cabot , Venice (born in Genova), ca.1450-1499?) 1497: In English service crosses the Atlantic, and discovers North America, probably at or near Newfoundland. 1498: Makes a second voyage to North America, of which little is known. According to some sources explores the American coast from Baffin Island to Chesapeake Bay, according to others is lost without a trace. John Cabot - where was Cabot's first landfall? Matthew Site Home Page Patent Granted by King Henry VII to John Cabot and his Sons The John Day Letter The Pasqualigo Letter ... Sebastian Cabot (born as Sebastiano Caboto , Venice, 1476?-1557) 1497: Likely to have joined his father John Cabot on his first voyage. 1508-9: Explores the coast of North America, looking for the northwest passage. Might have discovered or even sailed Hudson Strait. 1553: Governor of the Company of Merchant Adventurers (later known as Muscovy Company), which sends out expeditions to find the northeast passage and starts trade with Russia.

38. Explorations AFRICA. Gambia River, Explored, Mungo Park, Scottish explorer, 1795. Sahara,Crossed, Dixon Denham and hugh clapperton, English explorers, 1822–1823. http://www.factmonster.com/ipka/A0105831.html

World and News World Geography Explorations See also Explorers Country or place Event Explorer Date AFRICA Sierra Leone Explored Hanno , Carthaginian seaman c. 520 B.C. Zaire River (Congo) Mouth visited c. 1484 Cape of Good Hope Rounded Bartolomeu Diaz , Portuguese explorer Gambia River Explored Mungo Park , Scottish explorer Sahara Crossed Dixon Denham and Hugh Clapperton, English explorers Zambezi River Explored David Livingstone , Scottish explorer Sudan Explored Heinrich Barth , German explorer Victoria Falls Explored David Livingstone , Scottish explorer Lake Tanganyika Explored Richard Burton and John Speke , British explorers Lake Victoria, identified as the source of the Nile Explored John Speke , British explorer Zaire River (Congo) Traced Sir Henry M. Stanley , British explorer ASIA Punjab (India) Invaded Alexander the Great , king of Macedonia B.C. China Explored Marco Polo , Italian traveler c. 1272 Tibet Visited Odoric of Pordenone, Italian monk c. 1325 Southern China Explored c. 1440 India Explored (Cape route) Vasco da Gama , Portuguese navigator Japan Visited St. Francis Xavier

39. Exploring Africa - Island 4 Dixon Denham; hugh clapperton, 17881827; and Walter Oudney and Central Africa fromDenham, clapperton, and Lander army officer with the Royal african Corps in http://www.sc.edu/library/spcoll/sccoll/africa/africa4.html

Exploring Africa Island 4: West Africa, the Niger, and the Quest for Timbuktu Mungo Park, 1771-1806; James Rennell, 1742-1830 Travels in the interior districts of Africa : performed under the direction and patronage of the African Association, in the years 1795, 1796, and 1797. By Mungo Park, surgeon. With an appendix containing geographical illustrations of Africa. By Major Rennell 3rd ed. London: W. Bulmer, 1799. Bookplate of Louis D. Tiemann. Donated from the library of Alfred Chapin Rogers by Mrs. Elizabeth F. Pyne. Mungo Park, 1771-1806; James Rennell, 1742-1830 Travels in the interior districts of Africa: performed under the direction and patronage of the African association, in the years 1795, 1796, and 1797; by Mungo Park, surgeon: with an appendix, containing geographical illustrations of Africa: by Major Rennell Philadelphia: from the London quarto edition by James Humphreys: And Sold by him, at No. 106, South Side of Market-Street, 1800. Signature of Thomas McGehee, 1810. It is noteworthy that this first American edition of Mungo Park's Travels was printed in Philadelphia, perhaps because of links to the English Quaker involvement in the anti-slavery movement. Donated by Dr. D. Strother Pope.

40. AllRefer Encyclopedia - Hugh Clapperton (Explorers, Travelers, And Conquerors) - hugh clapperton 1788–1827, British explorer, b. Annan After serving with the Britishnavy in East India and Canada he made two journeys to W Africa. http://reference.allrefer.com/encyclopedia/C/Clappert.html

AllRefer Channels :: Health Yellow Pages Reference Weather SEARCH : in Reference June 08, 2004 You are here : AllRefer.com Reference Encyclopedia Explorers, Travelers, And Conquerors ... Hugh Clapperton By Alphabet : Encyclopedia A-Z C Hugh Clapperton, Explorers, Travelers, And Conquerors Related Category: Explorers, Travelers, And Conquerors Hugh Clapperton Journal of a Second Expedition into the Interior of Africa. See H. Williams, Quest beyond the Sahara Encyclopedia U com Check out around 175,000 brief encyclopedia articles on almost all topics. Related Categories: People History History Modern Europe ... Biographies More articles from AllRefer Reference on Hugh Clapperton Encyclopedia U com Check out around 175,000 brief encyclopedia articles on almost all topics. Content on this web site is provided for informational purposes only. We accept no responsibility for any loss, injury or inconvenience sustained by any person resulting from information published on this site. We encourage you to verify any critical information with the relevant authorities. About Us Contact Us Privacy Links Directory ... Link to AllRefer.com

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