41. Periodical Cicada - Penn State Entomology Department Fact Sheet with the biblical story of locust plagues in Egypt and Palestine, but were not sure what kind of insect was being described. When the cicadas appeared by the http://www.ento.psu.edu/extension/factsheets/periodical_cicada.htm

42. Baltimoresun.com | The Periodic Cicada You have just a few weeks to munch on fresh cicadas, the truffles of the insect world (May 19, 2004) Crunch time Crisp critters prove hard to swallow Rob http://www.baltimoresun.com/features/bal-artslife-cicadapackage,0,5691648.specia

Contact Us Advertise Home Delivery Site Map ... Login Search: Site Web HOME MARYLAND NATION/WORLD BUSINESS ... MARKETPLACE Partly Cloudy Weather forecast Live traffic reports Marketplace Jobs ... Brood X falls into silence Region growing quiet as cicadas end nears (Jun 5, 2004) Hear Cicadaville on Buffett radio Tom Ponton doesn't like being called a parrothead, as fans of Jimmy Buffett are known, because it makes him sound like someone who dresses like a cheeseburger - in paradise, get it? - for the singer's concerts. (Jun 4, 2004) Cicadas' arrival triggers weighty talks with kids When the periodical cicadas emerged from the ground and began their march across Stoneleigh lawns and paths, Sarah Rhea and her 19-month-old daughter, Ellie, were forced into an early confrontation about life and death. (Jun 2, 2004) The Buzz A 17-year hiatus remains puzzling A correspondent writes: (Jun 1, 2004) The Fear Factor Never mind that cicadas don't bite and don't sting. They ignite terror in entomophobics. Scientists are looking for the causes and possible treatments for such irrational fears. (May 31, 2004)

43. Baltimoresun.com - Mathematicians Explore Cicada's Mysterious Link With Primes that the insect s lifecycles also happen to be prime numbers. Still others have argued it s not predators but weather that helped shape the cicada s behavior. http://www.baltimoresun.com/news/health/bal-te.ms.cicada10may10,0,3517208.story?

44. O. Orkin Insect Zoo: Student Resources Component--Homoptera Periodical cicadas are among the longest living insects, with some living for 17 years. Mealybug scale insect tended by ant. cicada killer wasp with cicada. http://insectzoo.msstate.edu/Students/homoptera.html

Class Hexapoda Order: Homoptera Common NameCicadas, Leafhoppers, Aphids, Scale Insects, and Others Names The order Homoptera is pronounced "ho-MOP-ter-a". This scientific name comes from the Greek words "homo", which means same, and "ptera", which means wings. This name refers to the fact that the front wings, when present, are uniform in structure being either membranous or slightly thickened. The order Homoptera sometimes is included with the true bugs in Hemiptera. Homoptera includes cicadas, treehoppers, froghoppers (or spittlebugs), leafhoppers, planthoppers, whiteflies, aphids (or plantlice), phylloxerans, and scale insects. Some leafhoppers with pointed heads are called sharpshooters. Scale insects that have soft, waxy coverings are called mealy bugs, and those with hard shells are called armored scales. Diversity More than 32,000 species of Homoptera are found throughout the world. Of these, about 4,000 are cicadas, 8,600 are leafhoppers, and 3,600 are aphids. Many species are yet to be described and named, especially in tropical regions. There are almost 6,400 species of Homoptera in the United States and Canada. Habitats Members of the order Homoptera are plant feeders and are found wherever plants grow. Some Homoptera, such as cicadas, live high in the tops of trees. There are some scale insects that feed on the roots of plants. Some species can be found in ants nests or in rotten logs. Many Homoptera are found in greenhouses or fields where crops are cultivated. There are no Homoptera that live in water.

45. Our Friend, The Cicada parts of the world. Stories about the sting of the cicada are falsethe insect has no stinger. People sometimes mistake the vibrations http://www.ia.wvu.edu/~magazine/sum99/htmlfiles/cicada.html

Those placemats in your local Chinese restaurant will tell you 1999 is the year of the hare, or rabbit. For many West Virginians, however, 1999 probably seems more like the year of a certain noisy insect-the periodical cicada. After spending nearly two decades living in underground tunnels sucking sap from the roots of trees and shrubs, millions of cicadas emerged from the ground in May and June. According to the WVU Extension Service, the irksome insects responded to their internal 17-year alarm clocks in 40 counties in the Mountain State this year, as well as in parts of Ohio, Pennsylvania, Virginia, and Maryland. In their few weeks above ground, periodical cicadas mate, lay their eggs, and then die. Although they have a unique appearance-adult cicadas are one and one-half to two inches long and black with orange or orange-brown body stripes and red eyes and legs-the periodical cicada is best known for its incessant high-pitched droning, a sound many find annoying or even unbearable. The males of the species are the culprits. Females are voiceless. Morning to night, the males produce five different mating sounds, the most common one sounding like "farro." Another common noise produced by the insects is a whirring sound.

46. Cicadas Coming To The Hudson Valley! Although scientists still haven ta clue as to how, these cicadas can count yearly cycles and after 17 years the insect burrows back to the surface, climbs into http://www.hudsonriver.com/cicada.htm

The Cicadas Are Coming - To A Tree In The Hudson Valley Near You!!! (.au file 220k) (.wav file 170k) By Rebecca Haynes HudsonLink Editor G et out your earplugs - the 17-year cicadas are back! Unlike the common cicada which appears each year during the dog days of summer, the 17-year variety spends most of its time underground. The batch now emerging was last seen in 1979, when female cicadas laid their eggs in tree limbs. The eggs hatched and fell to the ground and the young nymphs burrowed below the surface, some as deep as eight feet, where they sucked the sap of tree roots for nourishment. Although scientists still haven't a clue as to how, these cicadas can count yearly cycles and after 17 years the insect burrows back to the surface, climbs into trees and shrubs and starts the whole process over again. Once above ground they shed their skins and harden into maturity. And they mate, and mate and mate It's this LOUD ritual that makes them not only fascinating, but annoying. The males emit a metallic whining sound to attract a female. And because the insects cluster into large colonies the sound can be overwhelming. One insect alone can be heard a quarter of a mile away. A colony can drown out the sound of a lawn mower. The cicadas sing from dawn to dusk, which can not only cause headaches but can also drain the nerves of anyone living in spots where the insects have chosen to gather. The only reprieve from the noise comes when the insects die, which is about two weeks after they emerge from the ground.

47. Cicada - EnchantedLearning.com Life cycle The cicada has the longest life cycle of any insect, ranging from 2 to 17 years. A riceshaped egg is laid in tender twigs and plant stems. http://www.enchantedlearning.com/subjects/insects/cicada/

EnchantedLearning.com is a user-supported site. As a bonus, site members have access to a banner-ad-free version of the site, with print-friendly pages. Click here to learn more. (Already a member? Click here. Cicada Printout More on Insects EnchantedLearning.com Cicada Animal Printouts Label Me! Printouts This is a thumbnail of the cicada anatomy diagram. The full-size printout is available only to site members. To subscribe to Enchanted Learning, click here. If you are already a site member, click here. The cicada is a large-bodied, dark-colored, flying insect with four long, transparent wings and large eyes. When at rest, the cicada holds the wings peaked over the body like a tent. Cicadas are not locusts (locusts are a type of grasshopper ). Cicadas can damage twigs when eggs are laid in the twig (unlike locusts and grasshoppers who damage plants by defoliation - leaf eating). Cicadas neither sting nor bite. Noise : Males make a shrill, buzzing call by vibrating two drum-like membranes (called tymbals) covering hollow chambers on the abdomen using muscles (females do not make this noise) - they usually do this while perching high up in trees. (This is unlike grasshoppers, who make noise by rubbing their back legs together.) Male cicadas call to attract females. The loudest insect in the world is the African cicada ( Brevisana brevis ); it regularly produces sounds at 106.7 dB at a distance of 50 cm (this is about as loud as a power saw).

48. About Cicadas, The Insect... courtesy of the University of Michigan Museum of Zoology Cicadas are mediumsized to large insects, some species reaching a length of 3.8 cm (1.5 in). http://cicada.com/about/mascot.html

Tuesday, June 08, 2004, 12:10 AM Our offices are closed Office hours are from 9 a.m. - 6 p.m. EST M-F. After Hours Contact Information Our history Our People The Cicada Entymology, meet our namesake photograph courtesy of the University of Michigan Museum of Zoology Cicadas are medium-sized to large insects, some species reaching a length of 3.8 cm (1.5 in). The body is stout and the head short, with bristlelike antennae, large eyes, and sucking mouthparts. The two pairs of large wings are transparent, with branching veins. Drumlike membranes on the sides of the abdomen are used to make loud buzzing or shrilling sounds, as a sexual attractant. In the United States cicadas are most abundant in the East and Midwest. Various cicada species are also known as locusts or harvest flies, but they are neither true locusts nor flies. The life cycle is unusual among insects for the lengthy development period of some species. Best known in the United States are the 13-year and 17-year "locusts." After mating, the female uses the ovipositor at the end of the abdomen to cut slits in tree twigs and insert eggs, laying as many as 600 eggs in all. The wingless young, called nymphs, hatch in about six weeks and drop to the ground, where they work their way a few centimeters into the soil. Feeding on the sap of tree roots, they slowly mature, the number of years depending on the species. When they emerge at last they climb up the tree trunk (sometimes tens of thousands on a single tree) and fasten themselves securely to molt. The adults emerge from the nymphal cases, dry in a few hours, mate, and feed on plants until they die in about one month. The stridulation of countless cicadas in a forest after a mass emergence creates an unforgettable sound that seems to travel in waves across many kilometers.

49. CNN.com - Trillions Of Cicadas To Hit Eastern, Southern states - May 12, 2004 say this year s batch, the largest of the cicada groups that appear at various intervals, offers researchers a rare opportunity to study the insect s impact on http://www.cnn.com/2004/TECH/science/05/11/cicadas.ap/

International Edition MEMBER SERVICES The Web CNN.com Home Page World U.S. Weather ... Special Reports SERVICES Video E-mail Services CNNtoGO Contact Us SEARCH Web CNN.com Trillions of cicadas to hit eastern, southern states RELATED What the buzz is about National Science Foundation YOUR E-MAIL ALERTS Follow the news that matters to you. Create your own alert to be notified on topics you're interested in. Or, visit Popular Alerts for suggestions. Manage alerts What is this? WASHINGTON (AP) After a 17-year nap, trillions of red-eyed insects are crawling their way above ground in 14 states and the nation's capital. Loudmouthed and ugly, the cicadas will fly clumsily into pets, bushes and unwitting pedestrians as they engage in a frenetic mating ritual that lasts well into June. Then they'll disappear for another 17 years. Keith Clay, a biologist and cicada researcher at Indiana University in Bloomington, said the appearance of cicadas is "an amazing biological phenomenon" that nonetheless produces a "yuck factor" for some people. "They're not scared but see them as disgusting," he said.

50. Cicadas - Seven Year Locus - Insect Collections And Specimens Colorful cicadas, Dragonflys, Nymphs and many other exotic insect specimens. Many other nature artifacts. cicada are insects of the order Homoptera. http://www.einsteins-emporium.com/life/specimens/la536.htm

Specimens Home Mounted Bats Ostrich Eggs Butterflies ... Seashells / Mollusks Also see Insect Reference Insect Collecting Insect Replicas Activity Kits Elsewhere Books on Insects Insect Posters Cicadas, Page 1 Cicada are insects of the order Homoptera. They are medium to large (0.8 to 2 inches), have two pairs of membranous wings, prominent compound eyes, and three simple eyes (ocelli). Most of the species belong to the family Cicadidae. Male cicadas produce loud noises by vibrating membranes (timbals) near the base of the abdomen. Most North American cicadas produce rhythmical ticks, buzzes, or whines, although in some species the "song" is musical. About 1,500 species of cicadas are known; most are tropical and they occur in deserts, grasslands, and forests. In addition to the dog-day cicada ( Tibicen and others) that appears yearly in midsummer, there are also periodic cicadas. Among the most fascinating and best-known are the 17-year cicada (often erroneously called the 17-year locust) and the 13-year cicada (

51. Entomological Society Of America cicada Page, University of Michigan This web site, from the University of Michigan’s insect Division, explains the biology of periodical cicadas and provides http://www.entsoc.org/education/cicada.htm

E NTOMOLOGICAL S OCIETY OF A MERICA 10001 Derekwood Lane, Suite 100, Lanham, MD 20706-4876 Phone 301 731-4535 Fax 301 731-4538 esa@entsoc.org http://www.entsoc.org Cicadas I'm a molting cicada emerging black-eyed from the wet cocoon wings thin and sticky held close to my body but longing to spread wide embracing sunlight and warmth breath deep fresh air and fly, baby, fly by Molly Smith Photo from the Great Lakes Cicada Page Hordes of Bugs Emerge from Soil after 17-year Wait Cicadas to Invade Washington, East Coast Cicada Invasion: Eastern U.S. Braces for Bug Swarm Swarm of Cicadas Taking Aim at U.S. Big, Strange Bugs Set to Invade Washington Area No doubt you’ve seen or heard such headlines in recent news. The cicadas, Brood X, are coming this spring—after a 17-year hiatus—to parts of the United States. They are expected to make their appearances in Delaware, Georgia, Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky, Maryland, Michigan, North Carolina, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Tennessee, Virginia, and West Virginia. For more information on Brood X, please visit the following websites. Listed alphabetically Cicada Mania This site features a virtual plethora of cicada resources, including information on the biology and behavior of the insects (written for the general public), links to recent news stories, frequently asked questions, photos, and resource links. Dan Century, a dedicated cicada fan, has operated this site since

52. GNN News Article - Cicadas Are Right On Time But Why? Many scientists who study cicadas focus on the insect’s juvenile development, which is the longest of any insect. Once the eggs http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/articles/2004/05/11/cicada.php

Home About Topics Subscribe Cicadas Are Right on Time But Why? By Cheryl Simon Silver Posted: May 11, 2004 Email Page Printer Friendly Email GNN GNN News Alerts This cicada is part of Brood X, which is emerging this week in the Eastern United States. Image courtesy Chris Simon. After 17 years offstage, cicadas in the Eastern United States are poised for their brief moment of insect prime time. Over the course of several days, untold millions of the red-eyed root suckers will emerge from their subterranean abodes, and during a glorious four-to-six week interval they will mate, lay their eggs, and die. Brood X, for example, senses when the soil temperature underground has warmed to an ideal 64 degrees F. Not all cicadas destined to emerge in the same year mature at the same rates, however. Some spend up to six years in the fifth stage, waiting for their peers to catch up. The scientific literature on cicadas suggests that cicada nymphs live too deep to detect changes in light or annual fluctuations in temperature. Some researchers believe that seasonal changes in plant hormones or amino acids in xylem fluids may help the insects to tick off the passing years. Image courtesy Chris Simon.

53. EEK! - Critter Corner - The Cicada As with several other members of the insect world, the adult cicada has a rather short life span, a few weeks, compared to its exceptionally long term juvenile http://www.dnr.state.wi.us/org/caer/ce/eek/critter/insect/cicada.htm

The Buzz On Cicada It’s a short season in the sun for this buzzing insect. by CHARLES FONAAS Who among us hasn't heard that persistent hum in the trees on a warm summer afternoon? Most everyone knows the sound and many know the source, but few take the time to see the noisy little buzzer who simply insists on being heard. Although more than nine species of cicadas are found in Wisconsin, the one most frequently encountered is Tibicen canicularis , sometimes called the Dogday Harvestfly . Although it might look a bit fearsome to the person lucky enough to see one up close, it is completely harmless; buzzing is the way it attracts a mate. The cicada looks like a fly to some, but it is actually closely related to the much smaller aphids and leafhoppers. The droning sound is produced by a pair of drumskin-like organs on the base of the abdomen. These vibrate at a high speed thus buzzing when the male cicada calls for a mate usually between mid-July and mid-September. Once mating is complete, the female slits an opening in a small branch or twig with her ovipositor and deposits a small cluster of eggs. When the eggs hatch, the young nymphs drop to the ground, burrow down and begin feeding by sucking nourishing juices from the tree roots. The nymphs remain in their subterranean (underground) world for approximately two years before they are ready to emerge into daylight and begin their adult lives. Other cicada species have a 4-17 year life cycle.

54. No Cicadas On Ice (washingtonpost.com) spetendecim, the predator foolhardy insect. searches for a mate. (Photo by Will Cook For The Washington Post). _ Graphic _. • cicada Emergence by http://snipurl.com/64aq

thisNode = 'metro/specials/cicadas'; commercialNode =''; var SA_Message="SACategory=" + thisNode; PRINT EDITION Subscribe to NEWS OPINION ... REAL ESTATE SEARCH: Top 20 E-mailed Articles washingtonpost.com Metro Special Reports ... Cicadas No Cicadas on Ice Biologists Theorize That 13- and 17-Year Broods Evolved to Survive Climatic Changes By David Brown Washington Post Staff Writer Monday, May 3, 2004; Page A08 Evolution has shown living things a thousand ways to save themselves. The leopard gecko's tail pulls off, leaving the cat clutching nature's version of the tear-away jersey. The female pea crab Pinnotheres , unsatisfied with her own shell, spends its life inside an oyster. The bacterium Thermotoga maritima grows in water just below boiling temperature, an environmental niche into which most organisms won't dip a toe. Few strategies, however, are as strange and unlikely as the one periodical cicadas found. These large, ungainly insects in the genus Magicicada spend either 13 or 17 years underground, then emerge nearly simultaneously in densities that can exceed 1 million per acre. Their few weeks of life in the open air are spent molting, calling for a mate (in the case of the buzzing males), copulating and depositing eggs in nests made in gashed twigs (in the case of the diligent females). They do little to defend themselves. They fly poorly, don't fight and taste great. In the parlance of animal behavior, cicadas are "predator foolhardy" they are always available for lunch. Birds consume them in the greatest numbers, but many other animals get in on the act. Squirrels, dogs, cats, turtles, fish and spiders all eat cicadas, which for a few weeks are the protein equivalent of manna from heaven.

55. Entomology And Plant Pathology Periodical cicada Page The University of Michigan Museum of Zoology insect Division http//insects.ummz.lsa.umich.edu/fauna/Michigan_cicadas/Periodical/Index http://web.utk.edu/~extepp/cicada/Cicadapage.htm

University Links About the University Academic Programs Administration Libraries Research Support UT The University System A-Z Index WebMail Dept. Directory Select type of search People Search Campus Search System Search Entomology and Plant Pathology P eriodical Cicadas: Brood X Emerges in 2004 Background Common Misconceptions Life Cycle ... Links Background Information The periodical cicada, Magicicada species, has the longest developmental period of any insect in North America. There is probably no insect that attracts as much attention in eastern North America as does the periodical cicada. Their sudden springtime emergence, filling the air with their high-pitched, shrill-sounding songs, excites much curiosity. Fifteen broods have been described by scientists and are designated by Roman numerals. There are three 13-year cicada broods (XIX, XXII and XXIII), and 12 of the 17- year cicada broods (I-X, XIII and XIV). Also, there are three distinct species of 17-year cicadas ( M. septendecim, M. cassin

56. Insect Key - Cicada Adults 1 (4) go back, cicada adults. Mating pairs of cicadas may also be seen. http://www.hortnet.co.nz/key/keys/bugkey2a/wings/dblwing/clrwings/cicad1.htm

Cicada adults Mating pairs of cicadas may also be seen. To see other stages of cicadas Egg Cast skin (courtesy of C.A. Fleming Collection, Te Papa Tongarewa) To see damage and ....for more information.... Key start

57. Cicada Spermatology BACKGROUND. Cicadas are members of the insect suborder Homoptera, a group that also contains aphids, scale insects, leafhoppers, treehoppers and froghoppers. http://www.ru.ac.za/academic/departments/zooento/Abraham/abraham.html

Comparative spermatology and reproductive strategies in cicadas (Hemiptera: Cicadidae) Abraham Chawanji , Department of Zoology and Entomology, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, 6140 South Africa BACKGROUND Cicadas are members of the insect suborder Homoptera, a group that also contains aphids, scale insects, leafhoppers, treehoppers and froghoppers. They are best known for the characteristic song of each species produced by male stridulation during pair formation and courtship. These signals are generally species specific and females are only attracted to the calls of conspecific males. Stridulation is a common occurrence in cicadas and the songs are sufficiently distinct to be useful in taxonomy (Cooley, 2001) . The large family Cicadidae is distributed widely throughout the world but is especially abundant and diverse in the tropics and subtropics (Moulds, 1990) . Cicadas show high rates of endemism at the species level. A strong preponderance to host-specificity or habitat-specificity by some cicadas has shaped the taxonomic distribution of species richness. These biological characteristics may also be linked to the geographical distribution of species, thus making cicadas potentially useful in indicating areas of origin, enhanced speciation and high biodiversity. These issues are of high relevance to conservation planning (Villet, 1999)

58. CiN Weekly - Calling All Cicada Lovers (and Haters) Road, Green Twp. cicada Slam! Welcome the invasion of the 17year friends with insect crafts and activities (all ages). JUNE 8 10 http://www.cinweekly.com/content/2004/05/05/0505Cover_CicadaEvents.asp

ENQUIRER POST WCPO CIN WEEKLY ... Customer Service Currently: Clear Weather Traffic HOME NEWS ... CIN WEEKLY Wednesday, May 5, 2004 Calling all cicada lovers (and haters) Your guide to bug-related events in the Cincinnati area CICADAS! Swingin' cicadas A short, tragic life Cicada jewelry Cicada: The Musical ... Cicada Special Section FOR CICADA LOVERS, OR THOSE WHO JUST FEEL BAD FOR THE UGLY LITTLE THINGS: Cincinnati Museum Center at Union Terminal , (513) 287-7000, 1301 Western Ave., West End NOW THROUGH THE END OF JUNE, CICADA CENTRAL AT THE MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY AND SCIENCE: See large-scale models of cicadas, samples of three kinds of cicada species found in our area and cicadas collected from Cincinnati locations during the 1987 emergence and all the way back to 1902. Find out what nymphs look like during their 17 years underground. Compare your birth year to cicada emergences and find out cicada facts on a computer. Add to the research record by recording your cicada sightings on a giant Cincinnati map. Share your thoughts in the museum's journal and see others' comments. See the folklore and cultural interactions between people and cicadas.

59. Dave Fox's Outbursts!: Insect Porn Tjose damn bugs never shut up! They are like the Backstreet Boys of the insect world. My mom has promised to send me her cicada shell collection. http://davefox.typepad.com/home/2004/05/insect_porn.html

hostName = '.typepad.com'; Dave Fox's Outbursts! Random Static from my Brain About Dave Dave's Humor Website Dave's Audiobook Dave's Classes Recent Posts Madonna: Probably not the next J.K. Rowlings Reality Slide Shows Just Like Grandma Used to Make? One More Reason to Hate McDonald's ... The Wrath of Shane Klingensmith Categories Books Customer Service Food and Drink Greece ... World Culture Recent Comments Shannon on The Wrath of Shane Klingensmith Scott on Nickel for Your Thoughts Dave Fox on One More Reason to Hate McDonald's Dave Fox on The Wrath of Shane Klingensmith Ron on The Wrath of Shane Klingensmith Jacqueline Mackie Paisley Passey on One More Reason to Hate McDonald's sally on The Wrath of Shane Klingensmith Tracy on The Wrath of Shane Klingensmith Shea on Nickel for Your Thoughts kaela on The Wrath of Shane Klingensmith What I've Been Reading Lately Aristarhos Matsukas: Teach Yourself Greek Complete Course H. D. F. Kitto: The Greeks Elaine A. Clark: There's Money Where Your Mouth Is: An Insider's Guide to a Career in Voice-Overs Byron Katie: Loving What Is: Four questions that can change your life ... Mark Abley: Spoken Here : Travels Among Threatened Languages What I've Been Listening To The Alarm: Strength Carbon Leaf: 5 Alive The Redskins: Neither Washington Nor Moscow Bob Mould: Modulate ... Main Saturday, May 15, 2004

60. INSECT-PLANT RELATIONSHIPS The nymphs of these insects spend most of their lives below ground where they feed When they finally emerge from the soil cicada nymphs climb up on trees and http://www.educationalimages.com/it090008.htm

INSECTS and SPIDERS Spectacularly diverse, often colorful classes of animals, some much beloved, that play such significant, but often overlooked roles in our lives. Presented in magnificent closeups with detailed texts. INSECT-PLANT RELATIONSHIPS Three unique topics: Plant galls caused by insects; pollination ecologycoevolution of plants and insects; and tree bark ecosys- tems. 3 pgms. 60 slides. Detailed guides. EP #123X SLIDES SAVE OVER $27.00 ON THE 3 SLIDE SET BUNDLE ORDER EP #123X........$99.95 POLLINATION ECOLOGY Order #123..........$42.50 Details of the coevolution of insects and flowering plants, and its effect on the diversity of flower types. Discusses pollination by wind, by nonspecific insects, and by insects which visit only single species. The roles of flower shape, size, color and scent in attracting particular insects are considered. Stresses ecological context in which pollination occurs and effects of disruption (as by insecticides) of insect-flower relationships. 20 slides and detailed guide.

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