101. CPL Chicago: 1849-1855,1866-1867: Early Cholera Epidemics Chicago Historical Information. 18491855, 1866-1867 Early cholera Epidemics. Afterthe 1870 s cholera ceased to be a source of mortality. cholera Deaths http://www.chipublib.org/004chicago/disasters/early_cholera.html

Source: First Water Works built on the present site of the Chicago Avenue Pumping Station. Completed in February, 1854. Chicago, Ill. Dept. of Health. Annual Report 1911-1918 . p.1480. Chicago Historical Information 1849-1855, 1866-1867: Early Cholera Epidemics Severe outbreaks of cholera had been reported earlier, but accurate records are not available. In 1849 the disease was brought to the city on the emigrant boat John Drew April 29 and raged until late October. That year 678 persons died, a rate of 2,897 per 100,000. 314 died between July 25 and August 28. This is the worst death rate for any cause since Chicago began keeping health statistics. Although the germ theory of disease was still unknown, Chicago did undertake a number of sanitary improvements which markedly reduced cholera and other diseases. In the 1850's, a piped Lake Michigan water supply was introduced cutting reliance upon unsanitary wells and buckets of water from the sewage filled Chicago River . Sewers were constructed beginning in 1856 and greatly expanded after the cholera epidemic of 1866. In 1867 a remarkable drinking water tunnel two miles out into the lake was opened, reducing the amount of sewage from the river in the water supply. After the 1870's cholera ceased to be a source of mortality.

102. One Dead In Cholera Outbreak In Malaysia CNN http://cnn.com/2001/WORLD/asiapcf/southeast/05/12/malaysia.cholera.ap/index.html

103. Cholera Fact Sheet cholera. What is cholera? cholera is a bacterial disease that affects the intestinaltract. The bacterium is called Vibrio cholera. Who gets cholera? http://www.dhfs.state.wi.us/healthtips/BCD/Cholera.htm

Topics A-Z Reference Center Search Disease Fact Sheet Series: Cholera What is cholera? Cholera is a bacterial disease that affects the intestinal tract. The bacterium is called Vibrio cholera . Although cholera is a very rare disease today, six worldwide outbreaks were documented between 1817 and 1911 that resulted in hundreds of thousands of deaths. Currently, only a few cases are reported in the United States each year. Who gets cholera? While cholera is a rare disease, those who may be at risk include people traveling to foreign countries where outbreaks are occurring and people who consume raw or undercooked seafood from warm coastal waters subject to sewage contamination. In both instances, the risk is quite small. How is the bacteria spread? The cholera bacteria is passed in the stools (feces). It is spread by eating or drinking food or water contaminated by the fecal waste of an infected person. This occurs more often in underdeveloped countries lacking adequate water supplies and proper sewage disposal. What are the symptoms of cholera?

104. Thomas Shapter And Cholera In Exeter 1832 : Introduction Thomas Shapter The History of the cholera in Exeter 1832 Introductionand background. 1 Barnfield Crescent. Shapter s History of the cholera. http://www.ex.ac.uk/Affiliate/stloyes/graeme/shaptint.htm

Thomas Shapter : The History of the Cholera in Exeter 1832 Introduction and background Introduction Shapter's Career History of the Cholera Origins of Cholera ... Extracts from the Book Introduction Dr Thomas Shapter, LL.D., M.D., FRCP (1809-1902) was born in Gibraltar, graduated from Edinburgh University, and arrived in Exeter in the year cholera arrived, 1832. Today, Dr Shapter is best known for the account he wrote of this devastating cholera outbreak . A portrait of Shapter, can be viewed at: Thomas Shapter Portrait Shapter's Career Shapter soon developed a medical practice in Exeter and became a member of the governing body of the City, the Chamber, in 1835. As Newton puts it "his early admission into the restricted governing class of a cathedral city is a measure of his personality, as well as of his political and religious orthodoxy". Such ties were further cemented by his marriage in 1840 to the Reverend Samuel Blackhall’s daughter. He was later to become Mayor (twice) and Sherriff of the City. He was appointed physician in 1847 at the Exeter and Devon Hospital but he also worked for the Magdalen Hospital, The Lying-in-Charity and St Thomas’ Hospital for Lunatics (1845). He led an active public life and when cholera again posed a threat in 1867 he opposed plans to transfer the powers of the Improvement Commissioners to the Board of Health under the 1858 Health Act. He appears to have still believed in the efficacy of the measures and institutions established during the 1830s.

105. Cholera Outbreak Kills 76 Kurdish Rebels CNN http://cnn.com/2000/WORLD/meast/05/17/turkey.cholera.ap/index.html

106. Cholera cholera. Wikipedia. cholera is a disease of the intestinal tractcaused by the Vibrio cholerae bacterium. These bacteria http://www.crystalinks.com/cholera.html

Cholera Wikipedia Cholera is a disease of the intestinal tract caused by the Vibrio cholerae bacterium. These bacteria are typically ingested by drinking water contaminated by improper sanitation or by eating improperly cooked fish, especially shell fish. Symptoms include diarrhea, abdominal cramps, nausea, vomiting, and dehydration. It is treated with rehydration and antibiotics, but in severe cases, cholera can lead to death. About one million Vibrio cholerae bacteria must be ingested to cause cholera in normally healthy adults, although increased susceptibility may be observed in those with weakened immune systems, individuals with decreased gastric acidity (as from the use of antacids), or those who are malnourished. The last major outbreak of cholera in the United States was in 1911. 1,099,882 cases and 10,453 deaths were reported in the Western Hemisphere between January 1991 and July 1995. On average, one case of cholera is reported in the United States every week. Vibrio cholerae causes disease by producing a toxin that disables the GTPase function of G proteins which are part of G protein-coupled receptors in intestinal cells. This has the effect that the G proteins are locked in the "on position" binding GTP (normally, the G proteins quickly return to "off" by hydrolizing GTP to GDP). The G proteins then cause adenylate cyclase A to produce large amounts of cyclic AMP which results in the loss of fluid and salts across the lining of the gut.

107. WHO: Cholera Includes factsheets, news releases, control measures, vaccines, and information for travelers. http://www.who.int/csr/disease/cholera/globaltaskforce/en/

English Search Home Countries Health topics ... Media Centre Location: WHO WHO sites CSR Home Diseases ... Cholera and epidemic-prone diarrhoeal diseases Cholera Cholera Impact of cholera The Global Task Force on Cholera Control measures Cholera reporting: International Health Regulations (IHR) Cholera is an easily treatable disease. The prompt administration of oral rehydration salts to replace lost fluids nearly always results in cure. In especially severe cases, intravenous administration of fluids may be required to save the patient's life. Left untreated, however, cholera can kill quickly following the onset of symptoms-a speed that helps account for its ability throughout history to incite fear and paralyse commerce. Although such reactions are no longer justified, cholera continues to be perceived by many as a deadly and highly contagious threat that can spread through international trade in food. FOR MORE INFORMATION WHO fact sheet Basic facts for travellers Some frequently asked questions about cholera  Disease Outbreak News: cholera ... International travel and health: cholera HIGHLIGHTS New publication: First steps for managing an outbreak of acute diarrhoea [.pdf]

108. Avain Cholera AVIAN cholera. Cause. Bacteria Pasteurella multocida. These lesions are indicativeof an acute disease process and are not unique to avian cholera infection. http://www.nwhc.usgs.gov/facts/cholera.html

AVIAN CHOLERA Cause Bacteria Pasteurella multocida Host Most species of birds and mammals can become infected with different strains of this bacteria, however, avian cholera in wild birds is primarily caused by one strain, Type 1. The species of birds most commonly affected are ducks and geese, coots, gulls, and crows. Transmission The bacteria can be transmitted by bird-to-bird contact, contact with secretions or feces of infected birds, or ingestion of food or water containing the bacteria. Aerosol tranmission may also occur. The bacteria may survive up to 4 months in soil and water. Clinical Signs/Field Signs Large die-offs are seen primarily in wild ducks and geese where the disease affects birds peracutely. The sudden appearance of large numbers of dead birds in good body condition with few if any sick birds is observed. Death may be so rapid that birds literally fall out of the sky or die while eating with no previous signs of disease. Sick birds appear lethargic, and when captured may die within minutes. Other signs include convulsions; swimming in circles; throwing the head back between the wings; erratic flight, such as flying upside down or trying to land a foot or more above the water; mucous discharge from the mouth; soiling or matting of the feathers around the vent, eyes, and bill; pasty, fawn-colored or yellow droppings; or blood-stained droppings or nasal discharge.

109. Dozens Dead In S. African Cholera Epidemic CNN http://cnn.com/2001/WORLD/africa/02/16/safrica.cholera.ap/index.html

110. Love In The Time Of Cholera Music. You can hear three of our songs here. Love In The Time ofcholera is from the Northern VA area. We play something fierce. http://www.bugempire.com/timeofcholera/

We have finished recording our full length, The Sun Through Glass, with Andreas from Scarlet in Richmond, VA. Raul, from Urban Style, filled in on bass duties for the record. Niklas from Dark Tranquillity completed our cover art. We are in the process of having the record mastered. In other news, we would like to welcome John Mehos, our new bassist, to the Cholera camp. He played his first show with us last weekend in Richmond. You can catch our first DC/NOVA area show with the new line-up on June 8th @ The Warehouse Next Door. Tuesday, June 8th W/ Today and Everything After, Thumbscrew (TX), The Burning Season (Worlds Apart) @ The Warehouse Next Door 1017 7th Street, NW Washington , DC Release Among the Living (Anthrax) Enough Friction to Start a Fire timeofcholera@cs.com

111. Love In The Time Of Cholera By Garcia Marquez: Review By Rob Couteau Gabriel Garcia Marquez, Love in the Time of cholera ,book review,links to Marquezsites and books, complete bibliography, interviews, etexts, ebooks, by Robert http://www.tygersofwrath.com/marquez.htm

Gabriel Garcia Marquez Love in the Time of Cholera by Gabriel Garcia Marquez Book review by Robert Couteau Published in: Arete Magazine Dec. 1988. (San Diego, CA: Alden Mills.) Robert Couteau Love in the Time of Cholera Gabriel Garcia Marquez (Knopf) As its title implies, Gabriel Garcia Marquez’s widely acclaimed Love in the Time of Cholera is a creative amalgam of two starkly contrasting elements: the sacredness of love and love’s embodiment in often horrific, everyday experience. Ultimately, the transcendental power of spiritual love emerges as the beautifully rendered theme of this evocative, paradoxical masterwork. Marquez has always displayed great fortitude in his willingness to experiment and expand his stylistic repertoire. While Love in the Time of Cholera has formal similarities to his two other great fictional works - One Hundred Years of Solitude and The Autumn of the Patriarch - it avoids an exclusive reliance on either the stunning hallucinatory quality of the former or the lush density of the latter. Instead, maintaining an almost folktale quality grounded with the feel of everyday gossip, it incorporates images of love that hover midway between otherworldly beauty and netherworld terror. The historical setting of Love in the Time of Cholera is an “in-between” time: from the end of the nineteenth- into the first decades of the twentieth century. The place is an unnamed Caribbean seaport resembling Cartagena. Florentino Ariza, who, with his long frock coat and melancholy air, resembles “a rabbi in disgrace,” is hopelessly overwhelmed by his love for Fermina Daza, a comely girl whose “doe’s gait” makes her “seem immune to gravity.”

112. Medicine-Worldwide: Tropenkrankheiten Darstellung vieler Tropenkrankheiten wie cholera, Ebola, Gelbfieber, Malaria und Typhus mit Empfehlungen zu Vorbeugung und Behandlung. http://www.m-ww.de/krankheiten/tropenkrankheiten/

Sie befinden sich hier: startseite krankheiten tropenkrankheiten Tropenkrankheiten ... Über uns Tropenkrankheiten Henri Rousseau (1844 - 1910) "Unvorbereitetes Wegeilen bringt unglückliche Wiederkehr." (Goethe) Ratgeber Meldungen zum Thema: Kinder der Welt in einem erschreckenden Gesundheitszustand Wenn einer eine Reise tut ... Alle Meldungen Weitere Infos finden Sie hier: Berlin Hamburg : Hygieneinstitut Hamburg, Impfzentrum, Tel.: 040-428 544 420 Leipzig Stuttgart : Landesgesundheitsamt, Tel.: 0711-184 9223 Link - Tipps: www.die-reisemedizin.de www.drtm.de Buch-Tipps Praktische Tropenmedizin und Reisemedizin Diesfeld, Hans J.; Krause, Gerard; Teichmann, Dieter Beratung vor der Reise: Tropentauglichkeit, Impfprophylaxe, Besonderheiten bei Schwangeren und Kindern, individuelle "Risikostratifizierung": Clubreise, Individualreise, längerer Aufenthalt, Begleiterkrankungen, Schwangere, ältere Reisende, Kinder, alle wichtigen Reiseziele im geomedizinisch-epidemiologischen Länderverzeichnis; Die wichtigsten Tropenkrankheiten: "Steckbriefe" der 50 wichtigsten Krankheiten der Tropen und Subtropen; Untersuchung von Tropenrückkehrern: Übersichten häufiger Leitsymptome (z.B. biphasisches Fieber, Durchfall etc.), die häufigsten Fragen der reisemedizinischen Sprechstunde, Adressen tropenmedizinischer Einrichtungen und vieles mehr ; Neu in der 2. Auflage: noch mehr Tabellen und Checklisten, umfassend aktualisierte Diagnose- und Therapieempfehlungen, 22 Seiten geomedizinisches Länderverzeichnis

113. Cholera Needs Guts To Survive: Human Stomach Boosts Cholera Bacterium's Infectiv cholera needs guts to survive. Human stomach boosts cholera bacterium s infectivity. Humansare a good growth environment for cholera and a perfect vehicle. http://www.nature.com/nsu/020603/020603-2.html

updated at midnight GMT search nature science update advanced search Cholera needs guts to survive Human stomach boosts cholera bacterium's infectivity. 6 June 2002 TOM CLARKE Vibrio cholerae bacteria infect between 100,000 and 300,000 people each year. Human digestive juices switch on genes in cholera bacteria that make the microbes hundreds of times more infectious, new research suggests. The finding identifies potential targets for cholera vaccines or diagnostic tests Vibrio cholerae bacteria infect between 100,000 and 300,000 people each year, causing acute vomiting and diarrhoea. One in every 100 victims dies from dehydration. Although dehydration is easily treated, cholera is a major problem in countries with poor sanitation. Current vaccines are only partially effective, and are banned by some countries because of harmful side effects. Ten important genes are active in bacteria from the stools of cholera victims that are inactive in lab bacteria, Andrew Camilli of Tufts University School of Medicine in Boston, Massachusetts, and colleagues have found . The team collected the samples during a cholera outbreak in Dhaka, Bangladesh, in April 2001.

114. Geschichte Der Großen Seuchen cholera, Pest, Pocken, Tuberkulose und ihre Bek¤mpfung. Ausz¼ge aus dem Ausstellungsband Das grosse Sterben Seuchen machen Geschichte des Deutschen HygieneMuseums Dresden. http://www.gapinfo.de/gesundheitsamt/alle/seuche/infekt/sg/index.htm

Geschichte der großen Seuchen Wählen Sie bitte das gewünschte Thema Cholera Pest Pocken Tuberkulose ... Geschichte der Seuchenbekämpfung

115. Garcia Marquez, Gabriel Love In The Time Of Cholera Literature Annotations. Garcia Marquez, Gabriel Love in the Time of cholera. JuvenalUrbino distinguishes himself by instituting policies to combat cholera. http://endeavor.med.nyu.edu/lit-med/lit-med-db/webdocs/webdescrips/garcia.marque

About the Database Editorial Board Annotators What's New ... MedHum Home 53rd Edition-April 2004 Art Annotations Artists Meet the Artist Viewing Room ... Art in Literature Literature Annotations Authors Meet the Author Listening Room ... Reading Room Performing Arts Film/Video Annotations Screening Room Theater Editors' Choices Choices Editor's Biosketch Indexes Book Order Form Search Options Word/Phrase (All) Word/Phrase (Lit) Keyword Annotator ... Special Author Asterisks indicate multimedia Comments/Inquiries Literature Annotations Garcia Marquez, Gabriel Love in the Time of Cholera Genre Novel (348 pp.) Keywords Aging Doctor-Patient Relationship Epidemics Infectious Disease ... Time Summary As a young woman, Fermina Daza kept a lengthy and passionate correspondence with Florentino Ariza, who was socially her inferior, but was desperately in love with her. They became engaged through their letters, exchanged through hiding places and telegrams in code. But one day, when Fermina Daza comes close to Florentino Ariza in the market, she feels suddenly ill and tells him it was all a mistake. Instead, she marries Dr. Juvenal Urbino, a European-educated perfectionist, who falls in love with her on a medical visit. Their tumultuous but affectionate marriage lasts over fifty years, through a civil war, cholera outbreaks and the Doctor's brief affair with a patient. Juvenal Urbino distinguishes himself by instituting policies to combat cholera. He dies, falling from a tree as he attempts to catch his pet parrot. Florentino Ariza comes to the wake. He is now about seventy and controls a wealthy shipping operation. After the other guests leave, he approaches Fermina Daza, saying, "I have waited for this opportunity for more than half a century, to repeat to you once again my vow of eternal fidelity and ever-lasting love."

116. Love In The Time Of Cholera By Gabriel Garcia Marquez New York University 19932004. Literature Annotations. Garcia Marquez, Gabriel Love in the Time of cholera. There are multiple annotations for this work http://endeavor.med.nyu.edu/lit-med/lit-med-db/webdocs/webdescrips/love.cholera.

About the Database Editorial Board Annotators What's New ... MedHum Home 53rd Edition-April 2004 Art Annotations Artists Meet the Artist Viewing Room ... Art in Literature Literature Annotations Authors Meet the Author Listening Room ... Reading Room Performing Arts Film/Video Annotations Screening Room Theater Editors' Choices Choices Editor's Biosketch Indexes Book Order Form Search Options Word/Phrase (All) Word/Phrase (Lit) Keyword Annotator ... Special Author Asterisks indicate multimedia Comments/Inquiries Literature Annotations Garcia Marquez, Gabriel : Love in the Time of Cholera There are multiple annotations for this work See work: Annotated by: Pamela Moore and Jack Coulehan Annotated by: Delese Wear

117. Medicine-Worldwide: Tropenkrankheiten Die wichtigsten Informationen ¼ber Tropenkrankheiten wie Ebola, Lassafieber, Chagas, Pest, cholera, Gelbfieber, Bilharziose, Denguefieber, Malaria und Fleckfieber. http://www.medicine-worldwide.de/krankheiten/tropenkrankheiten/index.html

Sie befinden sich hier: startseite krankheiten tropenkrankheiten Tropenkrankheiten ... Über uns Tropenkrankheiten Henri Rousseau (1844 - 1910) "Unvorbereitetes Wegeilen bringt unglückliche Wiederkehr." (Goethe) Ratgeber Meldungen zum Thema: Kinder der Welt in einem erschreckenden Gesundheitszustand Wenn einer eine Reise tut ... Alle Meldungen Weitere Infos finden Sie hier: Berlin Hamburg : Hygieneinstitut Hamburg, Impfzentrum, Tel.: 040-428 544 420 Leipzig Stuttgart : Landesgesundheitsamt, Tel.: 0711-184 9223 Link - Tipps: www.die-reisemedizin.de www.drtm.de Buch-Tipps Praktische Tropenmedizin und Reisemedizin Diesfeld, Hans J.; Krause, Gerard; Teichmann, Dieter Beratung vor der Reise: Tropentauglichkeit, Impfprophylaxe, Besonderheiten bei Schwangeren und Kindern, individuelle "Risikostratifizierung": Clubreise, Individualreise, längerer Aufenthalt, Begleiterkrankungen, Schwangere, ältere Reisende, Kinder, alle wichtigen Reiseziele im geomedizinisch-epidemiologischen Länderverzeichnis; Die wichtigsten Tropenkrankheiten: "Steckbriefe" der 50 wichtigsten Krankheiten der Tropen und Subtropen; Untersuchung von Tropenrückkehrern: Übersichten häufiger Leitsymptome (z.B. biphasisches Fieber, Durchfall etc.), die häufigsten Fragen der reisemedizinischen Sprechstunde, Adressen tropenmedizinischer Einrichtungen und vieles mehr ; Neu in der 2. Auflage: noch mehr Tabellen und Checklisten, umfassend aktualisierte Diagnose- und Therapieempfehlungen, 22 Seiten geomedizinisches Länderverzeichnis

118. Cholera Vaccination cholera vaccine is of limited effectiveness and is no longer officially requiredfor travel. Subscribe now . cholera Vaccination. No Longer Officially Required. http://healthlink.mcw.edu/article/907104196.html

Search Articles: search tips Please Take the HealthLink Survey Email this article Print this article Find related articles: By topic: Travel Medicine By keywords: Receive Health Link via email! Subscribe now >> Cholera Vaccination No Longer Officially Required A severe outbreak of cholera started in Peru several years ago and spread through South America to Central America and Mexico. Also, separate outbreaks frequently occur in Africa and India. More than 40 countries throughout the world report active cholera infection within their borders. Even where the disease is rampant, vaccination against cholera is of limited effectiveness and is not recommended for travelers. The vaccine is not effective at all against the Bengal strain of cholera found in India and neighboring countries. Following standard food and water precautions and avoiding high risk foods such as uncooked seafood and shellfish should be adequate to prevent you from getting the illness. A new oral cholera vaccine awaiting FDA approval is currently available in some foreign countries may be useful for also protecting against the more common traveler's diarrhea. Both the World Health Organization and the Centers for Disease Control now report that no country officially requires cholera vaccination for arriving travelers under International Health Regulations. Travelers need to be aware, however, that border officials in some countries may not always follow their official government policies and may occasionally ask for proof of vaccination if arriving from infected areas. Such countries reported to have unofficial policies include Egypt, Ghana, Kenya, Madagascar, Rwanda, and Tanzania. Prospective tourists to these countries may want to carry proof of vaccination (even if they did not actually receive the vaccine), or a formal letter from their physician stating that the vaccine is medically contraindicated. All travelers should avoid being vaccinated once they arrive in these countries since vaccines may be administered with contaminated equipment increasing the risk for acquiring AIDS or Hepatitis B.

119. Health And Hygiene In The Nineteenth Century were three massive waves of contagious disease the first, from 1831 to 1833, includedtwo influenza epidemics and the initial appearance of cholera; the second http://www.victorianweb.org/science/health/health10.html

Health and Hygiene in the Nineteenth Century Added by Laurelyn Douglas '91 (English 264, 1991) n his book, The Healthy Body and Victorian Culture , Bruce Haley asserts that the Victorians were concerned with health over almost all, if not all, other issues. The following passages are excerpted from his book: Nothing occupies a nation's mind with the subject of health like a general contagion. In the 1830s and the 1840s there were three massive waves of contagious disease: the first, from 1831 to 1833, included two influenza epidemics and the initial appearance of cholera; the second, from 1836 to 1842, encompassed major epidemics of influenza, typhus, typhoid , and cholera. As F. H. Garrison has observed, epidemic eruptions in the eighteenth century had been "more scattered and isolated" than theretofore; and in the early decades of the nineteenth century there had been a marked decline in such illnesses as diphtheria and influenza. Smallpox, the scourge of the eighteenth century, appeared to be controllable by the new practice of vaccination. Then, in the mid-twenties, England saw serious outbursts of smallpox and typhus, anticipating the pestilential turbulence of the next two decades. The first outbreak of Asiatic cholera in Britain was at Sunderland on the Durham coast during the Autumn of 1831. From there the disease made its way northward into Scotland and southward toward London. Before it had run its course it claimed 52,000 lives. From its point of origin in Bengal it had taken five years to cross Europe, so that when it reached the course of Durham, British doctors were well aware of its nature, if not its cause.

120. This Is London Succinct overview of anthrax, smallpox, ebola, cholera, Venezuelan equine encephalitis, plague and botulinum. From the UK newspaper. http://www.thisislondon.co.uk/dynamic/news/story.html?in_review_id=459916&in

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