61. Cholera Detected In Second South African Province CNN http://cnn.com/2001/WORLD/africa/01/03/southafrica.cholera.ap/index.html

62. Cholera Translate this page cholera Bitte beachten Sie in Die cholera ist eine durch Bakterien (Vibrionen)verursachte Infektionskrankheit. Es handelt sich um http://www.auswaertiges-amt.de/www/de/laenderinfos/gesundheitsdienst/merkblatt/c

var imagepath ="/www/de/"; AA-Homepage Gesundheitsdienst Merkblätter Cholera Cholera Bitte beachten Sie in jedem Fall den untenstehenden Haftungsausschluss. Die Infektion Das Krankheitsbild Die Diagnose Die Therapie Schutz gegen Cholera Die Impfung Choleraregeln Die Cholera ist eine durch Bakterien (Vibrionen) verursachte Infektionskrankheit. Es handelt sich um eine Darmerkrankung, daher werden die Erreger nur mit dem Stuhl oder Erbrochenen ausgeschieden. Sie ist weitverbreitet in Ländern mit mangelnder Hygiene (Fernost, Afrika, Süd- und Mittelamerika). Nur ganz vereinzelt wird die Cholera nach Deutschland importiert. Das Erkrankungsrisiko ist für Normaltouristen und Entsandte äußerst gering. Strikte Einhaltung der Lebensmittel-, Trinkwasser- und Körperhygiene sind die wichtigsten Vorbeugemaßnahmen. Die Infektion: Sie erfolgt über Essen und Trinken und anderes Verhalten, bei dem die Bakterien in den Mund und den Verdauungskanal gelangen können. Die Erreger stammen - von einem chronischen (aber subjektiv gesunden) Dauerausscheider, oder - aus entsprechend verschmutztem Wasser bzw. Lebensmitteln, oder

63. CNN.com - WHO: Iraq Faces Cholera Crisis - May. 8, 2003 CNN http://cnn.com/2003/WORLD/meast/05/08/sprj.nilaw.cholera.update/index.html

The Web CNN.com Home Page World U.S. Weather ... Special Reports SERVICES Video E-Mail Services CNNtoGO SEARCH Web CNN.com WHO: Iraq faces cholera crisis Children in a Basra market stand next to a stagnant stream of water. Story Tools SPECIAL REPORT Transition of Power Life after War CNN/Money: Rebuilding Iraq War in Iraq Special Report RELATED WHO: About Cholera Looters warned of radiation risk BASRA, Iraq Mounting piles of waste and sewage and contaminated water supplies have led to southern Iraq's first cases of cholera raising concerns of a potentially devastating outbreak. The World Health Organization has confirmed four people had contracted cholera in Basra, and the group says dozens more may have the potentially fatal illness. No deaths have been reported so far but health officials said they feared the problem is already reaching epidemic proportions. The lack of clean water, lack of security, and economic troubles are allowing it to spread rapidly, WHO spokesman Ian Simpson said Thursday. "Cholera has a fatality rate of more than 50 percent if it is not treated," he said. "This is probably the most serious health concern in Iraq right now." About 50 samples have been sent to a laboratory in Kuwait for testing.

64. Plagues & Epidemics and other pestilential fever, smallpox and dysentery’sthe latter a generic classof disease that includes what s known as dysentery, as well as cholera. http://www.theplumber.com/plague.html

this page is sponsored by: since 1995, famous, recommended plumbing supplier: Famous PlumbingSupply.com to International Toilet History in India and the World T he first epidemic of a waterborne disease probably was caused by an infected caveman relieving himself in waters upstream of his neighbors. Perhaps the entire clan was decimated, or maybe the panicky survivors packed up their gourds and fled from the "evil spirits" inhabiting their camp to some other place. As long as people lived in small groups, isolated from each other, such incidents were sporadic. But as civilization progressed, people began clustering into cities. They shared communal water, handled unwashed food, stepped in excrement from casual discharge or spread as manure, used urine for dyes, bleaches, and even as an antiseptic. As cities became crowded, they also became the nesting places of waterborne, insect borne, and skin -to-skin infectious diseases that spurted out unchecked and seemingly at will. Typhus was most common, reported Thomas Sydenham , England's first great physician, who lived in the 17th century and studied early history. Next came typhoid and relapsing fever, plague and other pestilential fever, smallpox and dysentery’s-the latter a generic class of disease that includes what's known as dysentery, as well as cholera.

65. CNN.com - Cholera Kills 34 In South Africa As Rains Worsen Outbreak - November 1 CNN http://www.cnn.com/2000/WORLD/africa/11/17/safrica.cholera.reut/index.html

world africa Editions myCNN ... Feedback CNN Sites CNN CNN Europe CNNfn CNNSI myCNN CNNfyi AllPolitics Languages Search CNN.com CNNSI.com CNNfn.com The Web WORLD TOP STORIES Thousands dead in India; quake toll rapidly rising Israelis, Palestinians make final push before Israeli election Gates pledges $100 million for AIDS Davos protesters face tear gas ... MORE TOP STORIES Thousands dead in India; quake toll rapidly rising Israelis, Palestinians make final push before Israeli election Davos protesters face tear gas MORE ... MORE MARKETS 4:30pm ET, 4/16 DJIA NAS SPORTS Jordan says farewell for the third time ... LOCAL EDITIONS: CNN.com Europe change default edition MULTIMEDIA: video video archive audio multimedia showcase ... more services E-MAIL: Subscribe to one of our news e-mail lists Enter your address: DISCUSSION: chat feedback CNN WEB SITES: CNNfyi.com CNN.com Europe AsiaNow Spanish ... Korean Headlines TIME INC. SITES: Go To ... Time.com People Money Fortune EW CNN NETWORKS: CNN anchors transcripts Turner distribution SITE INFO: help contents search ad info ... jobs WEB SERVICES: Cholera kills 34 in South Africa as rains worsen outbreak JOHANNESBURG, South Africa

66. Reportable Infectious Diseases And Conditions idph online home, Illinois Department of Public Health 535 West Jefferson StreetSpringfield, Illinois 62761 Phone 217782-4977 Fax 217-782-3987 TTY 800-547 http://www.idph.state.il.us/health/infect/reportdis/cholera.htm

Cholera Cholera Information - Centers for Disease Control and Prevention - English Version Cholera Information - Centers for Disease Control and Prevention - Spanish Version ... Portugues Version Illinois Department of Public Health 535 West Jefferson Street Springfield, Illinois 62761 Phone 217-782-4977 Fax 217-782-3987 TTY 800-547-0466 Questions or Comments

67. CNN.com - Scientists Sequence Genome Of Cholera Bacteria - August 2, 2000 CNN http://www.cnn.com/2000/HEALTH/08/02/cholera.genome/index.html

health Editions myCNN Video ... Feedback CNN Sites CNN CNN Europe CNNfn CNNSI myCNN CNNfyi AllPolitics Languages Search CNN.com CNNSI.com CNNfn.com The Web HEALTH TOP STORIES New treatments hold out hope for breast cancer patients MORE TOP STORIES Thousands dead in India; quake toll rapidly rising Israelis, Palestinians make final push before Israeli election Davos protesters confront police MORE ... MORE MARKETS 4:30pm ET, 4/16 DJIA NAS SPORTS Jordan says farewell for the third time ... LOCAL EDITIONS: CNN.com Europe change default edition MULTIMEDIA: video video archive audio multimedia showcase ... more services E-MAIL: Subscribe to one of our news e-mail lists Enter your address: DISCUSSION: chat feedback CNN WEB SITES: CNNfyi.com CNN.com Europe AsiaNow Spanish ... Korean Headlines TIME INC. SITES: Go To ... Time.com People Money Fortune EW CNN NETWORKS: CNN anchors transcripts Turner distribution SITE INFO: help contents search ad info ... jobs WEB SERVICES: Scientists sequence genome of cholera bacteria WASHINGTON (CNN) Researchers have sequenced the genome of the bacteria that causes cholera, a potentially fatal intestinal infection common in developing countries. The scientific achievement, to be published Thursday in the journal Nature, is expected to help experts develop better treatments and possibly a more effective cholera vaccine.

68. Cholera Kills 44 In Malawi CNN http://cnn.com/2002/WORLD/africa/01/27/malawi.cholera.ap/index.html

69. Health And Hygiene In The Nineteenth Century were three massive waves of contagious disease the first, form 1831 to 1833, includedtwo influenza epidemics and the initial appearance of cholera; the second http://65.107.211.206/health/health10.html

Health and Hygiene in the Nineteenth Century Added by Laurelyn Douglas '91 (English 264, 1991) n his book, The Healthy Body and Victorian Culture , Bruce Haley asserts that the Victorians were concerned with health over almost all, if not all, other issues. The following passages are excerpted from his book: Nothing occupies a nation's mind with the subject of health like a general contagion. In the 1830s and the 1840s there were three massive waves of contagious disease: the first, form 1831 to 1833, included two influenza epidemics and the initial appearance of cholera; the second, from 1836 to 1842, encompassed major epidemics of influenza, typhus, typhoid , and cholera. As F. H. Garrison has observed, epidemic eruptions in the eighteenth century had been "more scattered and isolated" than theretofore; and in the early decades of the nineteenth century there had been a marked decline in such illnesses as diptheria and influenza. Smallpox, the scourge of the eighteenth century, appeared to be controllable by the new practice of vaccination. Then, in the mid-twenties, England saw serious outbursts of smallpox and typhus, anticipating the pestilential turbulence of the next two decades. The first outbreak of Asiatic cholera in Britain was at Sunderland on the Durham coast during the Autumn of 1831. From there the disease made its way northward into Scotland and southward toward London. Before it had run its course it claimed 52,000 lives. From its point of origin in Bengal it had taken five years to cross Europe, so that when it reached the course of Durham, British doctors were well aware of its nature, if not its cause.

70. Djibouti Camp Gets Aid To Fight Cholera CNN http://cnn.com/2003/WORLD/africa/09/30/djibouti.refugees.reut/index.html

71. CNN.com - More Than 4,000 People Affected By Cholera Outbreak In South Africa - CNN http://www.cnn.com/2000/WORLD/africa/10/29/southafrica.cholera.ap/index.html

world africa Editions myCNN ... Feedback CNN Sites CNN CNN Europe CNNfn CNNSI myCNN CNNfyi AllPolitics Languages Search CNN.com CNNSI.com CNNfn.com The Web WORLD TOP STORIES Thousands dead in India; quake toll rapidly rising Israelis, Palestinians make final push before Israeli election Gates pledges $100 million for AIDS Davos protesters face tear gas ... MORE TOP STORIES Thousands dead in India; quake toll rapidly rising Israelis, Palestinians make final push before Israeli election Davos protesters face tear gas MORE ... MORE MARKETS 4:30pm ET, 4/16 DJIA NAS SPORTS Jordan says farewell for the third time ... LOCAL EDITIONS: CNN.com Europe change default edition MULTIMEDIA: video video archive audio multimedia showcase ... more services E-MAIL: Subscribe to one of our news e-mail lists Enter your address: DISCUSSION: chat feedback CNN WEB SITES: CNNfyi.com CNN.com Europe AsiaNow Spanish ... Korean Headlines TIME INC. SITES: Go To ... Time.com People Money Fortune EW CNN NETWORKS: CNN anchors transcripts Turner distribution SITE INFO: help contents search ad info ... jobs WEB SERVICES: More than 4,000 people affected by cholera outbreak in South Africa

72. Pynchon - Essays: Review Of "Love In The Time Of Cholera" The New York Times, 10 April 1988 A Review of Gabriel García Márquez s Love inthe Time of cholera We then flash back 50 years, into the time of cholera. http://www.themodernword.com/pynchon/pynchon_essays_cholera.html

The Heart's Eternal Vow The New York Times, 10 April 1988 Love in the Time of Cholera Love, as Mickey and Sylvia, in their 1956 hit single, remind us, love is strange. As we grow older it gets stranger, until at some point mortality has come well within the frame of our attention, and there we are, suddenly caught between terminal dates while still talking a game of eternity. It's about then that we may begin to regard love songs, romance novels, soap operas and any live teen-age pronouncements at all on the subject of love with an increasingly impatient, not to mention intolerant, ear. At the same time, where would any of us be without all that romantic infrastructure, without, in fact, just that degree of adolescent, premortal hope? Pretty far out on life's limb, at least. Suppose, then, it were possible, not only to swear love "forever," but actually to follow through on it to live a long, full and authentic life based on such a vow, to put one's alloted stake of precious time where one's heart is? This is the extraordinary premise of Gabriel García Márquez's new novel Love in the Time of Cholera

73. Cholera Strikes Northern Nigeria CNN http://cnn.com/2001/WORLD/africa/11/23/health.nigeria.cholera.reut/index.html

74. Cholera Translate this page cholera. cholera Afrique, Moyen Orient, Asie *cause -Vibrio cholerae,la diarrhée est provoquée par les entérotoxines du bacille. http://www.medecine-et-sante.com/voyages/CHOLERA.html

Cholera Accueil Autres articles CHOLERA Afrique, Moyen Orient, Asie *cause : -Vibrio cholerae, la diarrhée est provoquée par les entérotoxines du bacille. *signes : -après 1 à 3 jours d'incubation, diarrhée liquide, abondante, "eau de riz", vomissements. -Déshydratation rapide *Prévention : -hygiène des toilettes, désinfection des lieux contaminés, avec eau de Javel. -lutte contre les mouches. -désinfection ou ébullition de l'eau. -éviter la consommation des légumes crus (le vibrion ne résiste pas à la cuisson au-delà de 70¡ ou à l'ébullition)

75. Cholera Kills 200 And Leaves 100,000 Ill CNN http://cnn.com/2001/WORLD/africa/07/25/safrica.cholera.ap/index.html

76. CHAART Remote Sensing Of Cholera Outbreaks Remote Sensing of cholera Outbreaks. The outbreaks of cholera that haveoccurred during the past decade originated in coastal areas. http://geo.arc.nasa.gov/sge/health/projects/cholera/cholera.html

Remote Sensing of Cholera Outbreaks First Year Report UMBI Main Page CHAART Projects CHAART Home Project institution: University of Maryland Biotechnology Institute, College Park, Maryland Principal investigators: Dr. Rita Colwell and Dr. Anwar Huq Co-investigators: B. Lobitz , L. Beck , B. Wood University of Maryland Biotechnology Institute CHAART, NASA Ames Research Center Cholera epidemics caused by Vibrio cholerae O1 occur regularly in Bangladesh and India and sporadically in many parts of the world. In 1993, a total of 296,206 new cases of cholera were reported in South America after about a century, involving more than 15 countries. The outbreaks of cholera that have occurred during the past decade originated in coastal areas. From our previous work, V. cholerae attaches to plankton in the aquatic environment, providing the vehicle for dispersal. The organism attaches preferentially to zooplankton, particularly copepods, but it also attaches in lower numbers and without reproduction onto some species of phytoplankton. Phytoplankton provide the main food source for zooplankton so the two forms of plankton are tightly linked in space and time. Under adverse conditions of temperature and nutrients V. cholerae

77. WHO: Cholera WHO fact sheet with cause, treatment, pandemics, prevention, and transmission. http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs107/en/

English Search Home Countries Health topics ... Multimedia Media centre Location: WHO WHO sites Media centre Fact sheets ... printable version Fact sheet N°107 Revised March 2000 Cholera Cholera is an acute intestinal infection caused by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae. It has a short incubation period, from less than one day to five days, and produces an enterotoxin that causes a copious, painless, watery diarrhoea that can quickly lead to severe dehydration and death if treatment is not promptly given. Vomiting also occurs in most patients. Most persons infected with V. cholerae do not become ill, although the bacterium is present in their faeces for 7-14 days. When illness does occur, more than 90% of episodes are of mild or moderate severity and are difficult to distinguish clinically from other types of acute diarrhoea. Less than 10% of ill persons develop typical cholera with signs of moderate or severe dehydration. Background The vibrio responsible for the seventh pandemic, now in progress, is known as V. cholerae

78. Medmicro Chapter 24 Scientific and medical information about the organisms and the diseases they cause. http://gsbs.utmb.edu/microbook/ch024.htm

Cholera, Vibrio cholerae O1 and O139, and Other Pathogenic Vibrios Richard A. Finkelstein General Concepts Cholera and Vibrio cholerae Clinical Manifestations Cholera is a potentially epidemic and life-threatening secretory diarrhea characterized by numerous, voluminous watery stools, often accompanied by vomiting, and resulting in hypovolemic shock and acidosis. It is caused by certain members of the species Vibrio cholerae which can also cause mild or inapparent infections. Other members of the species may occasionally cause isolated outbreaks of milder diarrhea whereas othersthe vast majorityare free-living and not associated with disease. Structure, Classification, and Antigenic Types Vibrios are Gram-negative, highly motile curved rods with a single polar flagellum. They tolerate alkaline media that kill most intestinal commensals, but they are sensitive to acid. Numerous free-living vibrios are known, some potentially pathogenic. Until 1992, cholera was caused by only two serotypes, Inaba (AC) and Ogawa (AB), and two biotypes, classical and El Tor, of toxigenic O group 1 V cholerae. These organisms may be identified by agglutination in O group 1-specific antiserum directed against the lipopolysaccharide component of the cell wall and by demonstration of their enterotoxigenicity. In 1992, cholera caused by serogroup O139 (synonym "Bengal"; the 139th and latest serogroup of V cholerae to be identified) emerged in epidemic proportions in India and Bangladesh. This serovar is identified by 1) absence of agglutination in O group 1 specific antiserum; 2) by agglutination in O group 139 specific antiserum; and 3) by the presence of a capsule.

79. Southern Africa Battles Cholera Outbreaks CNN http://cnn.com/2001/WORLD/africa/01/09/health.safrica.cholera.reut/index.html

80. CHOLERA cholera (from the Gr. xp\r, K ile, and peav, to flow), the name given to two distinctforms of disease, simple cholera and malignant cholera. Althoug. cholera. http://86.1911encyclopedia.org/C/CH/CHOLERA.htm

CHOLERA CHOLERA SIMPLE CHOLERA (synonyms, Cholera Europaea, British Cholera, Summer or Autumnal Cholera) is the cholera of ancient medical writers, as is apparent from the accurate description of the disease given by Hippocrates, Celsus and Aretaeus. Its occurrence hi an epidemic form was noticed by various physicians in the i6th century, and an admirable account of the disease was subsequently given by Thomas Sydenham in 1669-1672. This disease is sometimes called Cholera Nostras, the word nostras, which is good Latin and used by Cicero, meaning " belonging to our country." The relations between it and Asiatic cholera (see below) are obscure. Clinically they may exactly resemble each other, and bacteriology has not been able to draw an absolute line between them. The real difference is epidemio-logical, cholera nostras having no epidemic significance. Attacks of this kind are of frequent occurrence in summer and autumn in almost all countries. They appear specially liable to occur when cold and damp alternate with heat. Occasionally the disorder prevails so extensively as to constitute an epidemic. The exciting causes of an attack are in many cases errors in diet, particularly the use of unripe fruit and new vegetables, and the excessive drinking of cold liquids during perspiration. Outbreaks of this disorder in a household or community can sometimes be traced to the use of impure water, or to noxious emanations from the sewers. In the treatment, vomiting should be encouraged so long as it shows the presence of undigested food, after which opiates ought to be administered. Small opium pills, or Dover's powder, or the aromatic powder of chalk with opium, are likely to be retained in the stomach, and will generally succeed in allaying the pain and diarrhoea, while ice and effervescing drinks serve to quench the thirst and subdue the sickns~. In aggravated cases where medicines are rejected, enemata of starch and laudanum, or the hypodermic injection of morphia, ought to be resorted to. Counter-irritation by mustard or turpentine over the abdomen is always of use, as is also friction with the hands where cramps are present. When sinking threatens, brandy and ammonia will be called for. During convalescence the food should be in the form of milk and farinaceous diet, or light soups, and all indigestible articles must be carefully avoided.

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