121. Aquarium Chemistry, PH, GH, And KH Relationship While selecting fish that are compatible to the pH of the water used to fillthe aquarium is the best method and avoids the need to change the pH, many http://www.drhelm.com/aquarium/chemistry.html

122. PC Water Coolant Chemistry - Part II PC water Coolant chemistry Part II RoboTech (Lee Garbutt) - 5/5/04page 1 of 16. Summary. water has a unique combination of physical http://www.overclockers.com/tips1153/

Features Overclockers Forum Shopping Search Top Products Motherboards Intel Abit Gigabyte ... Software Over 1000 Topics ACCESSORIES ADAPTERS BEGINNER GUIDES BENCHMARKING ... Classified Ads document.write(''); Please read EMAIL FAQs first: Comments, suggestions, and questions to Joe Citarella, Skip MacWilliam, or Ed Stroligo document.write(''); document.write(''); document.write(''); document.write(''); document.write(''); document.write(''); document.write(''); document.write(''); document.write(''); "PC Water Coolant Chemistry - Part II" RoboTech (Lee Garbutt) - 5/5/04 page 1 of 16 Summary Water has a unique combination of physical, thermal and chemical properties that makes it ideal for use in PC water-cooling systems. However, to help minimize the negative effects of corrosion and prevent the growth of microorganisms, it is necessary to use coolant additives. Introduction to Part II Welcome back to the second part of our article on PC water coolant chemistry! If you have not already done so, please check out Part I for detailed information on some of water's unique physical, thermal and chemical properties and the various types of water available for use in PC water-cooling systems.

123. PC Water Coolant Chemistry - Part I PC water Coolant chemistry Part I RoboTech (Lee Garbutt) - 3/29/04page 1 of 7. Author s note I would like to dedicate this http://www.overclockers.com/articles993/

Features Overclockers Forum Shopping Search Top Products Motherboards Intel Abit Gigabyte ... Software Over 1000 Topics ACCESSORIES ADAPTERS BEGINNER GUIDES BENCHMARKING ... Classified Ads document.write(''); Please read EMAIL FAQs first: Comments, suggestions, and questions to Joe Citarella, Skip MacWilliam, or Ed Stroligo document.write(''); document.write(''); document.write(''); document.write(''); document.write(''); document.write(''); document.write(''); document.write(''); document.write(''); "PC Water Coolant Chemistry - Part I" RoboTech (Lee Garbutt) - 3/29/04 page 1 of 7 Author's note: I would like to dedicate this article to Brian Smith (Brians256 at ProCooling.com) and his wife Heather and their four small children. If you find this article useful and have the means to make a donation to help Brian's family with medical expenses, please do so. You can find updated information regarding Heather's condition HERE. Brian's PayPal address is: Brian_Smith@cmicro.com Here is a brief outline of the topics discussed in this two-part article. PC Water Coolant Chemistry - Part I Physical, Thermal and Chemical Properties of Water

124. Owner's Guide To Swimming Pool Water Chemistry Swimming pool owners guide to water chemistry in everyday language an independentnon-commercial site. Swimming Pool Owners Guide to water chemistry. http://www.ftech.net/~jshep/pools.htm

swimming@home Swimming Pool Owners' Guide to Water Chemistry Welcome... ...to the first independent, non-commercial site for those with private domestic swimming pools. This site is your virtual pool minder. Its main purpose is to help you maintain your swimming pool water in tip-top condition and assist you in sorting out any water chemistry or other problems that may arise. The approach is user-friendly, with links to explain technical terms in every day language where necessary. A section has been included to give helpful information for those thinking of buying their own swimming pool. Picture courtesy of James-White Swimming Pools, Reading, England Contents Introduction About this Site Swimming Pool Owners Guide to Perfect Water Basic Poolcare * The Best Dosing Strategy for your Type of Pool Sorting Out Pool Water Problems - Trouble Shooting Guide * Topical Tips - Opening-up your Pool Technical Section Layman's Guide to Technical Terms pH Explained Test your Water Balance - This page requires Javascript enabled browsers Recommended Products Thinking of Buying a Swimming Pool?

125. Marine Aquarium Water Chemistry Want to learn about aquarium water chemistry ? pH, NH4, NO2, NO3, PO4, Salinity,nitogen cycle. marineAquarium Design. Aquarium water chemistry. http://www.masla.com/chemistry.html

marine Aquarium Design Aquarium Water Chemistry www.aquarium-design.com Browse the Categories to the right, or enter a specific topic here Looking for books on this subject ? Captive Seawater Fishes : Science and... Principles and Applications of Aquatic Chemistry The Chemistry of Water ... Chemical Equilibria Have you visited the rest of the Aquarium Design web site yet ? Too often there is a great mis-understanding of what Aquarium Water Chemistry actually is. The following LINKs should help you understand what they actually are and how they apply. pH Buffer Specific Gravity Saltwater Composition ... Return to our Home Page

126. The Spa Depot's ABC's Of Water Chemistry Understanding the Importance of Spa water Balance Sanitizing. Allowed to remainin the water, these contaminants provide a food source for bacteria and algae. http://www.spadepot.com/spacyclopedia/abcswc.htm

Search "Although similar in one way to bath tubs, hot tub spas are not drained after each use, so we must take measures to ensure clear, clean, sparkling water. This means balancing the chemical properties of our spa water so that it is neither too alkaline nor too acidic. It also means maintaining a sanitizing system to keep the water healthy and free of harmful microorganisms." See after reading this page. The warm water of hot tubs would provide an ideal breeding ground for potentially harmful microorganisms if we did not initiate and maintain an effective sanitizer system. Bacteria from our bodies, as well as airborne mold spores, algae, and even viruses can find their way into the water. Fortunately, we have great sanitizer systems such as: Bromine, RainForest Blue, and Nature2 that can effectively destroy these microorganisms and keep the spa water safe and healthy. What you need to do: Select the right sanitizer system you and your spa.

127. GEOL 206 Notes: Seawater Composition GEOL 206.3 Seawater chemistry. Composition of seawater. Seawater is a solution ofsalts of nearly constant composition, dissolved in variable amounts of water. http://www.usask.ca/geology/classes/geol206/geol206rr2.html

GEOL 206.3 Seawater Chemistry Composition of seawater ions - electrically charged atoms or groups of atoms: Chloride (Cl): 55.04 wt% Sodium (Na): 30.61 wt% Sulphate (SO 7.68 wt% Magnesium (Mg): 3.69 wt% Calcium (Ca): 1.16 wt.% Potassium (K): 1.10 wt.% Oceanographers use salinity As well as major elements, there are many trace elements in seawater - e.g., manganese (Mn), lead (Pb), gold (Au), iron (Fe), iodine (I). Most occur in parts per million (ppm) or parts per billion (ppb) concentrations. They are important to some biochemical reactions - both from positive and negative (toxicity) viewpoints. Dissolved gases in seawater Once water sinks below the ocean surface, dissolved gases can no longer exchange with the atmosphere. The amount of gas in a given volume of water may remain unchanged, except by movement of gas molecules through the water diffusion (slow process), or by the water mixing with other water masses containing different amounts of dissolved gas. In general, nitrogen and rare inert gases (argon, helium, etc.) behave this way - their concentrations are conservative and only affected by physical processes. In contrast, some dissolved gases are

128. Water Chemistry Primer For Brewers water chemistry Primer for Brewers. This is why an alkalinity figure is more usefulthan a carbonate figure in evaluating water chemistry for brewing. http://home.elp.rr.com/brewbeer/water/wcprimer.html

Water Chemistry Primer for Brewers by Ken Schwartz Excerpt from BreWater 3.0 Help file. BreWater is a freeware water treatment calculator for Windows. Water Treatment is a topic many (most?) brewers overlook; either (1) "My beer's fine with tap water" or (2) "I ain't no chemist!". Both statements may be true but (1) your beer just might be better with some water treatment and (2) the fundamentals of water chemistry are not hard to grasp. I hope this primer will help you understand your brewing situation just a bit better. By far water treatment is more important when mashing than it is for extract brewers, although extract brewers may need to make adjustments to very "bad" water, or even "build" water from scratch, to make a better brew. "Building" water simply refers to adding controlled amounts of certain salts and bases (hereafter referred to collectivley as "salts") to water of known "ionic profile", to yield water with a new profile with the desired characteristics. Typically one would obtain one of the many published profiles for "classic" brewing cities and try to emulate that water. Distilled or other ion-free water is normally the starting water of choice, unless one has an accurate and reliable analysis of his/her tap water to use (they're free for the asking from your local utility; how accurate and reliable they are is another thing!). Unfortunately, it is usually difficult or impossible to exactly match (or even to closely approximate in some cases) a given target profile without resorting to elaborate techniques and additives to which most of us have no access. Even then we can normally only hope for a reasonable approximation. But we can also come pretty close in many cases with the addition of a few readily-available salts to either ion-free water (distilled, RO, deionized), or tap water (if we know the tap water's "profile"). As we will see, this is usually more than adequate for accomplishing our goals.

129. Stream Water Chemistry And Quality Stream water chemistry and Quality. Objectives. The SRBEX stream waterchemistry component focuses on the roles that watershed scale http://dbwww.essc.psu.edu/srbex/wq.html

130. Weird Science: Chemistry, Magnets, And Skepticism Up until the 1980s, research involving magnetism and chemistry was too describe simpleexperiments which demonstrate unexplained effects of magnetism on water. http://www.amasci.com/freenrg/magh2o.html

UP TO WEIRD SCI. GOOD STUFF NEW STUFF HELP! Mainstream scientists resist the idea that magnetism can affect chemistry. For example, they see any use of PM-magnets to relieve human pain as disgusting pseudoscience which should be stamped out. And the continuing controversy about a possible link between EMFs and Cancer is in part due to the widespread scientific skepticism regarding the ability of DC and low-frequency magnetic fields to affect a chemical bond. The skeptics seem to think that if such an important phenomena was real, researchers would already know about it. Up until the 1980s, research involving magnetism and chemistry was too weird to attract funding. However, the scoffers are wrong. Research increasingly reports evidence that EMF and permanent magnets DO have significant effects upon chemical reactions, especially on sensitive biochemistry. This is 'taboo science', and it causes some of the more-conventional researchers to react with a skepticism almost approaching violence. After all, if this simple phenomenon was missed by thousands of professional chemists, it damages their reputations as experts and makes them look like fools. It's especially painful to those who have loudly and publicly ridiculed these ideas. Evidence should have a clear voice, but when personal reputations and "science politics" are involved, the voice of the evidence often goes unheard. Disgust and derision take the place of curiousity and truth-seeking, and the verification of the reported observations can conveniently become unimportant.

131. VC2: Careers: Water Chemistry Wk3 Careers water chemistry. Is being a specialist and a generalistat the same time. FACT FILE water chemistry. WORK DESCRIPTION. http://www.chemistry.org/portal/a/c/s/1/acsdisplay.html?DOC=vc2\3wk\wk3_water.ht

132. Chemistry.org Kids Site of the country as the weather gets warmer, more and more water vapor enters http://www.chemistry.org/portal/a/c/s/1/acsdisplay.html?DOC=kids\index.html

133. Maryland's Rivers And Streams Front Page\101 Water Chemistry Maryland s Rivers and Streams\101 water chemistry. water chemistry. water has oftenbeen called the universal solvent almost anything dissolves in water. http://www.dnr.state.md.us/streams/101/water_chem.html

Water Chemistry Water has often been called the universal solvent - almost anything dissolves in water. Even very clear water has different things dissolved in it. This is often a selling point for different bottled waters you can buy in the supermarket. If the water is cloudy (turbid) that is because whatever is making the water turbid is not dissolved in the water. Streams 101: Definitions Physical Appearance Biology Water Chemistry ... DNR Home Many things can be dissolved in the water, and a relative few things can make big differences in what lives in a stream. The fertilizers used on land to make plants grow make water plants (mainly algae) grow even more. The various poisons we use to kill weeds and bugs on land can often do an even better job killing plants and animals in a stream. Pollution in the air we breathe can be dissolved in the water along with the oxygen that dissolves from the air. The ground that the stream runs through can contribute to the dissolved contents of the water. Whether the things dissolved in the water cause good or harm depends a lot on how much of it there is dissolved in a quantity of the water, and on what is needed by the stream communities.Take common table salt for example: 35 parts of common salt in one thousand parts of water is great for sharks and whales, but it will kill every goldfish or minnow that would chance to swim in this water.

134. Cefic chemistry for water Towards water for all the mankind in the XXIst Century, Date21/06/2004-23/06/2004. Location Maison de la Chimie, Paris, Country France. http://www.cefic.be/Events/shwEventsDetail.asp?HID=-1&EID=179

135. SCIENTECH, Inc. - CCGT/HRSG Water Chemistry Course chemistry control regime. Course Schedule. The schedule for the CCGT/HRSGWater chemistry Course is as follows When Where July 19 http://secure.scientech.com/conferences/details.asp?ProductID=1015

136. Pool Water Chemistry water chemistry FOR SWIMMING POOLS. Proper water chemistry is essentialto maintaining safe and consistent swimming pool operation. http://www.deh.enr.state.nc.us/ehs/chem.htm

WATER CHEMISTRY FOR SWIMMING POOLS Proper water chemistry is essential to maintaining safe and consistent swimming pool operation. Chemicals used in swimming pools include: Disinfectants to destroy harmful or otherwise objectionable organisms; Alkalinity and pH Adjusters to maintain a consistent acid-base relationship and acid buffering capacity; Chlorine Stabilizer to prevent unnecessary loss of chlorine; Algicide to kill and prevent algae, and Filter Aids to help remove foreign material. Following is a discussion of various factors which affect water chemistry, how they affect swimming pools and how to use pool chemicals to restore a properly balanced water chemistry. Contents: pH Total Alkalinity Calcium Hardness Total Dissolved Solids ... Algae Control pH pH is the single most important element in swimming pool water chemistry. It affects every other chemical balance in pool water. pH is a measure of hydrogen ion (H+) concentration in water. It indicates the relative acidity or basicity of pool water. pH is measured on a scale of (strong acid) to 14 (strong base) with 7 being the neutral pH. In pools a slightly alkaline pH of 7.4 to 7.6 is most desirable because this range is most comfortable to the human eye and provides for optimum use of free chlorine while maintaining water that is not corrosive or scale forming.

137. Bad Chemistry is slowly heated, one will observe that the water inside the glass will begin toboil before the watersalt solution. Most introductory chemistry text books http://www.princeton.edu/~lehmann/BadChemistry.html

Be very, very careful what you put into that head, because you will never, ever get it out. Cardinal Wolsey (1475?-1530) B ad C hemistry Click on the symbol for its explanation. This page is intended to be part of the Bad Science pages established by Alistair B. Fraser . The purpose of this page is to bring to light commonly mistaught concepts in the field of Chemistry. The intended audience is secondary school students and their teachers. The page is at present just beginning, and I would welcome additions which I would include with due acknowledgement. If you wish to contact me, please send E-mail to Lehmann@chemvax.princeton.edu Brought to you by: Kevin Lehmann and the Princeton Section of the American Chemical Society. There have been visitors to this page since March 10, 1996 Topics: The Hydrophobic Effect Theory of Ice skating is all wet! Ionic solutions don't look like that! The Hydrophobic Effect does not mean that nonpolar molecules are not attracted to water! This explanation almost universally leads students (and even some professional chemists) to believe that individual water and oil molecules repel each other, or at least attract each other very weakly. Nothing can be further from the case! An individual oil molecule is attracted to a water molecule by a force that is much greater than the attraction of two oil molecules to each other. We can observe the consequence of this greater attraction when we put a drop of oil on a clean surface of water. Before hitting the surface, the oil will be in the shape of a spherical droplet. This is because the oil molecules are attracted to one another and a spherical shape minimizes the number of oil molecules that are not surrounded by other molecules. When the oil hits the surface of the water, it spreads out to form a thin layer. This happens because the attractions between the oil and water molecules gained by spreading over the surface is larger than the oil-oil attraction lost in making a large oil surface on top of the water. If a sufficiently small drop of oil is put on the surface, it will spread to form a single molecular layer of oil. By measuring the area produced, one can get a simple estimate for the size of each oil molecule and thus Avogadro's number.

138. The Chemistry Of Mars The chemistry of Mars By Tariq Malik Staff Writer posted 0700 am ET 03 March 2004.One of the foundations supporting NASA s case for water s past presence on http://www.space.com/scienceastronomy/marswater_chemistry_040303.html

SEARCH: Hubble Space Telescope advertisement The Chemistry of Mars By Tariq Malik Staff Writer posted: 07:00 am ET 03 March 2004 One of the foundations supporting NASA's case for water's past presence on Mars, at least near the rover Opportunity, is salty chemical forms of sulfur known as sulfates. Images Among the signs of water at Opportunity's location are the round, BB-sized particles like these seen in a mosaic from the microscopic image taken at the rock outcrop dubbed 'Guadalupe.' These spherules are not concentrated at particular layers within the rock, as they would likely be if they originated outside the rock and were deposited onto accumulating layers while the rock was forming. Image Credit: NASA/JPL/US Geological Survey This spectrum, taken by Opportunity's Moessbauer spectrometer, shows the presence of an iron-bearing mineral called jarosite in the collection of rocks dubbed 'El Capitan.' El Capitan is located within the rock outcrop that lines the inner edge of the small crater where Opportunity landed. The pair of yellow peaks specifically indicates a jarosite phase, which contains water in the form of hydroxyl as a part of its structure. These data suggest water-driven processes exist on Mars. 'El Capitan' is being studied in great detail using the scientific instruments on Opportunity's arm; images from the panoramic camera help scientists choose the locations for this compositional work. The millimeter-scale detail of the lamination covering these rocks can be seen. The face of the rock to the right of the mosaic may be a future target for grinding with the rover's rock abrasion tool. Image Credit: NASA/JPL/Cornell

139. Water Chemistry (Aquaculture) Freshwater filters and saltwater filters use the same biological filtersas biofiltration systems. Biofilters use bacteria to filter water. http://www.biofilter.com/water_chem_culture.htm

Aquatic Information Center Water Chemistry (Aquaculture) Ammonia (IFAS FA-16) Ammonia in Fish Ponds (Revised 1997) (SRAC# 463) An Introduction to Water Chemistry in Freshwater Aquaculture (NRAC# 170) Carbon Dioxide in Fish Ponds (SRAC# 468) ... Contact Us Aquaculture bio-filters and aquarium biofilters are biological filters. Fish farms and garden ponds use filters. Freshwater filters and saltwater filters use the same biological filters as biofiltration systems. Biofilters use bacteria to filter water. QuikSand filters are biological filters. Marine, reef, fresh, salt, tropical fish, bait, bass, catfish, coral, crawfish, koi, lobster, prawn, shrimp, trout and salmon all need water bio filters for biological filtration. BioFilter.Com is in Gainesville, Florida.

140. Water Chemistry water chemistry. water chemistry by Authors Mark M. Benjamin Released15 March, 2001 ISBN 0072383909 Hardcover Sales Rank 578,388, http://www.engineering-shop.com/Water_Chemistry_0072383909.html

Water Chemistry Water Chemistry by Authors: Mark M Benjamin Released: 15 March, 2001 ISBN: 0072383909 Hardcover Sales Rank: List price: Our price: Book > Water Chemistry > Customer Reviews: Water Chemistry > Related Products Aquatic Chemistry Transport Modeling for Environmental Engineers and Scientists Environmental Biotechnology: Principles and Applications Water Chemistry ... engineering shop

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