1. Chad Culture | Lonely Planet World Guide Culture. With over 100 languages spoken, three major religions, three climatic zones and an ancient history, the culture of Chad is rich, diverse and complex. http://www.lonelyplanet.com/destinations/africa/chad/culture.htm

home search help worldguide ... Related Weblinks Chad Culture With over 100 languages spoken, three major religions, three climatic zones and an ancient history, the culture of Chad is rich, diverse and complex. This complexity makes it extremely difficult to make general statements about the nation's culture as what is important for one group or region may not hold for another. In the northern third of the country, in the heart of the Sahara, the Toubou people are in the majority. They are descendents of Berber migrants and are, like the Arabs to the south, Muslim. They are herders and nomads, fiercely independent, strong in battle and extremely clan-oriented. Each clan has access to specific wells, pastures and oases. Despite only numbering 150,000 people, the Toubou have controlled Chad since 1982. Another broad grouping with a distinct cultural influence is the Arabs, concentrated in the middle third of Chad and making up a third of Chad's population. Chadian Arabs are mostly seminomads, grazing their herds over the Sahel. There are many diverse ethnic subgroups under the 'Arab' banner. The Maba people have a unique form of social structure originating in pre-Islamic times, based on four age grades. Cutting across kin and class divisions, people born within a certain time-frame move from one grade to another, bound by friendships and obligations for mutual aid. In the capital, you might be lucky enough to hear Arabic musicians playing traditional music. These people are usually from the

2. MSN Encarta - Chad The estimated population of Chad in 2004 was 9 538 544 among the nonMuslims is the Sara tribe. chad culture draws most heavily on the ethnic heritage of its http://encarta.msn.com/encnet/refpages/RefArtContent.aspx?refid=761562065

3. MapZones.com Culture Chad Maps. chad culture. Chad History. Chad Economy. Chad Time and Date. Chad, Culture, Back to Top. The essential social unit of Sara society is the lineage. http://www.mapzones.com/world/africa/chad/cultureindex.php

Country Info Chad Introduction Chad General Data Chad Maps Chad Culture ... Chad Time and Date Chad Culture Back to Top The essential social unit of Sara society is the lineage. Called the qir ka among the eastern Sara, qin ka among those of the center, and qel ka among the western subgroups, the term actually refers to the male ancestor from whom members of the lineage believe they descend. Within the context of the qir ka, an individual identifies patrilineally. Legal identity and rights to land are determined by membership in the patrilineage. The mother's lineage, however, is not disregarded; it may offer shelter and support, when the individual is cut off from the paternal lineage, or benefit from certain kinds of labor obligations. Although the basic social group is the lineage, the basic residential unit is the village. In general, local government takes two forms. If the villagers all belong to the same lineage, the village is governed by lineage institutions whereby the elders make important decisions, preside over important cultural rites (such as manhood initiation), and play an important role in agricultural rituals. If villagers are divided among several lineages, however, elders from the different groups may meet together to resolve common problems. In such encounters, elders of the lineage that first settled the territory preside as "first among equals." Albania Maps Andorra Maps Armenia Maps Austria Maps ... Travel Forum Write your own experience on Europe Travel includes each countries and cities, map, car rental, airfare, attractions, and hotels.

4. Chad where the natives are very diverse. Culture. The culture in Chad has a rich variety of heritage and include Islamic and French. chad culture has a heavy ethnic heritage of http://students.cdssh.org/seventh/wa/chad.html

Chad Benin Chad Liberia Mali ... Works Cited Government: The government of Chad is a republic. There is a president and a prime minister. While described as democratic, most power is in the hands of the few who rule. The president is Lt. General Idriss Deby. People Chad is a very nice place to visit, you will most likely find someone speaking your language or dialect for there are over 100 different ones spoken. The main groups of people are the Muslims to the South and the non-Muslims to the North. There are also Islamic and French influences. This is a great vacation spot where the natives are very diverse. Culture The culture in Chad has a rich variety of heritage and peoples languages. The languages include Islamic and French. Chad culture has a heavy ethnic heritage of its black people. geography Cote D'ivior Ghana Guinea Guinea Bissau ... Senagal

5. MapZones.com People chad culture draws most heavily on the ethnic heritage of its black peoples, but Islamic and French influences are much in evidence. ); . http://www.mapzones.com/world/africa/chad/peopleindex.php

Country Info Chad Introduction Chad General Data Chad Maps Chad Culture ... Chad Time and Date Chad People Back to Top Estimates of total population acquire greater meaning when the processes behind them are examined more closely. Population change is the sum of two sets of additions and two sets of subtractions. First, there are additions through births. In mid-1987 the PRB estimated Chad's birthrate at 43 live births per 1,000 inhabitants annually (the world average was 28 in 1987). The same organization suggested that, on average, Chadian women gave birth to 5.9 children over their reproductive years, a slightly lower number than the 6.3 average for Africa women as a whole. Second, there are additions through immigration. Although ethnic, political, and economic ties connect most regions of Chad with neighboring states, such links probably have not brought a large number of permanent immigrants. By the late 1980s, Chadians who had fled the civil strife in the southern and central parts of the country during the late 1970s and early 1980s apparently had returned in large numbers. Nonetheless, overall immigration probably has not exceeded emigration. Emigration is the second form of subtraction. Although the data for Chad were partial, labor migration and refugee flight were the two major types of emigration. In recent decades, some of the old labor migration streams have continued, such as that to Sudan, and newer ones have joined them, such as those to Nigeria and the oil-rich countries of the Middle East during the petroleum boom of the 1970s and early 1980s.

6. Chad Vacation Guide: Romantic Chad Vacations, Chad Honeymoons chad culture. Chad Overview Chad History chad culture Chad Geography Chad Practical Info Chad Vacation Planner Chad Luxury Cruise Planner. http://www.travelwizard.com/africa/Chad_Culture.html

Site Index Africa Luxury Vacations: Call 1-415-662-2683 to book. Open every day! Places in Africa Algeria Angola Benin ... Zimbabwe Chad: Culture Population: 8,424,504 (July 2000 est.) Nationality: noun: Chadian(s) adjective: Chadian Ethnic groups: Muslims, commonly referred to as "northerners" or "gorane" (Arabs, Toubou, Hadjerai, Fulbe, Kotoko, Kanembou, Baguirmi, Boulala, Zaghawa, and Maba); non-Muslims, commonly referred to as "southerners" (Sara, Ngambaye, Mbaye, Goulaye, Moundang, Moussei, Massa) including nonindigenous 150,000 (of whom 1,000 are French) note: ethnicity and regional background more commonly used to identify Chadians than religious affiliation Religions: Muslim 50%, Christian 25%, indigenous beliefs (mostly animism) 25% Languages: French (official), Arabic (official), Sara and Sango (in south), more than 100 different languages and dialects Literacy: definition: age 15 and over can read and write French or Arabic total population: 48.1% male: 62.1% female: 34.7% (1995 est.) Chad Overview Chad History Chad Culture Chad Geography ... Africa Tour Vacation Packages Submit Free, Full Service Africa Vacation Planner Here Click here to save money, time and stress planning, making reservations, or booking your Africa vacation with our full

7. WorldRover - Culture Of Chad Culture of Chad. chad culture and History Books. AOL Anywhere International Web Channel News, maps, currency information, sports, and weather. http://www.worldrover.com/culture/Chad.html

Culture of Chad Welcome to WorldRover's listing of country history and culture for Chad. Check out the links below to find more information on the people and history of a country. On the right you can also find flag clip art and maps available for free download. Embassy information is also available for a number of countries around the world, however, please confirm all information. We hope to add additional links regarding the culture of Chad as they become available. If you have a site or know of a site that should be added, please let us know. Thanks for visiting WorldRover's history, people, and culture site. Chad Culture and History Books AOL Anywhere International Web Channel - News, maps, currency information, sports, and weather. Anthro.Net Research Engine - Search engine of web sites and bibliographic references for anthropology, archaeology, linguistics and related social sciences. - Historians answer individualized questions about European history for free. Center For World Indigenous Studies: African Documents - Reports on indigenous peoples. Asia on Demand - A community/web portal for Asia. Breakdown by country or by special interest.

8. Atlas - Chad Map chad culture draws most heavily on the ethnic heritage of its black peoples, but Islamic and French influences are much in evidence. Chad, Culture, Back to Top. http://atlas.freegk.com/world/africa/chad/chad.php

Introduction People History Culture ... Disputes Chad Introduction Back to Top Chad, Republic of, landlocked republic in north-central Africa, bounded on the north by Libya, on the east by Sudan, on the south by the Central African Republic, and on the west by Cameroon, Nigeria, and Niger. A former French colony, Chad gained full independence on August 11, 1960. It has an area of 1,284,000 sq km (495,755 sq mi). The capital of Chad is N'Djamena Official Name- Republic of Chad Capital City- N'Djamena Population -7,760,000 Languages- French (official), Arabic (official) Official Currency -CFA Franc Religions- Muslim, Christian, others Land Area -1,259,200 sq km (486,177 sq miles) Chad Provinces Back to Top 14 prefectures (prefectures, singular - prefecture); Batha, Biltine, Borkou-Ennedi-Tibesti, Chari-Baguirmi, Guera, Kanem, Lac, Logone Occidental, Logone Oriental, Mayo-Kebbi, Moyen-Chari, Ouaddai, Salamat, Tandjile. Chad People Back to Top The estimated population of Chad in 2001 was 8,707,078. The overall population density is 7 persons per sq km (18 per sq mi). Some 77 percent of the people live in rural areas, and most of the population is concentrated in the south. The population may be divided into two main groups: a Muslim population in the northern and eastern portions of the country and the non-Muslims of black African origin in the southern regions. The Muslim population includes both nomadic Arabs and sedentary non-Arab peoples. The largest group among the non-Muslims is the Sara tribe. Chad culture draws most heavily on the ethnic heritage of its black peoples, but Islamic and French influences are much in evidence.

9. WorldGuides - Tourist & Travel Guides - Chad World Travel Guides, Chad Culture. chad culture. With over 100 languages spoken, three major religions, three climatic zones and http://www.worldguides.info/guides/english/chad/chad-culture-tourist-guides.html

World Travel Guides Chad - Culture Chad Culture With over 100 languages spoken, three major religions, three climatic zones and an ancient history, the culture of Chad is rich, diverse and complex. This complexity makes it extremely difficult to make general statements about the nation's culture as what is important for one group or region may not hold for another. In the northern third of the country, in the heart of the Sahara, the Toubou people are in the majority. They are descendents of Berber migrants and are, like the Arabs to the south, Muslim. They are herders and nomads, fiercely independent, strong in battle and extremely clan-oriented. Each clan has access to specific wells, pastures and oases. Despite only numbering 150,000 people, the Toubou have controlled Chad since 1982. Another broad grouping with a distinct cultural influence is the Arabs, concentrated in the middle third of Chad and making up a third of Chad's population. Chadian Arabs are mostly seminomads, grazing their herds over the Sahel. There are many diverse ethnic subgroups under the 'Arab' banner. The Maba people have a unique form of social structure originating in pre-Islamic times, based on four age grades. Cutting across kin and class divisions, people born within a certain time-frame move from one grade to another, bound by friendships and obligations for mutual aid. In the capital, you might be lucky enough to hear Arabic musicians playing traditional music. These people are usually from the griot

10. MSN Encarta - Chad chad culture draws most heavily on the ethnic heritage of its black peoples, but Islamic and French influences are much in evidence. http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761562065/Chad.html

MSN Home My MSN Hotmail Shopping ... Money Web Search: logoImg('http://sc.msn.com'); Encarta Subscriber Sign In Help Home ... Upgrade to Encarta Premium Search Encarta Tasks Find in this article Print Preview Send us feedback Related Items Emi Koussi, highest mountain Franćois Tombalbaye, independence leader and first president more... Magazines Search the Encarta Magazine Center for magazine and news articles about this topic Further Reading Editors' Picks Chad Facts and Figures Quick information and statistics News Search MSNBC for news about Chad Internet Search Search Encarta about Chad Search MSN for Web sites about Chad Also on Encarta Editor's picks: Good books about Iraq Compare top online degrees What's so funny? The history of humor Also on MSN Summer shopping: From grills to home decor D-Day remembered on Discovery Switch to MSN in 3 easy steps Our Partners Capella University: Online degrees LearnitToday: Computer courses CollegeBound Network: ReadySetGo Kaplan Test Prep and Admissions Encyclopedia Article from Encarta Advertisement document.write('');

11. Chad -- Culture Overview chad culture Overview. chad s cultural landmarks illustrate the area s long history of settlement and the dramatic changes that have occurred. http://expedition.bensenville.lib.il.us/Africa/chad/culture.htm

Chad - Culture Overview Chad is one of the most ethnically diverse nations in Africa. An area of ancient settlement, it has not often been characterized by peaceful interaction between its many different groups. Like its neighbors Niger and Sudan, the nation of Chad encompasses the latitude where the Islamic peoples of the north encounter the Negroid African peoples of the sub-Saharan continent. Long-standing difficulties between the Islamic sultanates and the dense populations of the south were further complicated by the French colonial administration, which made efforts to exploit the labor of southern agricultural workers. The period of independence since 1960 has been characterized by chronic civil war, which has left Chadians little time to celebrate or even investigate a national culture. It has also left little opportunity to escape from the poverty that keeps Chadians among the poorest people in Africa. Chad's ethnic diversity is represented by more than 100 languages, of which French and Arabic are official. Ethnic differences tend to fall into regional groups. In the south are the Sara peoples, the largest group at about 20% of the population. In southern communities traditional animist beliefs mingle with Christianity. Inhabitants of the central part of the country are mostly nomadic and pastoralist, and tend to be Muslim. Islam in this area was stabilized by powerful sultanates in Kanem, Baguirmi, and Wadai. In the north, the sparse population is of mixed background, and though ostensibly part of the Muslim world, older traditions still persist especially in the mountainous areas of Tibesti.

12. OPi8.com :: NEW DARK CULTURE OPi8.com. New Dark culture. Vision. Sequence. Word. Transmit Book) The very best in fantasy art for 2003, including art by OPi8's own chad Michael Ward http://www.opi8.com/

@import "css/opi8/opi8_20.css"; OPi8.com New Dark Culture Vision Sequence Word Transmit ... Exits Dark Delicacies OPi8 recommends... Two Orphan Vampires (DVD) - Jean Rollin's macabre tale of two blind girls with a taste for blood. Black Rust (Book) - OPi8 founder, Chad Michael Ward's debut publication features cybernetics, eroticism, power, and peace. It's a photographic digital collage that explores what it means to be alive when life always leads to death. Latest Updates In General: As you may have noticed, the site has had some problems lately. Everything should currently be back up and running. We're hoping that this site breakdown will turn out to be a phoenix pyre that OPi8.com can resurrect itself from. Please note that this minor redesign is NOT a permanent redesign. I'm making some updates to deliver some features that many folks have requested. After the updates get finalized, new designs will be implemented. We're having issues with the email lately. Please post in the Forums if your emails aren't being replied to or are being returned. In Vision Joachim Luetke A master of "dark art" in its pure form. Luetke does it all.

13. Chad Introduction - Flags, Maps, Economy, Geography, Climate, Natural Resources, voluntary or forced migrations, the people of chad speak more than 100 distinct languages and Such diversity has enriched chad's culture, permitting the admixture of traditions and http://www.workmall.com/wfb2001/chad/chad_history_introduction.html

HISTORY INDEX Country Ranks Introduction History ... [TOP] Chad Introduction http://workmall.com/wfb2001/chad/chad_history_introduction.html Source: The Library of Congress Country Studies < BACK TO HISTORY CONTENTS Figure 1. Administrative Divisions of Chad, 1988 AN ARRAY OF MISFORTUNES have visited African states since the beginnings of the independence movement in the late 1950s. Of the many political ills, a few of the most traumatic have been neocolonialism, coups d'état, civil wars, governmental instability, and large-scale armed invasions. Some of the most egregious social afflictions have been poverty, illiteracy, ethnic and regional animosities, high mortality rates, and imbalanced population distribution. Dominant economic woes have included famine, drought, economic dependency, and overreliance on a single crop. Many African nations have experienced more than one of these troubles periodically. Few countries, however, have undergone all of them as extensively or as often as has Chad. In spite of its misfortunes, by the late 1980s Chad was exhibiting signs of stability that provided hope for some form of political, social, and economic recovery. Landlocked in Africa's center, Chad has been simultaneously at the core of the region's evolution and in a zone dividing two geographic areas and cultural heritages. On the one hand, a great inland sea, of which Lake Chad is but a remnant, once supported a diversity of animal life and vegetation. In ancient times, people speaking three of Africa's four major language groups lived near its shores; some migrated to other regions of the continent while others remained. In more recent times, Chad has become a transition zone dividing the arid north from the tropical south. This geographic division coincides with social and cultural dichotomies.

14. Uncertain Principles I almost feel bad posting lightweight pop culture items these days, given the seriousness Weblog posts are copyright 2003 by chad Orzel, but may be copied and http://www.steelypips.org/principles/

@import url("blogstyle.css"); This page will look much nicer in a browser that supports CSS, or with CSS turned on. Uncertain Principles Physics, Politics, Pop Culture Monday, June 07, 2004 Fiddle and Burn I'm giving a final exam today, which means I really ought to be grading papers so that I can just plug the final grades in and be done quickly. I don't quite feel like doing that, though, so I'll write blog posts instead. In the exam week spirit, though, here's another guess-the-song list of lyrics. Because, well, I'm not feeling especially inspired. This is a very recent tape, so these are mostly recent songs. They're also harder to identify than the last couple, in part because the songs are more obscure (thank you KEXP ), and in part because some of them are mumbled so badly that I can't quite figure out what the singer is saying. Finding even speculative lyrics to #19 was tough, even with Google, so good luck with that one. Anyway, here's the list. Show all work for partial credit. 1) "You don't know, just how I lie awak, and dream a while about your smile, and the way you make your ass shake." 2) "Got it just don't get it 'till there's nothing at all."

15. Chad - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia More than threequarters of the chadian population is rural. culture. Main article culture of chad chad is a very culturally diverse nation. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad

16. Virtual Chad: A Look Beyond The Statistics Into The Realities Of Life In Chad, A A crash course in chadian culture. Games played in chad (Mancala and War). The Seasons of Life http://www.tchad.org/research/culture.html

Chadian Culture Home Page Research Section Our Chadian ... Games played in Chad (Mancala and War) The Seasons of L ife Giving Birth Building a home Marriage Death Cultural Titbits It is believed that if too many eyes look at a tree that it will either die or not produce fruit. This is why most people sitting under a tree in a village are not looking up into the tree as they talk, but rather out in the distance. In the villages, it is the popular belief that if you take some of the dry matter from the corner of a dog's eye and put it in your own, that you will see demons. Please, do not ever try this (it is not safe, hygienic, or wise), but if you do, you are advised to try only one eye at first and to have soap and water at hand to wash it out in a hurry if the experience proves too scary for you. You have been warned! Because the weather year-round is often sunny, we actually consider rainy days to be "good weather", and an extended period of sunny days (especially during the rainy season) as "bad weather".

17. Virtual Chad: A Look Beyond The Statistics Into The Realities Of Life In Chad, A An exhaustive resource about chad by those who live and work here. Includes a course in chadian culture! http://www.tchad.org/research/culture/crashcourse.html

A Crash Course in Chadian Culture If your hand is dirty or wet from working, you offer your wrist instead of your RIGHT hand (never your left hand-used for after you have gone to the bathroom.) The person will shake your wrist, or, if his hands are also dirty, you will shake wrists instead of hands! Never talk to a Chadian while staring him or her in the eyes; he might think you are mad at them. When shaking your hand with a Muslim, you touch your hand to your heart after you finish shaking hands. This means, you wish peace to him, and that peace may be on you as well. When eating with Chadians, the greatest compliment you can give is to remain silent as you eat. Thus you tell the cook you like the food so much that you are concentrating on eating and enjoying it. However, this isn't to say small talk isn't allowed during a meal. Men should not walk around in shorts in public. Shorts in Chadian culture are worn only by babies. If a man went out in public in shorts, it would be considered the same as walking around in his underwear! Women here find that wearing long dresses in public, along with a headscarf over their head and shoulders, increases the respect Chadian men give them.

18. Country Study Chad Social Studies chad People History culture. Home. Country Profile chad A general overview including history, political structure, culture, leaders, media, and more. http://www.archaeolink.com/country_study_chad_people_histor.htm

Chad People History Culture Home Afghanistan Albania Algeria ... Vietnam You may find additional information about the country of your choice in the sections for Archaeology Anthropology or Ancient Civilizations Chad An excellent tool for anthropology and historical research. "Handbook Series sponsored by the U.S. Department of the Army between 1986 and 1998. Each study offers a comprehensive description and analysis of the country or region's historical setting, geography, society, economy, political system, and foreign policy." - From Library of Congress - http://countrystudies.us/chad/ Chad "With one of the most painful histories in Africa, Chad is a nation with its foundations built on the precipice of conflict. A harsh climate, geographic remoteness, poor resource endowment and lack of infrastructure have combined to create a weak economy suceptible to political turmoil. In the 1980s it was classified as the poorest nation on earth. Now it's probably still in the bottom 10, but its apparent rise is due more to things getting worse elsewhere than better in Chad." History, culture, statistics. - illustrated - From Lonely Planet - http://www.lonelyplanet.com/destinations/africa/chad/

19. Bits Of Culture - Chad Bits of culture. PointTo-Talk Booklets. Additional Resources. BITS OF culture - chad. Languages. Geography. Cultural Values. Main Religion Death Concepts/Rituals. http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/interpreters/b_cha.asp

BITS OF CULTURE - Chad Languages Geography Cultural Values Health Care Values ... Interesting Facts Languages French, Arabic, Sara, Maba, Teda (Tibbu), Kanuri and Mbum Geography Cultural Values Health Care Values Diet Interesting Facts

20. Chad Boykin: Overcoming Our Culture Overcoming Our culture chad Boykin. chad Boykin is a regular contributor to Dolfzine. His many articles on the martial arts can be found in the Dolfzine Index. http://www.dolfzine.com/page593.htm

Previous Page Home Page Table of Contents Next Page Overcoming Our Culture Chad Boykin Chad Boykin is a regular contributor to Dolfzine. His many articles on the martial arts can be found in the Dolfzine Index. He and his wife recently suffered an automobile accident which prompted this reflection. O ften in periods of stress, one is given the opportunity to reevaluate their values. Chad is the author of Muay Thai Kickboxing: The Ultimate Guide to Training, Conditioning, and Fighting Introduction Human beings have an inherent need for exercise, recreation and activity. This is exemplified by the fact that the healthy human machine grows stronger with the increasing physical demands of regular exercise and not weaker. If we were supposed to lie around all the time then it would make us healthy, but the opposite is true. The more you train, the more juice (chi, energy, zeal) you develop. The Physical Abyss Many "developed" nations today enjoy material and (despite a current downturn) economic prosperity. Technological advances have given us such luxuries as air conditioning, personal computers, lights, and refrigeration. Today's culture also affords us cable TV, video games, and designer clothes.

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