81. Cervical Cancer Screening cervical cancer Screening American College of Preventive Medicine Practice Policy Statement. Allison Screening for cervical cancer. In http://www.acpm.org/cervical.htm

Cervical Cancer Screening: American College of Preventive Medicine Practice Policy Statement Allison P. Hawkes, MD, MS, Crystal B. Kronenberger, MD, Thomas D. MacKenzie, MD, Anne L. Mardis, MD, MPH, Ted E. Palen, MD, PhD, Walter W. Schulter, MD, MSPH, Seema A. Shah, MD, Andrew W. Steele, MD, MPH and Willliam M. Marine, MD, MPH Burden of suffering It is estimated that approximately 15,000 women will be diagnosed with invasive carcinoma of the cervix and 4,800 women will die from this disease in 1995. (1) Rates for carcinoma in situ peak between the ages of 20 and 30, and the incidence of invasive cervical cancer increases with age. (2) Twenty-five percent of all invasive cervical cancers occur in women over age 65. Any woman who has been sexually active is at risk for cervical cancer. (3) Additional risk factors include early onset of sexual intercourse, (4,5) history of multiple sexual partners, (5) history of sexually transmitted disease (especially HPV (6) and HIV(7)), smoking, (8) and never having been screened. (9) Description of preventive measure The Papanicolaou (Pap) smear is used to screen for cervical cancer to detect lesions when they are still highly curable. (10) The lead time from the development of precancerous lesions to invasive cancer is estimated at 8-9 years.(2) The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG) recommends obtaining cellular samples from both the endocervical canal (using an endocervical brush) and from the portio, which includes the entire transformation zone.(11) Use of both an endocervical brush and a spatula has been shown to collect a better sample of cells than either a spatula alone, or a spatula used in combination with a cotton-tipped swab.(12)

82. MayoClinic.com - Cervical Cancer Every year more than 12000 women in the United States receive a diagnosis of cervical cancer, a common and oftenpreventable reproductive cancer. http://www.mayoclinic.com/invoke.cfm?id=DS00167

83. InteliHealth: InteliHealth Home Answers questions about this disease including its diagnosis, causes and treatment. http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/ihtIH?d=dmtContent&c=278373&p=~br,IHW|~st

84. Women's Cancer Network Click here to download QuickTime for free. cervical cancer Presentation Download cervical cancer Screening, Evaluation, Treatment presentation. http://www.wcn.org/

Cancer Types Adnexal Mass Breast Cervical Colorectal Endometrial General Cancer GTD Lung Ovarian Vaginal Vulvar Topics Chemotherapy Fertility Genetics HormoneTherapy Nutrition Quality of Life Radiation Surgery Sexuality About the Gynecologic Cancer Foundation About the Women's Cancer Network About CancerSource CancerSource Medical Advisory Board ... Press Releases Monday, June 07, 2004 The New York Times Featured "Gynecologic Cancer - What Every Woman Needs to Know" Read the articles in English (requires Adobe Acrobat Reader) In the News Date: Disease: Breast Cancer Breast Cancer Survivor and Basketball Pro Edna Campbell Leads Fight to Increase Awareness of Chemotherapy-Related Anemia-Campbell Champions Rebound from Anemia, a National Campaign Developed To Educate and Motivate the Millions of People at Risk for Anemia to Seek Diagnosis and Treatment Date: Disease: Breast Cancer Sentinel Lymph Node Mapping And Biopsy for Ductal Carcinoma In Situ And Other Controversial Indications Date: Disease: Breast Cancer Technical Advances in Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy for Breast Cancer Date: Disease: Breast Cancer Skin-Sparing And Nipple-Sparing Mastectomy: Preoperative, Intraoperative, And Postoperative Considerations

85. Penile Cancer, Cervical Cancer And Circumcision Status logo Penile cancer, cervical cancer, and circumcision. History. The alleged relationship cervical cancer in partners. The hypothesis that http://www.cirp.org/library/disease/cancer/

Penile cancer, cervical cancer, and circumcision History The alleged relationship between "lack of circumcision" and genital cancers formerly implicated smegma or smegma-borne pathogens as the causative agent. Only two histologic studies of human smegma ever have been conducted, both of which found it to be perfectly harmless. Smegma is composed of secretions of ectopic sebaceous glands in the prepuce mixed with secretions of the prostate, seminal vesicles, mucin from the urethral glands, and desquamated epithelial cells. The hypothesis that human male smegma is carcinogenic was first formulated in 1932 by circumcision promoter Abraham L. Wolbarst, M.D. . Wolbarst also believed that circumcision prevented epilepsy. (In the early part of the 20th Century, the paroxysm of masturbation in children was often misidentified as an epileptic seizure.) Wolbarst wrote: "[Circumcision] diminishes the tendency to masturbation, convulsions and other reflex phenomena of local irritation." Wolbarst's beliefs about circumcision were shared by other writers, such as Peter Remondino and Abraham Ravich. No laboratory or clinical research had been done on the subject at the time. Regardless, Wolbarst's hypothesis about smegma and cancer found its way into early medical textbooks. In the 1950s a few experiments were done to test the hypothesis by injecting horse smegma into wounds made in the backs of mice. There were clinical studies that attempted to induce cancer by introducing smegma subcutaneously and intravaginally: No carcinomas could be induced.

86. Division Of Cancer Prevention A tip sheet from the NCI addressed specifically to women who are ages 65 and older. http://rex.nci.nih.gov/PREV_AND_ERLYDETC/TSENG.HTM

Information by cancer site Breast, colon, lung, prostate and others More... Diet, food, and nutrition Smoking More... Ongoing trials and recent results Search for specific trials (PDQ) More... Upcoming scientific workshops and meetings Link to NCI Calendar of Events More... Major prevention and screening trials (NLST, SELECT, STAR, and others) Research programs (CCOPs, EDRN, Fellowships) More... Funding and grants Reports, publications, other resources More... Organ Systems Research Groups Foundations of Prevention Research Groups Research groups and offices Staff information More... National Lung Screening Trial Reaches Goal of 50,000 Participants Diagnostic Criteria for Hereditary Non-Polyposis Colorectal Cancer and Microsatellite Instability: The Revised Bethesda Guidelines NCI Cancer Bulletin Community Clinical Oncology Program Celebrates 20 Years ... CONTACT DCP

87. Cervical Cancer Comprehensive material about risk factors, screening, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of cervical cancer. Women s Health, cervical cancer Guide picks. http://womenshealth.about.com/cs/cervicalcancer/

zJs=10 zJs=11 zJs=12 zJs=13 zc(5,'jsc',zJs,9999999,'') About Women's Health Cancer Cancer Types A Z Cervical Cancer Home Essentials What Do My Symptoms Mean? What Are My Treatment Options? ... Women's Health Top 10 zau(256,152,145,'gob','http://z.about.com/5/ad/go.htm?gs='+gs,''); Birth Control Cancer Cardiovascular Diseases Menopause ... Help zau(256,138,125,'el','http://z.about.com/0/ip/417/0.htm','');w(xb+xb); Stay Current Subscribe to the About Women's Health newsletter. zau(256,152,100,'hs','http://z.about.com/5/ad/hs.htm?zIhsid=00',''); Search Women's Health Cervical Cancer Information about the causes, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of cervical cancer. Alphabetical Recent Up a category The HPV Cervical Cancer Connection Twenty-four million Americans may have the human papillomavirus (HPV), yet more than 76 percent of women in the United States have never heard of this sexually transmitted virus which causes approximately 93 percent of all cervical cancers. What Is Cervical Cancer? Learn what cervical cancer is so that you have a better understanding of what you may be dealing with. Symptoms of Cervical Cancer A simple look at the symptoms of cervical cancer with resources for learning more about screening, diagnosis, and treatments.

88. Symptoms Of Cervical Cancer Symptoms of cervical cancer. I am your Guide, From Tracee Cornforth, Your Guide to Women s Health. Other Names Symptoms of cervical cancer. No obvious symptoms. http://womenshealth.about.com/library/symptoms/blsymptoms_cervicalcancer.htm

zJs=10 zJs=11 zJs=12 zJs=13 zc(5,'jsc',zJs,9999999,'') About Women's Health Cancer Cancer Types A Z ... Women's Health Top 10 zau(256,152,145,'gob','http://z.about.com/5/ad/go.htm?gs='+gs,''); Birth Control Cancer Cardiovascular Diseases Menopause ... Help zau(256,138,125,'el','http://z.about.com/0/ip/417/0.htm','');w(xb+xb); Stay Current Subscribe to the About Women's Health newsletter. zau(256,152,100,'hs','http://z.about.com/5/ad/hs.htm?zIhsid=00',''); Search Women's Health Email to a friend Print this page Stay Current Subscribe to the About Women's Health newsletter. Recent Discussions HAVING HYSTERECTOMY SOON !! How much hemoglobin do you need to live? 35 and recommended for hysterectomy. Recent Discussions Jittery PMsymptom? Am i pregnant IM A TEEN AND I THINK I AM PREGNANT Recent Discussions Bacterial Infections ANONE SELLING BRAVA? ANYONE SELLING BRAVA Most Popular Women's Health Symptoms Guide - What do my symptoms mean? Am I Pregnant? Signs and Symptoms of Pregnancy Urinary Tract Infections - Causes - Symptoms - Diagnosis - U... Gallstones - Symptoms - Treatments - Prevention ... Bacterial Vaginosis What's Hot When Should I See a Health Care Provider About Period Proble...

89. Breast And Cervical Cancer Prevention And Treatment (BCCPT) Main Page Breast and cervical cancer Prevention and Treatment. Welcome The Breast and cervical cancer Prevention and Treatment Act of 2000. On http://www.cms.hhs.gov/bccpt/default.asp

Search Frequenty Asked Questions Programs Medicare Medicaid SCHIP HIPAA ... CLIA Topics Advisory Committees Coverage Manuals Medicare Modernization Act ... State Waivers Resources Acronyms Contacts Events Forms ... Search Breast and Cervical Cancer Prevention and Treatment The Breast and Cervical Cancer Prevention and Treatment Act of 2000 On October 24, 2000, the Breast and Cervical Cancer Prevention and Treatment Act of 2000 ( Public Law 106-354 ) was signed into law. This Act, which has an effective date of October 1, 2000, gives states the option to provide medical assistance through Medicaid to eligible women who were screened through the and found to have breast or cervical cancer, including pre-cancerous conditions. NBCCEDP, which is administered by CDC, provides free breast and cervical cancer screening and follow-up diagnostic services to women in need, such as those who are uninsured or have low incomes. In 2000, CDC began its 10th year of this landmark program, supporting early detection programs in all 50 states, 6 U.S. territories, the District of Columbia, and 12 American Indian and Alaska Native organizations. Native American Breast and Cervical Cancer Treatment Technical Amendment Act of 2001 On January 15, 2002, Congress passed a technical amendment to the BCCPT Act. This amendment, the Native American Breast and Cervical Cancer Treatment Technical Amendment Act of 2001, extends benefits of the BCCPT Act to additional American Indian and Alaska Native women. On February 28, 2002, CMS sent a

90. New Cervical Cancer Screening Guidelines Issued CNN http://cnn.com/2002/HEALTH/conditions/12/17/cervical.cancer.ap/index.html

91. Cervical Cancer - Wikipedia cervical cancer. The strains of HPV linked to cervical cancer (strains 16, 18 and 31), are not the ones that cause genital warts. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cervical_cancer

92. Cervical Cancer cervical cancer, which is almost always preventable, continues to be a large public health problem in many developing countries because of limited access to http://www.reproline.jhu.edu/english/3cc/3cc.htm

Reading Materials Workshop Proceedings Related Links Reading Materials WHO Press Release, 11 October 2001 : Cervical Cancer Screening is Failing to Control Disease in Many Developing Countries, Researchers Say Medscape Editorial : Innovative Approaches to Cervical Cancer Prevention Article in Bulletin of WHO : Effective screening programmes for cervical cancer in low- and middle-income developing countries, Sankaranarayanan R (Adobe Acrobat 175K) Preventing Cervical Cancer in Low-Resource Settings Outlook, Vol. 18, No. 1. PATH Human Papillomavirus and Cervical Cancer Lancet Journal Articles: Safety, acceptability, and feasibility of a single-visit approach to cervical-cancer prevention in rural Thailand: a demonstration project Visual inspection with acetic acid for cervical-cancer screening: test qualities in a primary-care setting Lancet Journal Commentary ... Policy on Distribution of Materials Workshop Proceedings 2000 - Training Issues for Cervical Cancer Prevention in Low-Resource Settings (Summary) 1997 - Alternatives in Cervical Cancer Screening and Treatment in Low-Resource Settings (Highlights) Related Links Alliance for Cervical Cancer Prevention JHPIEGO University of Zimbabwe PATH (Program for Approriate Technology in Health)

93. CNN.com - Study Says Genetic Test For Cervical Cancer Is Effective - March 16, 2 CNN http://www.cnn.com/2000/HEALTH/women/03/16/cervical.cancer/index.html

women Editions myCNN Video ... Feedback CNN Sites CNN CNN Europe CNNfn CNNSI myCNN CNNfyi AllPolitics Languages Search CNN.com CNNSI.com CNNfn.com The Web HEALTH TOP STORIES New treatments hold out hope for breast cancer patients MORE TOP STORIES Thousands dead in India; quake toll rapidly rising Israelis, Palestinians make final push before Israeli election Davos protesters confront police MORE ... MORE MARKETS 4:30pm ET, 4/16 DJIA NAS SPORTS Jordan says farewell for the third time ... LOCAL EDITIONS: CNN.com Europe change default edition MULTIMEDIA: video video archive audio multimedia showcase ... more services E-MAIL: Subscribe to one of our news e-mail lists Enter your address: DISCUSSION: chat feedback CNN WEB SITES: CNNfyi.com CNN.com Europe AsiaNow Spanish ... Korean Headlines TIME INC. SITES: Go To ... Time.com People Money Fortune EW CNN NETWORKS: CNN anchors transcripts Turner distribution SITE INFO: help contents search ad info ... jobs WEB SERVICES: Study says genetic test for cervical cancer is effective March 16, 2000 Web posted at: 9:49 a.m. EST (1449 GMT) WASHINGTON (CNN) A genetic test for the virus that causes cervical cancer is a helpful guide for doctors and patients, according to a report presented by researchers at the National Cancer Institute. The study, which was done under the auspices of the National Institutes of Health, was presented Thursday at a medical conference in Orlando, Florida.

94. Innovative Approaches To Cervical Cancer Prevention Innovative Approaches to cervical cancer Prevention. In many countries, cervical cancer is the most common cause of cancer death among women. http://www.reproline.jhu.edu/english/3cc/medscape_article.htm

Medscape Editorial Innovative Approaches to Cervical Cancer Prevention Paul D. Blumenthal, MD, MPH; Patricia Ringers, PhD; Noel McIntosh, MD, ScD; Lynne Gaffikin, DrPH The article recently published by Sankaranarayanan and colleagues[1] ( Adobe Acrobat File , 175k) provides an interesting, informative, and timely glimpse at the struggle to devise resource-appropriate interventions for an important public health problem. In many countries, cervical cancer is the most common cause of cancer death among women. The cause of cervical cancer is generally acknowledged to be the sexually transmitted human papillomavirus (HPV); as a sexually transmitted disease (STD), cervical cancer is responsible for more deaths than all other STDs combined, with the recent exception of HIV/AIDS.[2] This is particularly tragic because the vast majority of the estimated 231,000 annual cervical cancer deaths worldwide[3] are preventable. Dr. Sankaranarayanan and colleagues correctly relate that despite over 30 years of effort, very little headway toward reducing cervical cancer deaths has been made in the majority of developing countries. Why is this? Some of the findings from their review help answer this question. Low-resource countries need to invest now in strategies to improve women's health, not wait for the capacity of their health infrastructure to approach that of an industrialized country. In this light, Dr. Sankaranarayanan and his colleagues suggest that to reduce the morbidity and mortality associated with cervical cancer, low-resource countries must consider "planned investments" into prevention strategies, that have not, to date, been effective.[1] As the article suggests, population growth alone will strain extant cervical cancer prevention health infrastructures, so the critical question is whether cost-effective prevention programs can feasibly be introduced and maintained in low-resource countries where large numbers of women still die from cervical cancer.

95. Cervical Cancer cervical cancer is a common kind of cancer in women, is a disease in which cancer cells are found in the tissues of the cervix. cervical cancer. http://allsands.com/Health/Diseases/cervicalcancer_xss_gn.htm

Cervical cancer Cancer of the cervix, a common kind of cancer in women, is a disease in which cancer cells are found in the tissues of the cervix. The cervix is the opening of the uterus (womb). The uterus is the hollow, pear-shaped organ where a baby develops. The cervix connects the uterus to the vagina (birth canal). Cancer of the cervix usually grows slowly over a period of time. Before cancer cells are found on the cervix, the tissues of the cervix go through changes in which cells that are not normal begin to appear (known as dysplasia). A Pap Smear will usually find these cells. Later, cancer cells start to grow and spread more deeply into the cervix and to surrounding areas. bodyOffer(4786) Since there are usually no symptoms associated with cancer of the cervix, you must be sure you doctor does a series of tests to look for it. The first of these is a Pap Smear, using a piece of cotton, a brush or a small wooden stick to gently scrape the outside of the cervix in order to pick up cells. You may feel some pressure, but you usually do not feel pain. If cells that are not normal are found, your doctor will need to cut a sample of tissue (called a biopsy) from the cervix and look at it under a microscope to see if there are any cancer cells. A biopsy that needs only a small amount of tissue may be done in your doctor's office. If your doctor needs to take a larger, cone-shaped piece of tissue (conization), you may need to go to the hospital.

96. CDC Higher Cervical Cancer Rates In Hispanics CNN http://cnn.com/2002/HEALTH/conditions/11/27/hispanics.cervical.cancer.reut/index

97. Cancer Research UK: Cervical Cancer Provides news and information about the risks, diagnosis and treatment of cervical cancer. http://www.imperialcancer.co.uk/aboutcancer/specificcancers/cervicalcancer

Home About us About cancer News ... ALL CLEAR You are here: Home About cancer Specific cancers Contact us ... Low tar cigarettes exposed Cervical cancer If you or a friend or relative have been diagnosed with cancer, you will find much more detailed information on our patient information site, CancerHelp UK Summary Each year, there are over 3,200 new cases of cervical cancer in the UK, just 2% of new cases diagnosed. Although there is a higher chance to develop cervical cancer later in life, it is the second most common cancer in women under the age of 35. The cancer develops from cells lining the cervix, which is the canal that connects the uterus to the vagina. During childbirth, the baby passes through this canal. Cervical cancer does not develop suddenly. There is usually a period when some of the cells lining the cervix develop abnormal changes that can give rise to cervical cancer later on. Doctors can pick up these changes through screening, and simple treatment can prevent cancer developing. The NHS cervical screening programme has been very effective in reducing the number of cases diagnosed in the UK. Risk factors Risk factors for cervical cancer include: Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection There are many types or strains of HPV. Some types can cause warts. Others are known as high-risk types, as they can cause abnormalities in the cells in the cervix, and cervical cancer. A high-risk HPV infection is present in almost all women with cervical cancer, but most women do not go on to develop cervical cancer.

98. Cervical Cancer - Centre For Chronic Disease Prevention And Control Centre for Chronic Prevention and Control cervical cancer. Background and History of Cervical Screening in Canada. cervical cancer http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/pphb-dgspsp/ccdpc-cpcmc/cc-ccu/index_e.html

Home Publications Contact Us Centre for Chronic Prevention and Control Cervical Cancer Background and History of Cervical Screening in Canada In 1989, a National Workshop on Screening for Cancer of the Cervix reviewed the 1982 recommendations on screening for cancer of the cervix and recognized that programs in Canada were still not fully effective: not all women at risk were being screened; some physicians had not acquired the necessary skill to take satisfactory smears; some laboratories were too small to provide adequate experience for staff and adequate quality control; and some women with detected cytologic abnormalities were receiving inadequate follow-up and management (Miller, 1991). Conversely, some women were being screened too frequently, resulting in inappropriate use of resources. Recommendations reiterated the need for an organized approach and addressed the following issues: the frequency of screening; the management of abnormalities; information systems; training and quality control requirements for laboratories and programs. The recommendations were accepted by the Conference of Deputy Ministers of Health in November, 1990, who requested that a report of a regular review of developments be made to them on a periodic basis. The Society of Obstetricians and Gynecologists of Canada, the Gynecologic Oncologists of Canada and the Society of Canadian Colposcopists supported the development of formal screening programs. The recommendation with respect to a screening interval of 3 years concerned these groups in the absence of adequate information systems and high-quality laboratory services; also of concern was the recommendation for repeat smears without colposcopy for low-grade squamous intraepithelial neoplasia. These groups suggested that until patient information systems and high-quality laboratory services are in place, annual screening of sexually active women should continue to be the standard of practice

99. CNN.com - Health - New Cervical Cancer Screening Test Catching On - September 21 CNN http://www.cnn.com/2000/HEALTH/cancer/09/21/cervical.cancer.ap/index.html

cancer Editions myCNN Video ... Feedback CNN Sites CNN CNN Europe CNNfn CNNSI myCNN CNNfyi AllPolitics Languages Search CNN.com CNNSI.com CNNfn.com The Web HEALTH TOP STORIES New treatments hold out hope for breast cancer patients MORE TOP STORIES Thousands dead in India; quake toll rapidly rising Israelis, Palestinians make final push before Israeli election Davos protesters confront police MORE ... MORE MARKETS 4:30pm ET, 4/16 DJIA NAS SPORTS Jordan says farewell for the third time ... LOCAL EDITIONS: CNN.com Europe change default edition MULTIMEDIA: video video archive audio multimedia showcase ... more services E-MAIL: Subscribe to one of our news e-mail lists Enter your address: DISCUSSION: chat feedback CNN WEB SITES: CNNfyi.com CNN.com Europe AsiaNow Spanish ... Korean Headlines TIME INC. SITES: Go To ... Time.com People Money Fortune EW CNN NETWORKS: CNN anchors transcripts Turner distribution SITE INFO: help contents search ad info ... jobs WEB SERVICES: New cervical cancer screening test catching on NEW YORK (AP) A more definitive cervical cancer screening test that helps reduce uncertainty in diagnosing the disease is gaining support from doctors and health insurers. Aetna, the nation's largest health insurer, on Wednesday became the latest plan to cover the new DNA test that checks for the presence of a virus that studies show causes more than 99 percent of cervical cancers. The test is used when a Pap smear proves inconclusive which happens about 5 percent of the time.

100. Health Canada - It's Your Health - Screening For Cervical Cancer Screening for cervical cancer. The Issue. cervical cancer can for the most part be avoided or easily treated. to top. Risk Factors For cervical cancer. http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/english/iyh/diseases/cervical_cancer.html

About IYH Diseases Breast Cancer Cervical Cancer ... Sign up as a distributor Screening for Cervical Cancer The Issue Cervical cancer can for the most part be avoided or easily treated. It can also be easily detected by regular screening. However, most women who develop cervical cancer have not been screened in the three years prior to their diagnosis. Background The cervix is the lower part of the uterus leading into the vagina. This is an area where cells change rapidly, and where malignant cell changes are most likely to occur. While cervical cancer is the tenth most common cancer among Canadian women of all ages, it is the third most common among women aged 20 to 49. The Papanicolaou (Pap) smear test is used to detect changes in the cervix before they become cancerous or when they are at a stage when treatment can be effective. Since the introduction of the Pap test more than 25 years ago, the death rate from cervical cancer has declined dramatically, dropping almost 50 percent. The survival rate is 74 percent over five years. However, approximately 1,450 Canadian women will receive a diagnosis this year of invasive cervical cancer, and approximately 420 women will die from this disease. Woman who are older (aged 40-59), immigrant, Aboriginal or have a lower socio-economic status are at higher risk of developing cervical cancer, primarily because they have not been screened at all or have been screened irregularly.

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