61. Cervical Cancer cervical cancer. Reviewed by Dr Philip Owen, consultant obstetrician and gynaecologist. What is the cervix? What is cervical cancer? http://www.netdoctor.co.uk/diseases/facts/cervicalcancer.htm

NetDoctor.co.uk Home News and features News Newsletter Features Encyclopaedia Diseases Examinations Medicines Premium services SMS services StayQuit thediet Health centres Allergy and asthma Children's health Depression Eczema ... All health centres Discussion and support Discussion forums Support groups Services Ask the doctor Find a hospital Search Medline Test yourself Information About NetDoctor Commercial opportunities NetDoctor.com Cervical cancer Dr Philip Owen , consultant obstetrician and gynaecologist What is the cervix? The cervix is the lower part of the womb or uterus and is commonly referred to as the 'neck of the womb'. The cervix plays an important role in maintaining a normal pregnancy. In non-pregnant women, the cervix has no obvious function although it may be important to the enjoyment of sex in some women. If you squat or stand with one leg on a chair and put one or two fingers into your vagina, you will be able to feel the smooth, rounded cervix at the top of your vagina. What is cervical cancer?

62. Cervical 'Pap' Smears And Colposcopy UKbased site concerned with cervical screening, cervical cancer and colposcopy. http://www.colposcopy.org.uk

63. BBC NEWS | Health | Cervical Cancer Vaccine Success A vaccine to protect against cervical cancer could be available within five years after successful early trials. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/health/2495029.stm

CATEGORIES TV RADIO COMMUNICATE ... INDEX SEARCH You are in: Health News Front Page World UK ... Programmes SERVICES Daily E-mail News Ticker Mobile/PDAs Text Only ... Help EDITIONS Change to World Wednesday, 20 November, 2002, 18:12 GMT Cervical cancer vaccine success The vaccine could mean an end for smear tests A vaccine to protect women from one of the biggest cancer killers could be available within five years. Early clinical trials of a vaccine for cervical cancer have shown that it is 100% effective. It also protects against genital warts. The breakthrough could help to save thousands of lives each year. This is really the holy grail of cancer research. It is very exciting Dr Anne Szarewksi, Cancer Research UK Cervical cancer is the second most common cancer in women under 35 in the UK. It claims 1,300 lives each year. The vaccine works by triggering the body's immune system to attack the human papiloma virus (HPV), which has been linked to almost all cases of cervical cancer. Further trials The vaccine would be given to teenage girls. It would only work in females who have not yet become sexually active.

64. UK To Start Trials Of New Cervical Cancer Vaccine CNN http://cnn.com/2001/HEALTH/cancer/01/15/health.vaccine.reut/index.html

65. BBC NEWS | Health | Potato To Prevent Cervical Cancer The humble potato could protect women from a common sexually transmitted virus that causes almost all cases of cervical cancer. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/health/2166010.stm

CATEGORIES TV RADIO COMMUNICATE ... INDEX SEARCH You are in: Health News Front Page World UK ... Programmes SERVICES Daily E-mail News Ticker Mobile/PDAs Text Only ... Help EDITIONS Change to World Thursday, 1 August, 2002, 12:02 GMT 13:02 UK Potato to prevent cervical cancer Potatoes: an easy way to deliver a vaccine? The humble potato may help scientists to protect women from a common sexually transmitted virus that causes almost all cases of cervical cancer. US researchers hope to engineer a potato that carries a vaccine against the human papilloma virus (HPV). The beauty of an oral vaccine is that you don't need a needle Dr Robert Rose In theory, this should provide an easy way to spread immunity at the dinner table. Potatoes produced and tested by scientists at the University of Rochester, Cornell University and Tulane University provoked an immune response in mice that munched on the transgenic spuds. And when enhanced with a substance derived from E.coli to boost their effectiveness, the potatoes provoked the immune system in the same way thought to be necessary to protect humans from the virus. Researcher Dr Robert Rose said: "The beauty of an oral vaccine is that you don't need a needle.

66. Pap Test Awareness Week 2001 Discusses program news, structure, brochures, information, cervical cancer, and Nova Scotia Well Women's clinics. http://is.dal.ca/~gynonc/nsgcsp.html

"Atlantic Canada has the highest rate of cervical cancer in the country. The good news is that regular Pap tests can prevent cervical cancer." - Cathy Jones www.nsgcsp.org Nova Scotia Gynaecological Cancer Screening Programme

67. Cervical Cancer - March 1, 2000 - American Academy Of Family Physicians AFP March 1, 2000. cervical cancer. TABLE 3 International Federation of Gynecologists and Obstetricians Staging System for cervical cancer. Stage, http://www.aafp.org/afp/20000301/1369.html

Advanced Search Cervical Cancer TIMOTHY P. CANAVAN, M.D., and NIPA R. DOSHI, M.D. Lancaster General Hospital, Lancaster, Pennsylvania I n 1998, it was reported that 12,800 women in the United States developed cancer of the uterine cervix, and 4,800 women died of the disease. Overall, cervical cancer is relatively uncommon in the developed countries of the world, where intensive screening programs are in place. Since the advent and widespread use of screening Papanicolaou (Pap) smears, which detect asymptomatic preinvasive lesions at the earliest stages, the incidence of cervical cancer has dramatically decreased from 32 cases per 100,000 women in the 1940s to 8.3 cases per 100,000 women in the 1980s. However, in many parts of the developing world, cervical cancer continues to cause significant morbidity and mortality. After breast cancer, cervical cancer is the second most common type of cancer in women worldwide. Cervical cancer is relatively uncommon in developed countries with intensive cytologic screening programs. Most women with cervical cancer experience a long asymptomatic period before the disease becomes clinically evident. Therefore, early recognition of abnormal cytologic changes through regular screening may prevent progression from preinvasive to invasive disease. Identifying women at risk for developing invasive cervical cancer enables physicians to appropriately select patients who require continual screening rather than annual screening. Women who are at risk for developing cellular abnormalities include those who smoke and those with a history of sexually transmitted diseases, human papillomavirus (HPV) infection, low socioeconomic status, two or more lifetime sexual partners or immunosuppression.

68. New Tests For Cervical Cancer Screening - September 1, 2001 - American Family Ph New Tests for cervical cancer Screening. TABLE 1 Estimated Annual Contributions to cervical cancer Screening Failures in the United States. Characteristic, http://www.aafp.org/afp/20010901/780.html

Advanced Search New Tests for Cervical Cancer Screening JIM NUOVO, M.D., JOY MELNIKOW, M.D., M.P.H., and LYDIA P. HOWELL, M.D. University of California, Davis, School of Medicine, Davis, California A PDF version of this document is available. Download PDF now (7 page(s) / 47.3 KB). More information on using PDF files. See editorial on page 729. O ver the years, the Papanicolaou (Pap) smear has proved to be one of the most successful methods of cancer detection available. Once a common disease, invasive cervical cancer is now a relatively rare event in developed countries. Of the 13,000 women who develop cervical cancer annually in the United States, approximately 50 percent have never had a Pap smear, and another 10 percent have not had a Pap smear within five years of their diagnosis (Table 1) While the majority of these women are uninsured, nonadherence to screening recommendations has been observed even among women who have comprehensive preventive care coverage. Inappropriate triage and follow-up of an abnormal Pap smear account for 10 percent of women who develop cervical cancer. Given this information, improved access to care, adherence to screening recommendations and appropriate follow-up for women with an abnormal Pap smear should have the greatest impact on decreasing morbidity and mortality from cervical cancer. TABLE 1 Estimated Annual Contributions to Cervical Cancer Screening Failures in the United States Characteristic Number of women (%) Not screened Poorly screened

69. [Clinical Preventive Services] Screening For Cervical Cancer Guide to Clinical Preventive Services, Second Edition Neoplastic Diseases Screening for cervical cancer. RECOMMENDATION. Skrabanek P. cervical cancer screening. http://cpmcnet.columbia.edu/texts/gcps/gcps0019.html

Guide to Clinical Preventive Services, Second Edition Neoplastic Diseases Screening for Cervical Cancer RECOMMENDATION Routine screening for cervical cancer with Papanicolaou (Pap) testing is recommended for all women who are or have been sexually active and who have a cervix. Pap smears should begin with the onset of sexual activity and should be repeated at least every 3 years (see Clinical Intervention). There is insufficient evidence to recommend for or against an upper age limit for Pap testing, but recommendations can be made on other grounds to discontinue regular testing after age 65 in women who have had regular previous screenings in which the smears have been consistently normal. There is insufficient evidence to recommend for or against routine screening with cervicography or colposcopy, or for screening for human papilloma virus infection, although recommendations against such screening can be made on other grounds (see Clinical Intervention). Burden of Suffering Accuracy of Screening Tests The principal screening test for cervical cancer is the Pap smear. Although the Pap smear can sometimes detect endometrial, vaginal, and other cancers,3,4 its use as a screening test is intended for the early detection of cervical dysplasia and cancer. Other proposed cervical screening tests include cervicography, colposcopy, and testing for HPV infection. The role of pelvic examination, which usually accompanies the collection of the cervical specimen, is discussed in Chapter 14 in relation to ovarian cancer screening.

70. MerckSource - Pap Smear Learn about the papanicolaou test, a test conducted for cervical cancer. Includes how it is performed and how to prepare for it. http://www.mercksource.com/pp/us/cns/cns_health_library_frame.jspzQzpgzEz/pp/us/

71. CERVICAL CANCER cervical cancer. September 2001. WHAT IS cervical cancer? The Cervix. The cervix is the lower third portion of the uterus (womb). http://www.reutershealth.com/wellconnected/doc46.html

CERVICAL CANCER September 2001 WHAT IS CERVICAL CANCER? The Cervix The cervix is the lower third portion of the uterus (womb). It serves as a neck to connect the uterus to the vagina. The opening of the cervix, called the os , remains small and narrow, except during labor when it widens to allow the fetus to pass from the uterus into the vagina. When cervical cancer develops it occurs in the thin layer of cells, known as the epithelium , that covers the cervix. Cells found in the cervical epithelial tissue have different shapes: Squamous cells (flat and scaly). Most cervical cancer arises from changes in the squamous cells of the epithelium ( squamous cell carcinoma Columnar cells (column-like). These cells line the cervical glands and cancers here are known as adenocarcinomas. In rare cases, cancer can occur in cells that form the supportive tissue around the cervix (the stroma Cervical cancer usually begins slowly with precancerous abnormalities, and even if cancer develops, it generally progresses very gradually. Precancerous Changes in the Cervix Dysplasia is a term that refers to a precancerous condition. In the case of cervical cancer this is characterized by squamous cells of the epithelium becoming abnormal in size and shape and beginning to multiply. Dysplastic changes seen on a PAP smear may indicate the presence of

72. Cervical Cancer Information, Precancerous Conditions Of The Cervix, Prevention, Medical information about cancer of the cervix, diagnosis, prevention, symptoms, and cervical cancer treatment. http://www.medicinenet.com/Cervical_Cancer/article.htm

MedicineNet Home Cancer Home > Cervical Cancer Advanced Search Printer-Friendly Format Add to Favorites Email to a Friend ... Next page Cervical Cancer (Cancer of the Cervix) What is the cervix? What is cancer? How can precancerous conditions of the cervix be detected? What causes, and are there ways to prevent cancer of the cervix? ... Cervix Cancer At A Glance What is the cervix? The cervix is the lower, narrow part of the uterus (womb). The uterus, a hollow, pear-shaped organ, is located in a woman's lower abdomen, between the bladder and the rectum. The cervix forms a canal that opens into the vagina, which leads to the outside of the body. What is cancer? Cancer is a group of more than 100 different diseases. They all affect the body's basic unit, the cell. Cancer occurs when cells become abnormal and divide without control or order. Like all other organs of the body, the cervix is made up of many types of cells. Normally, cells divide to produce more cells only when the body needs them. This orderly process helps keep us healthy. If cells keep dividing when new cells are not needed, a mass of tissue forms. This mass of extra tissue, called a growth or tumor, can be benign or malignant.

73. NCCC Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Information Information from the National cervical cancer Coalition about cancer treatment and vaccine trials. http://www.nccc-online.org/hpv.htm

Human Papillomavirus (HPV) This area provides important information regarding Human Papillomavirus (HPV) , including some of the latest cancer trials and information on upcoming vaccines. Please choose an area of interest from the menu on the right. Click here for Additional Information on HPV HUMAN PAPILLOMA VIRUS (HPV): A virus that is the cause of warts of the hands and feet, as well as lesions of the mucous membranes of the oral, anal and genital cavities. More than 50 types of HPV have been identified, some of which are associated with cancerous and precancerous conditions. The virus can be transmitted through sexual contact and is a precursor to cancer of the cervix. There is no specific cure for an HPV infection, but the virus often can be controlled by podophyllin (medicine derived from the roots of the plant Podophyllum peltatum) or interferon, and the warts can be removed by cryosurgery, laser treatment or conventional surgery. SOme sicientitsts believe HPV can "clear" out of the body. top CERVICAL CANCER AND OTHER HPV-RELATED STUDIES Portland Kaiser Cohort Study of HPV and Cervical Neoplasia top The Guanacaste Study of HPV Natural History top Vaccine Trial A large randomized trial is planned in Costa Rica to evaluate the efficacy of two virus-like particle (VLP)-based prophylactic human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccines developed at NCI. Volunteers in the trial will be screened for cervical disease at entry and will receive three VLP or three placebo vaccinations over the course of six months. Participants will be actively followed for a period of four years and information will be collected on side effects of the vaccine (safety), immune induction by the vaccine (immunogenicity), and the occurence of cervical disease (efficacy).

74. Cervical Cancer - Symptoms, Treatment And Causes BUPA health factsheet cervical cancer is a tumour of the cervix, which is part of the womb that projects into the vagina. cervical cancer. RELATE D LINKS. http://hcd2.bupa.co.uk/fact_sheets/html/cervical_cancer.html

search home services health information ... BUPA Products and services Health insurance Financial protection Hospitals Care homes ... International cover Visitor interest areas Individuals Business Intermediaries Health professionals ... BUPA members Facilities finder Find local health and fitness facilities World of BUPA BUPA services around the world at bupa.com health information ABC of health Cervical cancer R E L A T E D L I N K S Download a pdf of this factsheet Published by BUPA's Health Information Team August 2003 The cervix is the neck of the womb. It is located at the top of the vagina. When cervical cancer develops, the cells of the cervix become abnormal and grow out of control, and the cancer can spread to other parts of the body. But if abnormal cells are caught early, which they often are through the cervical screening programme, cancer can be prevented or treated. ... Cervical screening Female reproductive system and cervix What causes cervical cancer? The exact cause of cervical cancer is not known, but certain things appear to increase the risk. Human papilloma virus (HPV) Specific types of the human papilloma virus (the same virus that causes genital warts) are linked with 95% of cases of cervical cancer. HPV is passed on through sex and usually causes no symptoms at all.

75. Bassett Mobile Mammography Van - Bassett Healthcare A mobile unit which travels throughout Central New York to provide people with mammograms, clinical breast exams, selfbreast exam education and cervical cancer screenings in their local communities. http://www.bassetthealthcare.org/cancer/mammography.cfm

General Information Accommodations and Area Interests Community Partners Driving Directions ... Site Map June 07, 2004 Heart Care Institute Regional Cancer Program Overview Your Partners in Care Our Other Strengths Staff/Specialties Hematology/Oncology Radiation Oncology Surgical Oncology Patient Education ... Support Programs Bassett Mobile Mammography Van Search Home Regional Cancer Program Bassett Mobile Mammography Van Click here to view the latest Mobile Mammography Schedule A Mobile Mammography and Cancer Education Service The mobile mammography and cancer education/screening services of Bassett Healthcare's Louis Busch Hager Cancer Center are on the road and ready to roll! Thanks to a grant from the New York State Department of Health, Bassett now operates a mobile unit a van which travels throughout Central New York to provide people with services such as mammograms, clinical breast exams, self-breast exam education and cervical cancer screenings (Pap smears) in their local communities. The traveling screening services are available throughout Otsego, Oneida, Delaware, Chenango, Madison, Herkimer, Schoharie, Fulton, Montgomery and Sullivan counties. Screenings will be available on a regular basis at Bassett health centers, as well as other community sites which can provide adequate space for the screening equipment and staff. Special stops will be made by arrangement with community groups, businesses and organizations interested in hosting a screening session. Groups interested in scheduling screening sessions in their communities should call toll-free 1-888-416-3409. People who want to know when the van will be in their community should call the same number.

76. MayoClinic.com - Cervical Cancer A description of the disease, its symptoms, diagnosis, treatment and prevention. http://www.mayoclinic.com/home?id=5.1.1.3.23

77. EMedicine Health - Overview Consumer health resource provides an overview of causes, symptoms and treatment. http://www.emedicinehealth.com/articles/20850-1.asp

Search June 7, 2004 Registration Healthcare Professionals High cholesterol can affect children. Is your child at risk? About 1 million people in the United States have Crohn disease. What are treatment options? Is there a connection between IBD and Crohn Disease? About one third of those with diabetes do not know they have it. Are you one? Two million or more Americans have schizophrenia. Is someone you love affected? One third of those with asthma are children. What are the symptoms and triggers? Asthma Cholesterol Crohn Disease Diabetes ... Mental Health You are in: Cancer and Tumors Cervical Cancer Overview The uterine cervix is the lowest portion of a woman's uterus (womb). Most of the uterus lies in the pelvis, but part of the cervix is located in the vagina, where it connects the uterus with the vagina. Cancer of the cervix occurs when the cells of the cervix change in a way that leads to abnormal growth and invasion of other tissues or organs of the body. Like all cancers, cancer of the cervix is much more likely to be cured if it is detected early and treated immediately. One of the key features of cervical cancer is its slow progression from normal cervical tissue, to precancerous (or dysplastic) changes in the tissue, to invasive cancer.

78. Medicare.gov - Cervical Cancer Information Contains links to publications and other websites with information on cervical cancer. Search Frequently Asked Questions. d. Health Information. cervical cancer. http://www.medicare.gov/Health/Cervical.asp

Search Frequently Asked Questions d Home Screen Reader Version ... Español The Official U.S. Government Site for People with Medicare Help Mailing List Zip Code Locator Questions ... Search Tools Health Information Cervical Cancer Some Important Information You Should Know about Cervical Cancer. This section provides information about cervical cancer, Pap tests that are used to screen for cervical cancer, your Medicare benefits for cervical cancer screening, and steps you can take to help protect your health. Websites American Cancer Society The American Cancer Society Website contains information to help you: Learn about cancer, Understand available treatment options, and How to cope with cancer and the associated treatments. Information can also be obtained by calling toll-free 1-800-ACS-2345 (1-800-227-2345). The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Website contains a section with resources to help with breast and cervical cancer. Information can also be obtained by calling toll-free at 1-800-311-3435. The National Cancer Institute The National Cancer Institute provides information about treatment, clinical trials, alternative medicine, coping with side effects, nutrition, support groups, and related literature. The Cancer Information Service (CIS) sponsored by the National Cancer Institute can be contacted toll-free at

79. The Sexually Transmitted Disease No One Talks About By Julie Sevrens. Detroit Free Press Article about the virus and its link to cervical cancer. http://www.freep.com/news/health/hpv2_20000502.htm

Home News Sports Entertainment ... Hugh McDiarmid SECTIONS Today's stories Metro Wayne Oakland ... Place an ad The sexually transmitted disease no one talks about HPV has been around since ancient times, but it often goes undetected May 2, 2000 BY JULIE SEVRENS KNIGHT RIDDER NEWSPAPERS When parents talk to their children about the birds and the bees, there's one thing that's rarely mentioned: the human papilloma virus. ABOUT HPV The human papilloma virus is the most common sexually transmitted disease, with about 5.5 million new cases occurring in the United States every year. Here are some other facts about the disease: Nearly three out of four Americans from the ages of 15 to 49 have been infected with HPV. Most have just never known it. The body's immune system often can sufficiently suppress or perhaps even kill the virus on its own. Vaginal, oral and anal sex can all spread the disease, as can skin-to-skin contact in the genital region. Abstinence is the best defense. Condoms offer some protection but, because they do not cover the entire genital area, it is possible to acquire the virus while using them. Most HPV cases are symptomless and often harmless. Of the 70 to 100 strains of HPV thought to be in existence today, just two are responsible for causing genital warts. About a dozen are high-risk strains associated with causing cervical cancer. It is possible to acquire more than one virus strain.

80. M. D. Anderson Cancer Center - Cervical Cancer Treatment, Research & Prevention Addresses areas such as current research, treatment and screening guidelines. Institutional information provided. http://www.mdanderson.org/diseases/cervical

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