101. CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Constantinople Capital, formerly of the byzantine, now of the Ottoman, empire. (As of 1908, when the article was written.) http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/04301a.htm

Home Encyclopedia Summa Fathers ... C > Constantinople A B C D ... Z Constantinople (Gr. Konstantinoupolis ; city of Constantine) Capital, formerly of the Byzantine, now of the Ottoman, Empire. THE MODERN CITY Mussulmans ; the remainder include, in order of numerical importance, Greeks, Armenians, Jews, and foreigners of various nationalities. The Bosporus separates Europe from Asia; it is about eighteen miles long and varies in width from about half a mile to a mile and a half. The Golden Horn separates Stamboul from Galata and Pera, extends inland for about four and one-half miles and ends abruptly at the Valley of the Sweet Waters beyond Eyoub. Two wooden bridges unite Galata with Stamboul, which latter section is mostly inhabited by Turks, and still preserves its ancient ramparts with their towers and gates. The chief monuments of the city are: St. Sophia, the magnificent church built in the first half of the sixth century by the Emperor Justinian, now a mosque; about 2000 other mosques (e.g. the Suleimanieh, the Ahmedieh, the Bayazidieh, Mohammed Mussulman EARLY HISTORY OF BYZANTIUM Constantinople was founded c. 658

102. CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Mactaris, Titular See Of A titular see of the byzantine empire. http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/09509d.htm

Home Encyclopedia Summa Fathers ... M > Mactaris A B C D ... Z Mactaris A titular see Christian epitaphs, among others those of two bishops. There has also been found an altar covering the remains of two martyrs, one of whom was named Felix. Six bishops are known, from 255 to the sixth century, among them Victor, a contemporary of Cassiodorus, who tells us that this Victor revised the books of Cassian. TOULOTTE, (Montreuil-sur-Mer 1894), 127-133. Transcribed by Douglas J. Potter Dedicated to the Immaculate Heart of the Blessed Virgin Mary The Catholic Encyclopedia, Volume IX Nihil Obstat, October 1, 1910. Remy Lafort, Censor Imprimatur. +John M. Farley, Archbishop of New York If an ad appears here that contradicts Catholic teachings, please click here to notify the webmaster. Praise Jesus Christ in His Angels and in His Saints New Advent is dedicated to the Immaculate Heart of Mary

103. CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: St. Alexius An Eastern saint whose veneration was transplanted from the byzantine empire to Rome, whence it spread throughout western Christendom. http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/01307b.htm

Home Encyclopedia Summa Fathers ... A > St. Alexius A B C D ... Z St. Alexius CONFESSOR. According to the most recent researches he was an Eastern saint whose veneration was transplanted from the Byzantine empire to Rome, whence it spread rapidly throughout western Christendom St. Boniface as titular saint of a church on the Aventine at Rome. On the site now occupied by the church of Sant' Alessio there was at one time a diaconia, i.e. an establishment for the care of the poor of the Roman Church. Connected with this was a church which by the eighth century had been in existence for some time and was dedicated to St. Boniface . In 972 Pope Benedict VII transferred the almost abandoned church to the exiled Greek metropolitan, Sergius of Damascus. The latter erected beside the church a monastery for Greek and Latin monks, soon made famous for the austere life of its inmates. To the name of St. Boniface was now added that of St. Alexius as titular saint of the church and monastery. It is evidently Sergius and his monks who brought to Rome the veneration of St. Alexius. The Oriental Saint, according to his legend a native of Rome, was soon very popular with the folk of that city. Among the frescoes executed towards the end of the eleventh century in the Roman basilica of St. Clement (now the lower church of San Clemente) are very interesting representations of events in the life of St. Alexius. His feast is observed on the 17th of July, in the West; in the East, on the 17th of March. The church of Sts. Alexius and Boniface on the Aventine has been renovated in modern times but several

104. The Roman Army Describes Roman military organisation from the early Republican period through to the late byzantine period. http://www.roman-empire.net/army/army.html

Home Page Army Picture Page Children's Section E-mail The Roman Army Army Picture Page Choose which paragraph to jump to and press "Go!": Paragraphs of this Chapter in Sequence: The early Legion (4th century BC) Scipio's Reforms of the Army The Roman Legion (2nd century BC) Marius' Reforms of the Army The Army of Augustus - the 'classic' legion Battle Order The Roman Army AD 250-378 The Roman Army AD 378-565 The Byzantine Army AD 565-ca.900 Decline of the Byzantine Army AD 1071-1203 Legionary Equipment Army Camp Layout Tactics Legion Names The Roman Standards The Mark of the Legion The Auxilia The Ala (Cavalry) Infantry Cohorts (Auxiliary Infantry) Cohortes Equitatae (Mixed Units) Auxiliary Equipment Numeri and Cunei Praetorian Guard Imperial Horseguard German Bodyguard The Palatini The Varangian Guard City Cohorts The Vigiles Allied Troops Soldier's Pay Length of Service Becoming a Soldier Army Career Army Training The Military Oath Army Discipline Army Decorations Army Supplies The Fleet Siege Warfare Engineering Police Duties Nowhere does the Roman talent for organization show itself so clearly as in its army. The story of the Roman army is an extensive one, demonstrated in part by the scale of this chapter. The first part of this chapter considers the history of the Roman army (concentrating on the legions), trying to explain as much background as possible. The later part of the chapter seeks to explain specific points such as various different units, the workings of the army, etc.

105. EMPERORS A list of emperors with biographies of some of the most famous. http://fstav.freeservers.com/emperors2.html

Free Web site hosting - Freeservers.com Web Hosting - GlobalServers.com Choose an ISP NetZero High Speed Internet ... Dial up $14.95 or NetZero Internet Service $9.95 EMPERORS OF THE BYZANTINE EMPIRE alt="" NAME YEARS Dynasty of Constantine Constantine I the Great Constantine II, Constantius, and Constans Constantius Julian Jovian Valentian I and Valens Valens, Gratian and Valentian II Dynasty of Theodosius Theodosius I the Great Arcadius Theodosius II Marcian Dynasty of Leo Leo I Leo II Zeno Anastasius Dynasty of Justinian Justin Justinian I Justin II Tiberius II Maurice Phocas Dynasty of Heraclius Heraclius Constans II Constantine IV Justinian II (banished) Leontius Tiberius III Justinian II (restored) No Dynasty Bardanes Anastasius II Theodosius III Isaurian Dynasty Leo III Constantien V Copronymus Leo IV Constantine VI Irene No Dynasty Nicephorus I Strauracius Michael I Leo V Phrygian Dynasty Michael II Theophilus Michael III Macedonian Dynasty Basil I Leo VI and Alexander Alexander Constantine VII Porphygenitus Romanus I Lecapenus Constantine (VIII) Romanus II Nicephorus II Phocas John Tzimisces Basil II Bulgaroctonus Constantine VIII Romanus III Argyrus Michael IV the Paphlagonian Michael V Calaphates Zoe and Theodora Constantine IX Monomachus Theodora Michael VI Stratioticus Prelude to Comnenian Dynasty Isaac I Comnenos Constantine X Ducas Romanus IV Diogenes Michale VII Ducas Nicephorus III Botaniates Dynasty of the Comneni Alexius I Comnenos John II Comnenos Manuel I Comnenos Alexius II Comnenos ... Andronicus I Comnenos Dynasty of the Angeli

106. CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Byzantine Art The art of the Eastern Roman empire and of its capital Byzantium, or Constantinople. http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/03095a.htm

Home Encyclopedia Summa Fathers ... B > Byzantine Art A B C D ... Z Byzantine Art The art of the Eastern Roman Empire and of its capital Byzantium, or Constantinople. The term denotes more especially those qualities which distinguish this art from that of other countries, or which have caused it to exert an influence upon the art of regions outside of the Eastern Empire. Christian art The Byzantine Question Christian with Oriental art, we can only group together the principal characteristics of the new style and its materials, with a few examples. Characteristics The introduction of Eastern court ceremonial by Constantine was accompanied in the domain of art by the appearances of extraordinary gorgeousness and pomp, expressed, however, with stiffness and formality. The power and pride of the new empire offered the means for great undertakings and gave the impulse to them. The Proconnesian marble, found in the vicinity of the capital, and the stone obtained from other rich quarries provided the material, and, long before this era, the art of working in stone had reached a high state of development, especially in Asia Minor. Moreover, the East had been from ancient times the home of the minor arts. In Constantinople there flourished, along with the art of decorative sculpture, the arts of stone-carving, of working in metal and ivory, of ornamental bronze work, of enamelling, of weaving, and the art of miniature-painting. From classical and ancient Christian art Byzantine genius derived a correct combination of the ideal with truth to nature, harmonious unity along with precision in details, as well as the fondness for mosaics, frescoes, and pictures on panels, in opposition to the dislike of non-Christian and sectarian Orientals to pictorial representation. The iconoclasm of the eighth and ninth centuries wrought great destruction in the domain of art, but these outbreaks were successfully suppressed.

107. Byzantine Macedonia Macedonian Heritage provides an illustrated description of Macedonia under the rule of the byzantine empire. http://www.macedonian-heritage.gr/HellenicMacedonia/en/A2.html

Byzantine Macedonia Late Antiquity (324-565) The dark ages (565-867) Middle Byzantine period (867-1204) ... The Emperors of the Byzantine Empire Byzantine Macedonia The outstanding importance of Macedonia in the age of Byzantium arose from the strategic position it occupied between the area around the Danube and the more southern region of the Balkans, on the one hand, Constantinople and the Adriatic Sea, on the other. Its importance was even greater after the conquest of the eastern Byzantine provinces by the Arabs, despite Slavic and Bulgarian incursions, which impeded movement over land routes. Among a number of other towns and cities, Thessalonike, situated at an intersection of routes, was naturally suited to be an administrative, economic, religious, and cultural centre. After the end of the Frankish occupation, Macedonia became the territorial centre of the Late Byzantine Empire and developed into a cultural centre whose influence was felt throughout the Balkan Peninsula. However, the destruction and pillaging that occurred as the Turks advanced westwards at the end of the 14th century limited Byzantine sovereignty to small areas of the whole region. The capture of Thessalonike by Murad II in 1430 saw the transformation of Macedonia into an Ottoman possession. See Also History - Ancient Macedonia Modern Macedonia Contemporary Macedonia Civilization - Civilization in Byzantium Travelling - Byzantine Macedonia In Focus - Every day life in Byzantium Macedonian Heritage Content courtesy Ekdotike Athenon S.A.

108. Early Byzantine Period A comprehensive view of the first steps of the byzantine empire from the Foundation of the Hellenic World. Covers politics, economy, society and culture. http://www.fhw.gr/chronos/08/en/index.html

109. History Of Byzantium, Byzance, Constantinople And Istanbul this radical change was made in the concept of the empire, the Byzantines always referred to themselves during their one thousand year long history as the http://www.turizm.net/turkey/history/thebyzantium.html

Home Turkey Hotels Blue Cruise ... Search Welcome to Turizm.net! The Dark Ages Byzantium means Istanbul Hagia Sophia ... of the Church A Great Empire; The Byzantines In the year 395, when the Roman emperor Theodosum I divided the empire and placed his son Arcadius at the head of the Eastern side and his other son Honorius on the throne of the Western side, he could not have known what kinds of effects this action was to have on the future. The Western Roman Empire, with Honorius at its head, was to have a short life. The Eastem Roman Empire, however, was to last almost one thousand years until it was finally put to an end by the Ottoman Empire Mehmet II when he conquered the city of Istanbul in 1453. The city of Byzantium was chosen to be the capitol of the Eastern Roman Empire. Sixty five years later, however, the name of the city was changed to Constantinople in honor of its founder, Constantine. Even though this radical change was made in the concept of the empire, the Byzantines always referred to themselves during their one thousand year long history as the Roman Empire and their nation as the Nation of Rome. After the collapse of the empire, however, historians began to refer to this empire as the "Byzantine" Empire and so it is remembered today. This empire began in 330 and lasted until 1453, for 1123 years. A struggle between Moslems and Christians began to arise in the Middle Ages. Those warriors known as the Crusaders were the most concrete example of the struggle between these two major religious beliefs.

110. Greece Byzantine: Information And Brief Description Of The Byzantine History In Greece. back The byzantine empire rise and fall. east. The Roman empire started to decline leaving its place to the byzantine empire. http://www.greeka.com/greece-byzantine.htm

Greece Byzantine Greece Byzantine: A description of the byzantine in Greece back The Byzantine empire rise and fall During the 3rd century, Greece was invaded by various tribes: Heruli, the Goths, the Alemanni, the Franks, and the Vandals and Sassanians defeated Roman armies several times during the third century. The Pax Romana started to break. Deep social and economical problems rose through the Empire. Taxes increased to expand or organise the army. In the meantime, Christianity became slowly the Empire's religion. St Paul came in Greece to proclaim Christianity with his famous "sermon on an Unknown God" in 51 A.D. In 305 AD, Constantine became Emperor of Rome. In 324 A.D., the Emperor Constantine I transferred the capital of the Empire from Rome to Byzantium which took the name of Constantinople. In 364 AD, the Empire was officially split: the Roman Empire was divided in two parts: the Roman Empire at the west and the Byzantine Empire at the east. The Roman Empire started to decline leaving its place to the Byzantine Empire. The strategically location of Constantinople, between the Black Sea and the Aegean, allowed the control over East and West Empire.

111. Byzantine History - List Of Byzantine Rulers And Dynasties List of byzantine rulers. Constantine dynasty. ? Neobyzantine Movement© all rights reserved. born in purple. byzantine Dynasties. http://neobyzantine.agrino.org/byzantium/emperors/dynasties/byzrulers.htm

Orthodoxy Byzantine Glory Movement Forum ... Position Byzantium About FAQ Recommendations Glossary ... Neobyzantine.One Search Rulers and Dynasties Roman Caesars Byzantine Empire Serbia ... turks Rulers List of Byzantine rulers Constantine dynasty Constantine the Great 337-353 Constantine the Great with Constantius and Costa 353-336 Constantius 361-363 Julian the Apostate 363-364 Iovian 364-378 Valens Theodosius dynasty 379-395 Theodosius I 395-408 Arcadius 408-450 Theodosius II 450-457 Marcian 457-474 Leo I 474 Leo II 474-475 Zenon 475-476 Vasilisk 476-491 Zenon (second reign) 491-518 Anastasios I Justinian dynasty 518-527 Justine I Justinian I 565-578 Justine II 578-582 Tiberius I Constantine 582-602 Mavricius 602-610 Fucca Iraklios dynasty ÇñÜêëéïò (Heraclius) 641 Constantine III, Iraklion 641-668 Constance II 668-685 Constantine IV 685-695 Justinian II 695-698 Leontios 698-705 Tiberius II Apsimaros 705 Justinian II (second reign) 711-713 Philipic Vardan 713-715 Anastasios II 715-717 Theodosios III Isaurian dynasty 717-741 Leo III 741-775 Constantine V 775-780 Leo IV 780-797 Constantine VI 797-802 à éñéíÞ (Irene) 802-811 Nikiphoros I 811 Stavrakios 811-813 Michael I Rangabe 813-820 Leo V 820-829 Michael II 829-842 Theophilos 842-867 Michael III Macedonian dynasty 867-886 Vasilios I 886-912 Leo VI 912-913 Alexandros 913-959 Constantine VII 920-944 Roman I Lacapine 959-963 Roman II 963-969 Nikiphoros II Fuccas 969-976 John I Cimiskios 976-1025 Vasilios II 1025-1028 Constantine VIII 1028-1034 Roman III Argyrus 1034-1041 Michael IV 1041-1042 Michael V 1042 Zoia, Theodora

112. Roman Emperors - DIR--De Imperatoribus Romanis Roman History Roman Roman Empire on the individual emperors, (3) family trees ( stemmata ) of important imperial dynasties, (4) an index of significant battles in the empire s history, (5) a http://www.roman-emperors.org/

De Imperatoribus Romanis : An Online Encyclopedia of Roman Emperors Pull-down menus in frames: vertical click here ; horizontal click here ; full scrolling menu click here ;scroll down the page for non-frames access. Welcome to De Imperatoribus Romanis ("On the Roman Emperors")! WHAT IS DIR DIR is an on-line encyclopedia on the rulers of the Roman empire from Augustus (27 BC-AD 14) to Constantine XI Palaeologus (1449-1453). The encyclopedia consists of (1) an index of all the emperors who ruled during the empire's 1500 years, (2) a growing number of biographical essays on the individual emperors, (3) family trees ("stemmata") of important imperial dynasties, (4) an index of significant battles in the empire's history, (5) a growing number of capsule descriptions and maps of these battles, and (6) maps of the empire at different times. Wherever possible, these materials are cross-referenced by live links. These contents are supplemented by an ancient and medieval atlas, a link to a virtual catalog of Roman coins, and other recommended links to related sites. The contents of DIR have been prepared by scholars but are meant to be accessible to non-specialists as well. They have been peer- reviewed for quality and accuracy before publication on this site.

113. The History Of The Ecumenical Patriarchate Of Constantinople http://www.patriarchate.org/book/Third_Period

Ecumenical Patriarchate Greek Orthodox Archdiocese Orthodox Ministry ACCESS Third Period: The Last Byzantine Centuries In the third period of patriarchal history, from 1261 to 1453, but increasingly after the late fourteenth century, the last but greatest enemy of the Byzantines, the Ottoman Turks of Asia, advanced closer and closer to Constantinople. In this period, the once mighty Byzantine Empire had so shrunk in territory that by 1300, almost all that remained, besides Constantinople itself, was part of what we call today Greece, Macedonia, Thrace, and a strip of western Asia Minor. (Asia Minor of course had earlier been entirely Greek and the very backbone of the Byzantine Empire.) The danger from the advancing Turks soon became so pressing that in order to secure military aid, the Emperors were forced to turn to the greatest source of power in the West, the Papacy. But the popes of Rome would offer no aid unless the Greeks accepted the popes as the head of their church, in other words, unless they converted to Roman Catholicism with its beliefs and practices. filioque and the azyma in order, presumably, to save the Empire.

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