81. OCHA-Online - Strategic Humanitarian Coordination In The Great Lakes Region 1996 15 Filip Reyjntjens, burundi, (London Minority Rights Group, 1996 rate account ofthe local history of conflict conference on the Great Lakes Region; the input http://www.reliefweb.int/ocha_ol/pub/greatlak/external.html

U NITED N ATIONS O FFICE FOR THE C OORDINATION OF H UMANITARIAN A FFAIRS - OCHA-Online Back to Table of Contents Strategic Humanitarian Coordination in the Great Lakes Region 1996-1997 An Independent Study for the Inter-Agency Standing Committee External Factors: Political "Our concern is not with the moral character of one rebel movement, our concern is with the moral character of the war." Burundian Bishop, Bujumbura, October 1997 52. In the Great Lakes Region from the summer of 1996 to the fall of 1997, there were critical moments when consent for humanitarian action was blocked by military actors. The willingness and ability of international actors to bring pressure to bear on these local actors was weak. As a result, the framework of consent for humanitarian access and coordination generally collapsed, leaving humanitarians unable to effect positive change during major developments in the region. Indeed, the UN became a valuable resource to be exploited by non-humanitarians for ends most brutal. 53. The resulting humanitarian disaster was neither accidental nor incidental. Large-scale attacks on populations, massive and forced population movements, and gross manipulation of humanitarian resources have been essential, deliberate strategies of insurgency and counter-insurgency. Throughout this period, the aims of local authorities and the efforts of humanitarian actors have rarely been aligned, and they were frequently diametrically opposed. It has not helped that foreign governments have often been dissatisfied with the humanitarian agenda and have generally not been as supportive as necessary to create and defend humanitarian space. This was clearly demonstrated during the crisis of mid-November 1996, with associated bitter disagreements between politicians and humanitarians over the location of war-affected populations in then eastern Zaire.

82. OCHA-Online - Strategic Humanitarian Coordination In The Great Lakes Region 1996 Mission to the Great Lakes Region of Africa of Death, Fear and Displacement in burundi ,September 1996. The Great Lakes Crisis , Current history A Journal of http://www.reliefweb.int/ocha_ol/pub/greatlak/biblio.html

U NITED N ATIONS O FFICE FOR THE C OORDINATION OF H UMANITARIAN A FFAIRS - OCHA-Online Back to Table of Contents Strategic Humanitarian Coordination in the Great Lakes Region 1996-1997 An Independent Study for the Inter-Agency Standing Committee Bibliography UN/NGO/Government Documents Actionaid: 'Conference Report: Understanding the Great Lakes Crisis', 12 February 1997. ICVA-NGO Unit: 'Briefing Paper', 25 February 1997. African Rights. Discussion Paper No 5. Humanitarianism Unbound? Current Dilemmas Facing Multi-Mandate Relief Operations in Political Emergencies. London: African Rights; 1994 Amnesty International: 'Great Lakes Region Still in Need of Protection: Repatriation, Refoulement and the Safety of Refugees and the Internally Displaced', 24 January 1997. Anderson, Mary. Do No Harm. Boston, Mass: Collaboratives for Development Action, 1996 Bedford, Eleanor: Site Visit to Eastern Congo/Zaire: Analysis of Humanitarian and Political Issues, U.S. Committee for Refugees Site Visit Notes, April 10-May 10, 1997. Carnegie Commission on Preventing Deadly Conflict.

83. Mwalimu Nyerere Foundation - OVERVIEW OF THE BURUNDI PEACE PROCESS CONCLUSION The need to write a history of the burundi process is already stronglyenough that for the sake of the people of burundi, of the region and of http://www.nyererefoundation.or.tz/research/centre.htm

OVERVIEW OF THE BURUNDI PEACE PROCESS Prepared by: Dr. Ikaweba Bunting Dr. B. Mwansasu Mr. Walter Bgoya First we want to assure the people of Burundi in the Diaspora and all concerned throughout the world and in Burundi itself that they are not alone. There are people in the region and beyond; in the international community who are doing something and are prepared to go on giving that support until durable peace and democracy is finally established. We regularly receive reports emanating from Bujumbura, Europe and North America about the Arusha Peace Negotiations being little understood, not appreciated and ineffective. There are even grounds for belief that conscious efforts are expended in certain circles including the so called international community to undermine Arusha by distorting facts and belittling the progress that has up to now been made and declaring the Arusha Talks a failure. Nothing could be more from the truth! n Sources Of Legitimacy Of The Burundi Peace Negotiations In Arusha And Mwalimu Nyerere As Facilitator n Mwanza Talks: 22-26 April 1996 n Arusha Regional Summit I, 25 June 1996

84. African Studies Center regional US States Rhode Island Cities Providence Education College andMediterranean antiquity, including their languages, history, and cultures. http://www.modares.ac.ir/asc/Page15.htm

Tarbiat Modarres University - IRAN African Studies Center (A.S.C) linking African Studies African Studies ... Studies - scholarly resources in text, multimedia, and interactive format. University of Cape Town African Studies Library ... Studies - seeks to contribute to the study and understanding of the modern history and current affairs of the Middle East and Africa. African African -American Studies ... Studies - scholarly resources in text, multimedia, and interactive format. University of Cape Town African Studies Library ... Studies - School of Oriental and African Studies African American Studies (CAAS) ... Diaspora Project - organize into topics pertaining to the African Diaspora. African American Studies African ... Studies - includes publications catalog. Center for Afroamerican and African Studies James S. Coleman ... Studies - information on course offerings, programs (lectures, conferences, study abroad, outreach), faculty and students. African American Studies Francophone ... Program - examines West Asian, African , and Mediterranean antiquity, including their languages, history, and cultures.

85. Columbus World Travel Guide - Africa - South Africa - History And Government are beyond the scope of this brief history but this has intervened in a number ofregional conflicts These include Ethiopia/Eritrea, burundi, and Congo (Dem Rep http://www.travel-guide.com/data/zaf/zaf580.asp

OAS_sitepage = URL + '/Africa/SouthAfrica/HistoryandGovernment'; document.write('Research South Africa hotels at TripAdvisor'); Contact Addresses Overview General Information Passport/Visa ... Africa /South Africa SOUTH AFRICA History and Government History: Evidence of human and humanoid occupation of South Africa extends back 2 million years. Stone Age artefacts date from 40,000 years ago, from which time there appears to have been a continuous human culture. This culture has been identified as being related to that of the Khoisan people and it lasted until the arrival of the Europeans and the Bantus, who largely absorbed them. The Bantu population of the region arrived as a result of the great southward migrations of Bantu people across central and southern Africa, which occurred circa 300 BC to the 16th century AD. This largely displaced the Bushmen (whose aboriginal culture – still surviving in the Kalahari – is rivalled only in Australia) and the Khoikhoi (‘Hottentots’). The European discovery of South Africa was roughly contemporaneous – the Portuguese navigator, Bartholomew Dias, discovered the Cape of Good Hope in 1488. In 1652, Dutch settlers, under Commander Jan van Riebeeck, arrived to start a victualling station for the Dutch East India Company. Numbers were swelled by French Huguenots in 1688 and again in 1820, by British settlers, after the British occupation of the Cape. During the 18th and 19th centuries, British and Boer settlers fought a series of wars with the local tribes. Control of the Cape region was also a matter of dispute between the Dutch and the British. The latter finally gained control in 1806 and, dissatisfied with their new rulers, the Boer pioneers, or

86. War-Ravaged Burundi Flooded With Foreign Weapons documents and the cover of humanitarian cargo to penetrate the regional embargo,Human of the Tanzanian and Ugandan armies has helped the arms flow to burundi. http://www.hartford-hwp.com/archives/35/043.html

Documents menu Sender: owner-imap@webmap.missouri.edu Date: Thu, 11 Dec 97 16:58:18 CST From: rich%pencil@VMA.CC.ND.EDU (Rich Winkel) Organization: PACH Subject: War-Ravaged Burundi Flooded with Foreign Weapons Article: 23837 To: BROWNH@CCSUA.CTSTATEU.EDU /** disarm.armstra: 1546.0 **/ ** Topic: (Burundi) Africa-Arms: War-Ravaged Burundi Flooded with Foreign We ** ** Written 10:47 AM Dec 10, 1997 by disenber@cdi.org in cdp:disarm.armstra ** For personal, noncommercial use only. http://customnews.cnn.com/cnews/pna.show_story?p_art_id=1819856fp_section_name =Worldfp_art_type=154338fp_subcat=Burundifp_category=Africa War-Ravaged Burundi Flooded with Foreign Weapons Inter Press Service 9 December 1997 WASHINGTON, (Dec. 8) IPS - International arms dealers are flooding Burundi with weapons, despite an embargo against the war-wracked Central African nation where tens of thousands of innocent non-combatants have died in recent years, according to a new report released here today. Although Burundi's neighbors imposed the sweeping trade embargo against the nation's military leadership last year, countries in the region are permitting their territories to be used to ship arms into the conflict, says Human Rights Watch. The New York-based watch group, in its report 'Stoking the Fires' calls on the international community to impose an immediate arms embargo against both the Tutsi-led government and the Hutu insurgency and to deploy monitors to the region to ensure that weapons are not getting through.

87. Official Webpage Of The Permanent Mission Of Pakistan To The United Nations, New 5. The objective of the international community in both burundi and the DRC mustremain the 6. The recent tragic history of the region, has clearly http://www.un.int/pakistan/00homesc120604

Pakistan in the Mission Team Kashmir issue in the Security Council Previous Statements Permanent Representative ... Press Releases Statement by Mr.Masood Khalid, Deputy Permanent Representative of Pakistan to the United Nations in the Security Council meeting on the Central African Region , (17 February, 2004) Mr. President, I wish to thank Assistant Secretary General Kalomoh for presenting the Secretary General’s progress report on the implementation of the recommendations of the Security Council Mission to Central Africa. 2. Since the Security Council Mission visited Central Africa, a number of positive developments have taken place – including the improvement of the political and security situation in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) and progress in the implementation of the Arusha Accords in Burundi with the participation of the CNDD-FDD in the Transitional Government of Burundi. There has also been an improvement in the relations of the countries of the region with the explicit desire of many of its leaders to move towards peace and reconciliation. 3. While we welcome these positive developments we must also be aware that much more needs to be done to consolidate peace in the region. We condemn the brutal kill of a Kenyan Military Observer last week and hope that the perpetrators of this crime will be brought to justice In the DRC, more progress is still required in the areas of security sector reform and the rule of law as well as the function of interim administrations – particularly in Ituri.

88. Population Index - Volume 56 - Number 1 Explorations in Economic history, Vol the turn of the twentieth century, the regionsurrounding the of the centralized kingdoms of Buganda, burundi, and Rwanda http://popindex.princeton.edu/browse/v56/n1/i.html

Volume 56 - Number 1 - Spring 1990 I. Historical Demography and Demographic History Studies dealing with the demographic events of any given period from the early historical to the modern, defined as being World War I. I.1. General Historical Demography Comprehensive surveys, notes of sources, and items on the state of research. Particularly concerned with the period before modern vital registration was introduced and censuses were taken. Historical items that primarily pertain to one specific demographic variable are classified first under the specific heading and then cross-referenced to this heading. Cordell, Dennis D.; Gregory, Joel W. Earlier African historical demographies. Canadian Journal of African Studies/Revue Canadienne des Etudes Africaines, Vol. 23, No. 1, 1989. 5-27 pp. Toronto, Canada. In Eng. with sum. in Fre. This article is an attempt to synthesize the papers contributed to the Second International Congress of the Society for Historical Demography and a workshop on African historical demography held in Paris, France, in June 1987. The main themes being pursued by researchers in African historical demography are identified, sources of data are described, and some methods of data analysis are outlined. Correspondence: D. D. Cordell, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, TX 75275.

89. Progress Toward Poliomyelitis Eradication -- African Region, 1997 OPV3 AFP rate polio cases Region/Country coverage 96% 96% 0.820 Eastern burundi 63% NR regardless of previous vaccination history, with an http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/00051777.htm

Progress Toward Poliomyelitis Eradication African Region, 1997 In 1988, the World Health Assembly established the goal of eradicating poliomyelitis worldwide by 2000 (1). To achieve this goal, the World Health Organization (WHO) promotes the implementation of specific strategies (2,3). Eradicating polio from the African continent is one of the remaining major challenges to achieving global eradication by the target date. This report summarizes progress in the African Region of WHO in 1997 with the implementation of polio eradication strategies, and suggests that polio eradication by 2000 remains a feasible target. During 1997 and the first quarter of 1998, a total of 36 countries in the region conducted National Immunization Days (NIDs) * ( ). These were the first NIDs for seven countries (Burundi, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Madagascar, Mali, Niger, and Senegal). Because of political instability, NIDs could not be conducted in Liberia, Republic of Congo, and Sierra Leone. Vaccination coverage was reported at greater than or equal to 80% for both rounds in all countries except Central African Republic (81% and 73%), Gabon (78% and 82%), Kenya (76% and 80%), Lesotho (67% and 65%), Mozambique (65% and 75%), Nigeria (72% and 91%), Rwanda (73%, first round results only), and South Africa (81% and 76%) ( ). DR Congo conducted Subnational Immunization Days (SNIDs) ** in 47 cities (25% of the total population); coverage was greater than 85% for both rounds.

90. Burundi Country Genealogy And Regional Resources - Planet Genealogy Search millions of online records, including census records, all fromone page. burundi Country Genealogy and regional Resources. http://www.genealogytoday.com/genealogy/planet.mv?Location=Burundi&level=Country

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93. African Studies Center | Burundi Page burundi Page. Other OnLine Resources Related to burundi. burundi. The index has been created by The Norwegian Council for Africa, as part of its comprehensive effort to strengthen the knowledge of http://www.sas.upenn.edu/African_Studies/Country_Specific/Burundi.html

Burundi Page Country Map of Burundi U.S. State Department Travel Advisories for Burundi Burundi Embassy in the U.S. World Factbook entry for Burundi Other On-Line Resources Related to Burundi Burundi The index has been created by The Norwegian Council for Africa, as part of its comprehensive effort to strengthen the knowledge of Africa and African affairs. The projects has been developed in cooperation with the information company Gazette, and wit h financial support from the Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Burundi (Karen Fung) Resources represents part of Karen Fung's "Africa South of the Sahara Electronic Guide". It covers: news, history, geography, etc..

94. Burundi News Sites World Newspapers Online, burundi News Sites in English. Search this site. Searchnews source by country. http://www.world-newspapers.com/burundi.html

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95. National Catholic Reporter: A History Scarred By Ethnic Violence - Burundi - Bri Tell a friend Find subscription deals A history scarred by have long been a part ofBurundi society Hutus migrated to the region throughout the first millennium http://articles.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1141/is_16_38/ai_83667076

@import url(/css/us/style.css); @import url(/css/us/searchResult1.css); @import url(/css/us/articles.css); Advanced Search Home Help IN all publications this publication News Automotive Business Computing Entertainment Health News Reference Sports YOU ARE HERE Articles National Catholic Reporter Feb 22, 2002 Content provided in partnership with Print friendly Tell a friend Find subscription deals A history scarred by ethnic violence - Burundi - Brief Article National Catholic Reporter Feb 22, 2002 Divisions between the majority Hutu and minority Tutsi ethnic groups have long been a part of Burundi society. Hutus migrated to the region throughout the first millennium, displacing the Twa, who remain a tiny minority of the population. The Tutsis arrived in the 16th century and, as they had in Rwanda, established themselves as the dominant political and economic power. (However, in contrast to Rwanda, intermarriage has been common between the two groups in Burundi.) In 1899, Burundi came under German East African administration. Then, during World War I, in 1916, Belgium gained control of the territory that encompasses modern-day Rwanda and Burundi. The Belgians administered the area through indirect rule, relying on the Tutsi-dominated royalty, a policy that exacerbated ethnic tensions. Burundi became an independent state on July 1, 1962, and Tutsi King Mwambutsa IV established a constitutional monarchy. In 1966, a military coup led by Capt. Michel Micombero abolished the monarchy and declared a republic. The military government that emerged proclaimed the Tutsi-dominated Unity for National Progress (UPRONA) the only legal political party.

96. Burundi - Countrywatch.com fighting around Bujumbura Published 05/14/04 0505 PM; Women of Great Lakes regionpursue peace building Published 05/14/04 0344 PM; burundi s civil society http://www.countrywatch.com/cw_country.asp?vcountry=29

97. Burundi - Countrywatch.com Key Data. Region Africa. Population 7,396,000 September 2002. Languages Kirundi(Official) French (Official) Swahili. Currency 1 burundi Franc = 100 centimes. http://www.countrywatch.com/cw_country.asp?vCOUNTRY=29

98. The Sound Of Hatred of the Patriot was reportedly run by an opposition group in eastern Congo s SouthKivu region comprising Hutu rebels from Rwanda and burundi, and Congolese http://www.hartford-hwp.com/archives/35/179.html

Documents menu The sound of hatred BBC News Online Monday 21 June 1999 At the end of last year, a radio station calling itself Voice of the Patriot was heard broadcasting in the Bukavu region, in the east of the Democratic Republic of Congo, near the borders with Rwanda and Burundi. The radio, thought to be using a mobile transmitter in the mountains above Bukavu town, issued warnings that Tutsi soldiers from Rwanda and Burundi were coming to massacre local residents. The Tutsi-dominated armies in Rwanda and Burundi blame continuing clashes and deaths on extremists among the Hutu population, which in both countries makes up about 80 per cent of the population as a whole. Relations between the Hutu majority and the Tutsi-led governments in each country are increasingly polarised, and the resulting instability threatens to spill over to the rest of the region. Militant Hutu groups have organised themselves across the borders in Tanzania and the Democratic Republic of Congo, formerly Zaire. Broadcasting in local languages, French and the local version of Swahili, Voice of the Patriot was reportedly run by an opposition group in eastern Congo's South Kivu region comprising Hutu rebels from Rwanda and Burundi, and Congolese opposition factions. At the time of the Rwandan genocide, a radio calling itself Radio Television Libre des Mille Collines became infamous as a result of its broadcasts inciting Hutus to kill Tutsis.

99. National Catholic Reporter: A History Scarred By Ethnic Violence - Burundi - Bri Reporter Feb 22, 2002 Article. A history scarred by have long been a part of Burundisociety. Hutus migrated to the region throughout the first millennium http://www.findarticles.com/cf_0/m1141/16_38/83667076/p1/article.jhtml

@import url(/css/us/style.css); @import url(/css/us/searchResult1.css); @import url(/css/us/articles.css); Advanced Search Home Help IN all publications this publication News Automotive Business Computing Entertainment Health News Reference Sports YOU ARE HERE Articles National Catholic Reporter Feb 22, 2002 Content provided in partnership with Print friendly Tell a friend Find subscription deals A history scarred by ethnic violence - Burundi - Brief Article National Catholic Reporter Feb 22, 2002 Divisions between the majority Hutu and minority Tutsi ethnic groups have long been a part of Burundi society. Hutus migrated to the region throughout the first millennium, displacing the Twa, who remain a tiny minority of the population. The Tutsis arrived in the 16th century and, as they had in Rwanda, established themselves as the dominant political and economic power. (However, in contrast to Rwanda, intermarriage has been common between the two groups in Burundi.) In 1899, Burundi came under German East African administration. Then, during World War I, in 1916, Belgium gained control of the territory that encompasses modern-day Rwanda and Burundi. The Belgians administered the area through indirect rule, relying on the Tutsi-dominated royalty, a policy that exacerbated ethnic tensions. Burundi became an independent state on July 1, 1962, and Tutsi King Mwambutsa IV established a constitutional monarchy. In 1966, a military coup led by Capt. Michel Micombero abolished the monarchy and declared a republic. The military government that emerged proclaimed the Tutsi-dominated Unity for National Progress (UPRONA) the only legal political party.

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