1. Burma: History Burma 40 Years of Repression Burma, once the largest exporter of rice, is now one of the poorest countries in Economic sanctions isolated Burma from the rest of the world. The history of the http://www.rnw.nl/development/html/history020718.html

Bahasa Indonesia Nederlands English Español Português Our stories: Chapters: Burma: 40 Years of Repression By Yvette Turlings, 18 July 2002 Burma, once the largest exporter of rice, is now one of the poorest countries in the world. Years of exploitation and economic mismanagement by its military dictators have brought this fertile and mineral-rich country to the brink of ruin. Economic sanctions isolated Burma from the rest of the world. The history of the Burmese Empire started in 1044 with King Anawratha. From the city of Bagan he ruled over a territory comprising practically all of present-day Burma. At the end of the 19 th century border conflicts with the Raj (the British colonial administration in India) lead to the annexation of Burma by the British. MAIN PLAYERS General Bogyoke Aung San (1915), who won the first free elections in Burma, was killed in 1947. He was extremely popular and is a national hero. General Ne Win staged a coup d'etat in 1962 and replaced the government with a military council. He changed Burma into a socialist state, causing economic misery. deposed in 1988. General Than Shwe is the leader of the SPDC (formerly SLORC), the military junta that rules the country since 1988.

2. Burma History international attention was focused on Burma as the Nobel Peace Prize was awardedto Aung San Suu Kyl; she was released from house arrest in 1995. MORE HISTORY. http://www.nationbynation.com/Burma/History1.html

BACK TO THE FRONT PAGE BASIC INFO. ECONOMY GEOGRAPHY BACK TO THE FRONT PAGE BASIC INFO. ECONOMY GEOGRAPHY ... BURMA Once known as Burma, Myanmar was an independent Buddhist kingdom from the 11th to the 13th centuries, when the country fell to Mongol invaders. One hundred years later, it was a satellite of China. Britain and France vied for Burma, and in the early 1800s, France was in the ascendancy. Britain, however, eventually triumphed and Burma came under the control of the British raj of India. In 1937, Burma became a self-governing protectorate. Burma was the site of heavy fighting between Japanese and Allied forces during World War II. In 1948, the Union of Burma was born. Fourteen years later, a military coup under General Ne Win overthrew the government to establish a repressive, one-party state. The result: the so-called "Burmese path to socialism" which caused economic stagnation and isolation from the international community. Public discontent caused the resignation of Ne Win but it remained difficult to reinstate public order. That September, military rule was restored. In 1991, international attention was focused on Burma as the Nobel Peace Prize was awarded to Aung San Suu Kyl; she was released from house arrest in 1995. MORE HISTORY

3. Burma History 1044 AD, which is considered the Golden Age in Burmese history. It is during thisperiod that Theravada Buddhism first made its appearance in Burma, and the http://www.nationbynation.com/Burma/History2.html

BACK TO THE FRONT PAGE BASIC INFO. ECONOMY GEOGRAPHY ... BURMA Burma was unified by Burman dynasties three times during the past millennium. The first such unification came with the foundation of the Pagan Dynasty in 1044 AD, which is considered the "Golden Age" in Burmese history. It is during this period that Theravada Buddhism first made its appearance in Burma, and the Pagan kings built a massive city with thousands of pagodas and monasteries along the Irrawaddy River. The Pagan Dynasty lasted until 1287 when a Mongol invasion destroyed the city. Ethnic Shan rulers, who established a political center at Ava, filled the ensuing political vacuum for a short time. In the 15th century, the Toungoo Dynasty succeeded again in unifying under Burman rule a large, multi-ethnic kingdom. This dynasty, which lasted from 1486 until 1752, left little cultural legacy, but expanded the kingdom through conquest of the Shans. Internal power struggles, and the cost of protracted warfare, led to the eventual decline of the Toungoo. The final Burman royal dynasty, the Konbaung, was established in 1752 under the rule of King Alaungpaya. Like the Toungoo Kings, the Konbaung rulers focused on warfare and conquest. Wars were fought with the ethnic Mons and Arkanese, and with the Siamese. The Burmese sacked the Siamese capital of Ayuthaya in 1767. This period also saw four invasions by the Chinese and three devastating wars with the British.

4. Burma History Brief History of Burma By Thomas R. Lansner. Traditional kingshipsand other local governments that evolved among Burma s peoples http://journalism.berkeley.edu/projects/burma/history.html

Brief History of Burma By Thomas R. Lansner T raditional kingships and other local governments that evolved among Burma's peoples over many centuries were largely stripped of their authority after Britain's 19th century conquest of Burma. Colonial administration continued with limited local self-government until the Union of Burma achieved independence in 1948. The new state came into being as a parliamentary democracy and, although beset by ethnic strife as minority peoples demanded autonomy from the Burman majority, survived as a representative government until an army coup in 1962. A military-dominated regime led by the Burma Socialist Programme Party (BSPP) held power for the next 26 years. There were no free elections, and freedom of expression and association were almost entirely denied. Resistance to the regime occasionally flared, and student and worker demonstrations in the 1960s and 1970s were brutally crushed. Torture, political imprisonment, and other human rights abuses were common. Throughout this period, costly guerrilla wars with ethnic opposition groups along the country's frontiers continued. Under the BSPP's isolationist "Burmese Way to Socialism," the country's economy steadily deteriorated, and by mid-1988, rice shortages and popular discontent reached crisis proportions. The police slaying of a student sparked demonstrations by university students that were soon joined by monks, civil servants, workers, and even policemen and soldiers in cities and towns all over Burma. On the eighth of August - "8-8-88''- hundreds of thousands of people nationwide marched to demand the BSPP regime be replaced by an elected civilian government. Soldiers fired on crowds of unarmed protesters, killing thousands.

5. Burma History Page Two Brief History of Burma continued. To most observers surprise, a freevote did take place on 27 May 1990. Of 485 parliamentary seats http://journalism.berkeley.edu/projects/burma/history2.html

Brief History of Burma continued To most observers' surprise, a free vote did take place on 27 May 1990. Of 485 parliamentary seats contested, the NLD won 392 (over 80%). Ethnic minority parties opposed to the SLORC won 65 more seats. The army-front NUP won only ten seats, a resounding rejection of military rule that demonstrated not only the depth of the Burmese peoples' alienation from the military regime, but also the failure of the generals to recognize their own unpopularity. After six years of house arrest, during which she was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize, Aung San Suu Kyi was released in July 1995. Early in 2001, she is again under de facto house arrest after repeatedly being blocked from visiting NLD supporters outside Rangoon. She continues to defy military intimidation and military decrees by speaking out against the dictatorship. In late 2000, junta generals and NLD leaders began the first substantive discussions in over a decade. While welcomed by all sides, their progress is uncertain. Burma's struggle for democracy, sadly, is far from over. Thomas R. Lansner

6. Burma History And Geography Country name conventional long form Union of Burma conventional short formBurma local long form Pyidaungzu Myanma Naingngandaw (translated by the US http://www.worldhistory.com/geos/bm.htm

[Country Listing] The World Factbook Home] Burma Burma Introduction [Top of Page] Background: Despite multiparty elections in 1990 that resulted in the main opposition party winning a decisive victory, the military junta ruling the country refused to hand over power. Key opposition leader and Nobel Peace Prize recipient AUNG San Suu Kyi, under house arrest from 1989 to 1995, continues to have her activities restricted; her supporters are routinely harassed or jailed. Geography [Top of Page] Location: Southeastern Asia, bordering the Andaman Sea and the Bay of Bengal, between Bangladesh and Thailand Geographic coordinates: 22 00 N, 98 00 E Map references: Southeast Asia Area: total: 678,500 sq km land: 657,740 sq km water: 20,760 sq km Area - comparative: slightly smaller than Texas Land boundaries: total: 5,876 km border countries: Bangladesh 193 km, China 2,185 km, India 1,463 km, Laos 235 km, Thailand 1,800 km Coastline: 1,930 km Maritime claims: contiguous zone: 24 nm continental shelf: 200 nm or to the edge of the continental margin exclusive economic zone: 200 nm territorial sea: 12 nm Climate: tropical monsoon; cloudy, rainy, hot, humid summers (southwest monsoon, June to September); less cloudy, scant rainfall, mild temperatures, lower humidity during winter (northeast monsoon, December to April)

7. Myanmar-Burma: History You are here History. MyanmarBurma. Inscriptions dating from the 6th centuryBC testify to the very early establishment of advanced civilizations in Burma. http://gbgm-umc.org/country_profiles/country_history.cfm?Id=98

8. NCBuy: Burma History - Country Reference History background report for Burma. part of the Countries of the World ReferenceCenter profile for Burma. Country List ». Backgrounds burma history. http://www.ncbuy.com/reference/country/backgrounds.html?code=bm&sec=backhistory

9. Sacred Cats Of Burma History Page 3 Early history of the Sacred Cats of Burma written by Silkencats Birmansof North Carolina. Early Birmans in England. The Birman first http://www.geocities.com/silkencats/history3.htm

Early Birmans in England The Birman first arrived in England in 1965. Birmans were imported into England by Mrs. Elsie Fisher, an established Siamese breeder, together with Mrs. Margaret Richards. They had first seen The Sacred Cats of Burma while visiting the Paris Cat Show. Initially, the ladies worked together under the cattery prefix, "Paranjoti." They imported a seal point male, Ch Nouky De Mon Reve, owned by Madame Poirier (bred by Madame Grenet). The ladies also imported two blue point females, Ch Osaka De Lugh, bred by Madame Droisier of Paris, and Orlamonde De Khlaramour, bred by Madame Moulin of Nice, France. The male went to live with Mrs. Richards, while the females went to live with Mrs. Fisher. Osaka, having the best markings and eye color, did well in the showhall and quickly became a Champion. Orlamonde turned out to be the better mother, however, and in July of 1966, the first Birman litter born in England was born to Nouky and Orlamonde. There were five males (four blue point and one seal point) and three females, all seal points. Mrs. Richards kept one female, Paranjoti Isolde, and Mrs. Fisher kept another female, Paranjoti Chimea. Subsequently, two more males were imported, a seal point, Ch Pipo Du Clos Fleuri (bred by Madame Surcel of France) and a blue point, Ghandi Von Assindia bred by Frau Annaliese Hackmann of Germany. The partnership between Mrs. Fisher and Mrs. Richards was discontinued at this time, and Mrs. Fisher reverted to her cattery prefix, "Praha." These early imports formed the foundation of Praha Birmans, and the contributions made by Elsie Fisher to the development of the Birman breed are immeasurable.

10. Burma History Results From Gezia.org Find accommodations in Yangon, Burma.......burma history. Updated 2004May-01 144102. burma history results listed belowclick.atdmt.com http://burma.gezia.org/burma-history.html

burma history Updated 2004-May-20 14:41:02 burma history results listed below: Results for burma history prepared. Click here to continue world war ii + china burma india theater + ray dunn burma meditation burma map ... slim burma These searches may be useful as well

11. Myanmar Historical Timeline - Myanmar (Burma) Myanmars.Net Myanmar (burma) / history http://www.myanmars.net/history

myanmar s .net HOME french deutch italiano ... stamps FREE tour information FREE CD travel whitepages wonders ... Trainees Myanmar History It would be best to describe Myanmar's history in a timeline format, comparing with the events of the world as below. Historical Timeline Important Events in Myanmar Important Events in the World 3.9 billion years ago Oldest rocks of the earth. Precambrian time Pondaung Man , the earliest primates known today, resided in Pondaung, northern Myanmar. Other traces of early human settlements are also found. 40 Million years ago 1 Million years ago Traces of Java Man, Indonesia years ago Peking Man, China years ago Lantian man, China BC 3300 Writing developed in Sumeria BC 3100 Egypt united Birth of Greece BC 2500 Begining of Indus Valley civilization BC 2590 Great pyramid of Giza built Hanlin Pyu City State, Beikthano (Vishnu) Pyu City State, Thuwunna Bonmi (Ramanya) City State came into existance BC 2000 BC 1500 Jewish religion emerges BC 1220 Olmec civilization rises in Mexico BC 800 Etruscan culture rises in Italy BC 750 Sparta rises as military power Tharay Kittarar (Srikittra) Pyu City State founded.

12. The History Of Burma's Jade Mines The history burma's famous jade (jadeite) mines at Hpakan and Tawmaw, with information on jade trading and cutting The history of burmas jade mines in the West is a brief one westerners have http://www.ruby-sapphire.com/burma-jade-mines.htm

RUBY-SAPPHIRE.COM Home The Book Articles The Book Table of Contents Order Form Reviews Author's Bio Other Site Map Gem Books RWH Bibliography Merci ... Links subscribe to our e-bulletins: name e-mail address easy text search Jade, a shade of pain, and then you die. Seal, Deep Water Occidental accounts of the mines make their first appearance in 1837. Although in 1836, Captain Hannay obtained specimens of jadeite at Mogaung during his visit to the Assam frontier (Hannay, 1837), Dr. William Griffith (1847) was the first European to actually visit the mines, in 1837 (Griffith, 1847). The following is his account (all words in brackets are those of the present author): April 4th. April 5th. lesser W. Griffith, 1847 Journals of Travels in Assam, Burma, Bootan, Afghanistan, and the Neighbouring Countries Travels, He belonged to the Chinese Consular Service, spoke Chinese well, and understood that difficult people as well as an Englishman can. He was on most friendly terms with the Chinese in Burma, and could trust himself to them without fear.

13. India-Burma Introduction. World War II was the largest and most violent armed conflict in the history of mankind. However, the half century that now separates us from that conflict has exacted its toll on our collective knowledge. on the Chinaburma-India theater in the Army's official history of World War http://www.army.mil/cmh-pg/brochures/indiaburma/indiaburma.htm

Introduction World War II was the largest and most violent armed conflict in the history of mankind. However, the half century that now separates us from that conflict has exacted its toll on our collective knowledge. While World War II continues to absorb the interest of military scholars and historians, as well as its veterans, a generation of Americans has grown to maturity largely unaware of the political, social, and military implications of a war that, more than any other, united us as a people with a common purpose. Highly relevant today, World War II has much to teach us, not only about the profession of arms, but also about military preparedness, global strategy, and combined operations in the coalition war against fascism. During the next several years, the U.S. Army will participate in the nation's 50th anniversary commemoration of World War II. The commemoration will include the publication of various materials to help educate Americans about that war. The works produced will provide great opportunities to learn about and renew pride in an Army that fought so magnificently in what has been called "the mighty endeavor." World War II was waged on land, on sea, and in the air over several diverse theaters of operation for approximately six years. The following essay is one of a series of campaign studies highlighting those struggles that, with their accompanying suggestions for further reading, are designed to introduce you to one of the Army's significant military feats from that war.

14. Modern History Sourcebook: British Government Statement: Policy In Burma, May 19 Modern history Sourcebook British Government Statement Policy In burma, May 1945. The considered policy of His Majesty's Government of promoting full self government in burma has frequently been http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1945-burma-ukpolicy.html

Back to Modern History SourceBook Modern History Sourcebook: British Government Statement: Policy In Burma, May 1945 The considered policy of His Majesty's Government of promoting full self -government in Burma has frequently been declared. It Is and has consistently been our aim to assist her political development till she can sustain the responsibilities of complete self-government within the British Commonwealth and consequently attain a status equal to that of the Dominions and of this country. 2. Inevitably Burma's progress towards full self -government has been interrupted and set back by, the Japanese invasion and the long interval of enemy occupation and active warfare in her territories, during which she has suffered grave damage not only in the form of material destruction but in a shattering of the foundations of her economic and social life. It is, of course, upon these foundations that a political structure rests, and until the foundations are once' again firm the political institutions which were in operation before the Japanese invasion cannot be restored. . . . 4. . . . It is the intention of His Majesty's Government that when conditions are sufficiently restored to make it possible to hold an election and terminate the operation of Section 139, the normal provisions of the Act (unless amended by the incorporation of temporary provisions which had been found to commend themselves to Burmans) will re-enter into force. A General Election could then be held, and a Legislature formed with the same degree of authority, over the same range of matters as it enjoyed before the Japanese invasion.

15. [Ganoksin] Jewelry Making - Burma's Jade Mines - An Annotated Occidental History The history of Burmas jade mines in the West is a brief one. While hundreds of different reports, articles and even books exist on the famous ruby deposits of Mogok, only a handful of have ever http://www.ganoksin.com/borisat/nenam/burma_jade_mines.htm

The Gem and Jewelry World's foremost Resource on The Internet. Site Map Orchid Forums Archives Jewelry Making Articles ... Gemstones Information Jade, a shade of pain, and then you die. Seal, Deep Water T he history of Burma’s jade mines in the West is a brief one. While hundreds of different reports, articles and even books exist on the famous ruby deposits of Mogok, only a handful of westerners have ever made the journey to northern Burma’s remote jade mines and wrote down their findings. Occidental accounts of the mines make their first appearance in 1837. Although in 1836, Captain Hannay obtained specimens of jadeite at Mogaung during his visit to the Assam frontier (Hannay, 1837), Dr. W.Griffiths (1847) was the first European to actually visit the mines, in 1837 (Griffiths, 1847). The following is his account, as given in Scott and Hardiman (1900–1901): These celebrated serpentine mines occupy a valley of somewhat circular form, and bounded on all sides by thickly wooded hills of no great height. To the north the valley passes off into a ravine, down which a small streamlet that drains the valley escapes, and along this at a distance of two or three miles another spot of ground affording serpentine is said to occur. The valley is small; its greatest diameter, which is from east to west, being about three quarters of a mile, and its smallest breadth from four hundred and sixty to six hundred or seven hundred yards.

16. Modern History Sourcebook: U Nu: Burma Looks Ahead, 1951 Modern history Sourcebook U Nu burma Looks Ahead, 1951. THE TASK BEFORE US. Convocation Address by Prime Minister U Nu of burma at the University of Rangoon, December 22, 1951 The history of burma from the beginning at Tagaung of Abhiraja to the end of Thibaw's reign has been a history http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1951Nu-burma1.html

Back to Modern History SourceBook Modern History Sourcebook: U Nu: Burma Looks Ahead, 1951 THE TASK BEFORE US Convocation Address by Prime Minister U Nu of Burma at the University of Rangoon, December 22, 1951 Today I am to confer degrees to the candidates who have succeeded in the University examination. But I want to do more than that. I want to confer a charge to all students, not only to the students here assembled, but to all students all over Burma. This charge is none other than to bring about in this country of ours a state of affairs which will no longer be fluid and unstable like the surface of the sea but as firm as terra firma. Before I expatiate on the magnitude of this charge let me go a little into the past history of our Union of Burma. Then only you will realize- (1) how badly dilapidated this Union of Burma is, (2) why she is so dilapidated, (3) and how much hard work lies ahead of us to build her up again. The history of Burma from the beginning at Tagaung of Abhiraja to the end of Thibaw's reign has been a history of kings and kingdoms. As you know, kings were not elected by the people but derived their power from their own might and succession, so that, apart from such great kings as Anawrahta, Bayinnaung, Alaungpaya and Mindonmin, most kings had very little to do with the mass of the people. They seldom bothered themselves about the five main pillars of Health, Education, Morals, Economics and National Solidarity which must support a nation. It was the people themselves who had to build and tend these pillars as far as they were able throughout the course of history. Thus throughout the course of history these five pillars had never been well and truly set up. After Thibaw, there were the British rulers. They too were not elected by the people. They were here not to bother about the five pillars but to exploit our country of rice, timber, oil and minerals. . . .

17. The Burma Campaign history of FF7, BFF. Photo of Rolls Royce armoured cars used by the BAF. War diaries and photos of Rangoon Battalion, burma Auxiliary Force. burma in her history and the http://www.orders-of-battle-research.co.uk/burmaweb

The Burma Campaign What's New Burmese Battleground Burma Army 1937-1942 Campaign Outline ... Book Store Site Guide Burma Campaign-Home What's New Burmese Battleground Burma Army 1937-4 ... The British Armies in World War Two - direct from the publisher These pages contain order of battle information for the Burma Campaign, 1941-1945, historical details and other items of interest. What's New updated 19 April 2003 A Short History of FF7, BFF Photo of Rolls Royce armoured cars used by the BAF War diaries and photos of Rangoon Battalion, Burma Auxiliary Force Burma Military Police ... BRVC Update - The Burma Railway Volunteer Corps - click here The Burma Campaign - Introduction The British Armies in World War Two - direct from the publisher The campaign was the longest fought by the British in the Second World War. In December 1941 it began, for the British, with disaster, retreat and irreversible loss of face in front of the subject population. It ended, in August 1945, in triumph with the total defeat of the occupying Japanese army. Why was the campaign fought? Allied aims were to keep open an overland supply route to the Chinese, thus pinning down a large Japanese army, and to re-conquer a part of the British Empire. However by the time the Burma road had been reopened and extended the war was nearly over and aircraft had taken over, carrying more supplies over the "Hump" than could be carried by land. Furthermore, once reconquered, Burma soon became independent and within three years had left the British Commonwealth, being the first country to do so.

18. World History Archives: History Of Myanmar (Burma) history of Myanmar (burma). Retrospective history of Myanmar (burma).Lu Shai British Expedition (c. 1889) By Geoff Wade, 6 January 1999. http://www.hartford-hwp.com/archives/54/index-b.html

History of Myanmar (Burma) Hartford Web Publishing is not the author of the documents in World History Archives History of Southeast Asia in general Political history of Myanmar (Burma) Economic and environmental history of Myanmar (Burma) ... Social history of Myanmar (Burma) Retrospective history of Myanmar (Burma) Lu Shai British Expedition (c. 1889) By Geoff Wade, 6 January 1999. British incursion at the expense of the Shan peoples of the the Chin Hills area. The Statement of National League for Democracy-Liberated Area (Youth) on the occasion of 10th Anniversary of 8-8-88 Democratic Uprising 6 August 1998. 8-8-88 marks the abortive national bourgeois revolution in Burma. Culture history of Myanmar (Burma) Statement Regrding Recent Demonstrations in Burma By the Muslim Liberation Organization of Burma, in The BurmaNet News, 24 March 1997. The struggle of Buddhist monks against SLORC, and the SLORC fabrication of Buddhist-Moslem tension. Restoring Burma to Health Saritdet Marukatat, in

19. World History Archives: The Political History Of Myanmar (Burma) The political history of Myanmar (burma). Hartford Web Publishing copyright.The history of Myanmar (burma) in general Documents related http://www.hartford-hwp.com/archives/54/index-ba.html

The political history of Myanmar (Burma) Hartford Web Publishing is not the author of the documents in World History Archives The history of Myanmar (Burma) in general Documents related to opposition leader Aung San Suu Kyi The history of the Mon State (Monland) The history of the Shan State The history of the Karen State (Kawthoolei) and NKU The Hunting of the Slorc By David Arnott, Burma Peace Foundation, posted by BurmaNet. June 1993 and update of March 1994. The basic character of SLORC and whether constructive engagement works. Ethnic Minorities Under Attack Merry Winslow, Letters to the editor of M.A.P. 7 February, 1995. Suggests SLORC's attack on ethnic minorities along the Thai border, such as the Karen, is to clear way for a gas pipeline. Maung Aung arrived Yangon [Rangoon] on 7.2.95 Myanmar News Agency (SLORC). Brief news report of SLORC's allowing Maung Aung, anti-government activist and President of the Alliance for Democratic Solidarity, Union of Burma (ASDB), to visit his ailing father, former premier U Nu. Welcomes statement to Mr. Suthin's consideration on Thai policy towards Rangoon

20. Online Burma Library > Main Library > History Reading Room burma Press Summary. Home Main Library history Regional/Border history. burmaBangladesh history. Burmese-Chinese history http://www.burmalibrary.org/show.php?cat=10&lo=d&sl=0

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