41. WWW-VL History Index: Bulgaria WWWVL history Index site providing links for Bosnia WWW-VL history bulgaria. Click here for Rulers of bulgaria. history of the City of Plovdiv http://www.ukans.edu/history/VL/europe/bulgaria.html

WWW-VL: HISTORY: BULGARIA Click here for The World-Wide Web Virtual Library (WWW-VL) central catalogue The WWW-VL search facility. Click Here to access the Mirror at Florence, Italy Click Here to access the Mirror at Lawrence, Kansas, USA Maps Map Collection Relief Political Geographic Information System (GIS) of Bulgaria Gazetteers Location of Cities and Towns Language Bulgarian-English-Bulgarian Dictionary [requires Bulgarian fonts] Rechnik's Bulgarian-English-Bulgarian Dictionary [provides Cyrillic encoding facilities] Download Cyrillic Fonts Newspapers Capital [English Version Available] Ghost Forest , by Zlatko Enev [a multi-media site, centering on the downloadable (50Mb) audio-book of the children's book The Ghost Forest in Bulgarian. Bibliography Bulgaria Internet Resources Bulgaria on the Internet The Bulgarian Universe A Reader's Guide to Bulgaria , by John Bell Travel-Bulgaria Biography Bulgaria.com Who is Who His Majesty King Boris III of Bulgaria, the King Unifier and Saviour of the Bulgarian Jews Vassil Levsky (1837-1873) 1 Vassil Levsky 2 ... Vassil Levsky 3 Universities Sofia University "St. Kliment Ohridski"

42. Bulgaria - A Brief History Outline bulgaria a brief history outline. Dimiter Markovski. C O N T E N T S. Intorduction. The Year 681. The Thracians. The Slavs. The Protobulgarian ethnos. bulgaria's relation with Byzantium. Under ottoman domination. The bulgarian national revival http://www.digsys.bg/books/history

B ulgaria a brief history outline Dimiter Markovski C O N T E N T S Intorduction The Year 681 The Thracians The Slavs ... The ninth of September, 1944

43. The National Museum Of History - Sofia, Bulgaria The largest archaeological and historical archive on the Balkans. Virtual tour of museum galleries, fullysearchable exhibits database, souvenier shop section. http://www.historymuseum.org/

The National Museum of History - Sofia, Bulgaria - The largest archaeological and historical archive on the Balkans. Virtual tour of museum galleries, fully-searchable exhibits database, souvenier shop section.

44. Jewish History Of Bulgaria Jewish history of bulgaria. Ancient Period. Byzantine and Bulgar Rule. Turkish Rule. Independent bulgaria. PreWorld War II http://www.heritagefilms.com/BULGARIA.html

Jewish History of Bulgaria Ancient Period Byzantine and Bulgar Rule Turkish Rule Independent Bulgaria ... In the 1980 and 1990s BULGARIA, East Balkan republic located along the Black Sea. top Ancient Period Embassy to Gaius , par. 281). A late-second century Latin inscription found at the village of Gigen on the shore of the Danube (near Nikopol, the site of the ancient Roman settlement Oescus) bearing a menorah testifies to the existence of a Jewish community. The Latin inscription mentions the archisynagogos Joseph. Theodosius I's decree to the governors of Thrace and Illyria in 379 shows that Jews were persecuted in these areas and synagogues destroyed. top Byzantine and Bulgar Rule Sh and Ts . It is believed that Cyril made his translations of parts of the Bible from the Hebrew original. The largest part of the Bulgarian Jewish community before the 15th century belonged to the Byzantine (Romaniot) Jewish rite. Only a minority spoke Bulgarian. The Romaniots had their own special prayer book, which eventually was replaced by the Sephardi prayer book. They regarded the sending of gifts from the groom to the bride as part of the marriage ceremony, and if the bride did not later marry the sender of the gifts, she had, in their opinion, to receive a divorce (get) Massa Melekh Many Jews went to Bulgaria from Hungary after the expulsion of 1376. These Hungarian Jews kept their own particular customs, but later adopted the customs of the other Ashkenazim, and eventually all of them adopted Sephardi customs and spoke Ladino. A famous contemporary sage was Rabbi Shalom Ashkenazi of Neustadt, who founded a yeshivah at Vidin. His pupil Rabbi Dosa the Greek wrote in 1430

45. History Detailed The 1930’s were a period of stable economic development in the country’s modernhistory. On the whole, bulgaria s military involvement in World War II http://www.omda.bg/engl/history/common_hist.htm

46. Bulgaria.com - History Of Bulgaria history OF bulgaria ( 681 1944) RULERS OF bulgaria - bulgaria.COM. 2116 Walsh Avenue http://www.bulgaria.com/history

HISTORY OF BULGARIA RULERS OF BULGARIA BULGARIA.COM 2116 Walsh Avenue Suite C6 Santa Clara, CA 95050 USA Phone: (408)406-6811 FAX (408)378-7219 E-Mail: info@bulgaria.com Send mail to webmaster@bulgaria.com with questions or comments about this web site. Last modified: February 10, 1998

47. Wonderland Bulgaria Offers information from and about the country includes land, population, history, ethnography, folklore, and cuisine. http://www.omda.bg/indexa.htm

48. Bulgaria.com - Rulers Of Bullgaria 681-1996 Extract from the book Rulers of bulgaria . Text by Profesor Hadjitanev. Publishedby Kibea Publishing Company, Sofia, bulgaria. , . bulgaria.COM http://www.bulgaria.com/history/rulers/

Khan Kubrat (632-651) Khan Asparoukh (681-700) Khan Tarvel (700-721) Khan Kardam (777-803) ... Zhelyu Zhelev 1990 - 1996 Extract from the book "Rulers of Bulgaria" Text by Profesor Milcho Lalkov, Ph.D. Design by Krassimira Despotova Illustrations by Tekla Alexieva, Buyan Filchev and Hristo Hadjitanev Published by Kibea Publishing Company, Sofia, Bulgaria BULGARIA.COM 2116 Walsh Avenue Suite C6 Santa Clara, CA 95050 Phone: 1(408)406-6811 FAX 1(408)748-0596 E-Mail: info@bulgaria.com Send mail to webmaster@bulgaria.com with questions or comments about this web site.

49. Roman And Late Antique Archaeology In Bulgaria A brief history of archaeological research in bulgaria by Lyudmil F. Vagalinski. http://www.nipissingu.ca/department/history/muhlberger/orb/bulgbib.htm

ROMAN AND LATE ANTIQUE ARCHAEOLOGY IN BULGARIA With a brief history of archaeological research in Bulgaria by Dr. Lyudmil F. VAGALINSKI Institute of Archaeology and Museum, Dept. "Antique Archaeology", 2 Saborna St., BG-1000 Sofia e-mail: LVagalin@mail.techno-link.com Fax/Tel.: +359 2/659 688 http://www.techno-link.com/clients/lvagalin/index.html (Archaeologia Bulgarica) Last updated: 13.2.2000 Go directly to section 4, Select Bibliography Online Bibliographies of Late Antiquity 1. Territorial range: present Republic of Bulgaria. 2. Chronological frames: 1st - 6th centuries. 3. History of the investigations: 3.1. From 1396 to 1878 Bulgaria was part of the Ottoman Empire. In this long period it was foreign scholars, travelers and diplomats who mainly provided data for monuments from the time of the Principate (1st-3rd c. AD) and the Dominate (4th-6th c. AD) on the Bulgarian lands. Count L. Marsigli (1658-1729) from Bologna is among the most notable. His study Danubius Pannonico-mysicus was published in 1726 in Amsterdam. Its second volume was related to the ancient monuments and marked in fact the beginning of the scientific archaeological studies in Bulgaria. 3.2. From the Liberation to the World War I

50. REPUBLIC OF BULGARIA - COUNCIL OF MINISTERS history and Culture. The territory of bulgaria has been inhabited sincethe earliest historical times the Stone Age and the Chalcolithic Age. http://www.government.bg/English/Bulgaria/History/

Tuesday, 8 June 2004 00:41 Back Print History and Culture The territory of Bulgaria has been inhabited since the earliest historical times: the Stone Age and the Chalcolithic Age. Archaeological discoveries from that time have been made near Karlovo, in the region of the towns of Nova Zagora, Veliko Turnovo, Vidin, Sofia, Teteven, Troyan and in the Rhodope Mountains. The oldest gold treasure in the world, discovered near Varna, is dated to that time. During the Bronze Age the present-day Bulgarian lands were inhabited by the Thracians, mentioned for the first time by Homer. They were engaged in agriculture and stockbreeding, and left evidence of a rich culture (the Vulchitrun gold treasure). The first Thracian state unions emerged in the 11th-6th centuries BC, which flourished in the 7th-6th centuries BC. In the 1st century BC their lands were conquered by Rome, and after the 5th century AD they were incorporated in the Byzantine Empire. The Thracians were later gradually assimilated by the Slavs who settled in the Balkan Peninsula in the 6th century AD. In the second half of the 7th century, the Proto-Bulgarians - an ethnic community of Turkic origin - settled on the territory of the present-day Northeastern Bulgaria. In alliance with the Slavs they formed the Bulgarian State, which was recognised by the Byzantine Empire in 681 AD. Khan Asparouh stood at the head of that state and Pliska was made its capital.

51. REPUBLIC OF BULGARIA - COUNCIL OF MINISTERS Apart from its being situated on crossroads, bulgaria is also known for its aboutthe country the state structure, the economy, the history and the national http://www.government.bg/English/Bulgaria/

Tuesday, 8 June 2004 00:41 Back Print Bulgaria is situated in the south - east part of Europe, and in the eastern part of the Balkan Peninsular. For centuries, the roads passing through the territory of the country have been connecting Europe with Asia and Africa. Four common European transport corridors, connecting West and North Europe with the eastern and southern part of the continent cross their roads here. Apart from its being situated on crossroads, Bulgaria is also known for its picturesque nature. In spite of its relatively small territory (110 912 km2), the country has various landscape. The scenery changes subsequently from vast plains, to hilly areas and high mountains. Large beaches and beautiful rocky shores stretch out along the Black sea coast. On this page, you will find general information about the country: the state structure, the economy, the history and the national symbols. Top Back Print

52. Library Of Congress / Federal Research Division / Country Studies / Area Handboo Informative introduction to the country and its people; includes sections on government, history, society and culture. http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/bgtoc.html

BULGARIA - A Country Study Search Bulgaria Include word variants Use only words as entered. BULGARIA Foreword Acknowledgments Preface ... Glossary

53. The Infography About Bulgaria -- History Sources recommended by a professor whose research specialty is the historyof bulgaria. Search The Infography bulgaria history. http://www.infography.com/content/512228561338.html

Search The Infography: Bulgaria History The following sources are recommended by a professor whose research specialty is the history of Bulgaria. Six Superlative Sources Bell, John D. Peasants in Power: Alexander Stamboliski and the Bulgarian Agrarian National Union, 1899-1923. Princeton University Press, 1977. Black, Cyril Edwin. The Establishment of Constitutional Government in Bulgaria. Princeton University Press, 1943. Crampton, R.J. Bulgaria, 1878-1918: A History. East European Monographs. Distributed by Columbia University Press, 1983. Sanders, Irwin Taylor. Balkan Village. University of Kentucky Press, 1970. Stoyanoff, Zachary. Pages from the Autobiography of a Bulgarian Insurgent. E. Arnold, 1913. Vazov, Ivan Minchov. Under the Yoke. Twayne Publishers, 1971. Other Excellent Sources BOOKS IN ENGLISH Boll, Michael M. Cold War in the Balkans: American Foreign Policy and the Emergence of Communist Bulgaria, 1943-1947. University Press of Kentucky, 1984. Chary, Frederick B. The Bulgarian Jews and the Final Solution, 1940-1944. University of Pittsburgh Press, 1972. Crampton, R.J. A Concise History of Bulgaria. Cambridge University Press, 1997.

54. Discover-Bulgaria.com :: Bulgaria :: History Information about traveling in bulgaria. history, culture, events, travel ideas,adventure, weather, maps, accommodition, online reservations, tips and tricks. http://www.discover-bulgaria.com/bul_history.aspx

Choose Activity All Activities Active Travel History and Culture Nature Arts Food and Wine Luxury travel Corporate travel Choose your place here All Places Black Sea Winter resorts Mountains Parks and Preserves Towns and Cities Architectural Reserves Eco villages Monasteries SPA Resorts Outside-Bulgaria Bulgaria Insight Articles Bulgaria Picture Gallery Forum Products Useful Info BULGARIA INSIGHT General info How to get there Facts for the traveler Embassies ... Food and Wine History The First Bulgarian Kingdom The Bulgarian State was founded in 681 by khan Asparouh as a leader of a union of the Slavs and the Proto-Bulgarians in their struggle against Byzantium. The following period between the 8th and the 10th centuries brought the political rise and territorial expansion. Boris I Mihail (852-889) converted the Bulgarians to Christianity and adopted the Slavonic script created by Constantine Cyril the Philosopher and his brother Methodius. Simeon the Grate (893-927) conquered new lands and expanded the territory of Bulgaria to the Black Sea, the Aegean and the Adriatic. Bulgaria became one of the most powerful states in Europe.

55. Bulgarian (and Russian) Cyrillic Fonts One of the greatest events in bulgarian history in relation to universal virtueshappened first in the More local information related to bulgaria available here http://www.b-info.com/places/Bulgaria/cyr/

Cyrillic Fonts (Bulgarian and Russian) Check out these offers PC-to-Phone calls to the Balkans as low as 10c/min US calls 1c/min To call directly from your phone, click here Original Glagolitsa and Kirilitsa (Cyrillic) St. Clement of Ohrid One of the greatest events in Bulgarian history in relation to universal virtues happened first in the IXth century when the disciples of St. St. Cyril and Methodius spread the old Bulgarian (old Slavonic) language and culture throughout Eastern Europe, including Russian and Rumanian lands. While St. St. Cyril and Methodius developed an earlier version of the Slav script called Glagolitsa , it was St. Clement of Ohrid who developed the Cyrillic script (Kirilitsa) in a form close to the one still in use. Every year on May 24 Bulgarians celebrate the deeds of St. St. Cyril and Methodius and their discliples, the Slav script, and the Bulgarian culture. As of today there are 30 letters used in Bulgarian - from to . The Russian alphabet has the same 30 letters, plus , and . (The latter is often denoted using the regular With the advent of the computer age the use of a non-Latin alphabet caused some problems. In addition to the Latin script, the computer has to be able to display Cyrillic characters.

56. Bulgaria/History - Encyclopedia Article About Bulgaria/History. Free Access, No encyclopedia article about bulgaria/history. bulgaria/history in Free onlineEnglish dictionary, thesaurus and encyclopedia. bulgaria/history. http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Bulgaria/History

Dictionaries: General Computing Medical Legal Encyclopedia Bulgaria/History Word: Word Starts with Ends with Definition The history of Bulgaria begins in the 8th century AD with the arrival in the Balkan Peninsula The Balkans is the historic and geographic name used to describe southeastern Europe (see the Definitions and boundaries section below). The region has a combined area of 550,000 km² and a population of around 53 million. The countries of Greece, Albania, Bulgaria, European part of Turkey, and the states which were previously part of the former Yugoslavia are normally described as being in the Balkans. Sometimes, Romania is also assigned to the region. Click the link for more information. of the Bulgars Bulgars (also Bolgars ) a people of Central Asia, probably originally Pamirian, whose branches became slavicized and perhaps Turkic over time. The Turkic etymology most often given for their name is Bulgha meaning mixed , though it might also be from Varkun Bolgars moved west from the lower-middle Volga river AD to control the second Avar dynasty of Onoguria (in Ukraine) by the mid-7th century. The group then split into two. Click the link for more information.

57. Columbus World Travel Guide - Europe - Bulgaria - History And Government World Travel Guide bulgaria - history and Government -includes information on the constitution and politics. http://www.worldtravelguide.net/data/bgr/bgr580.asp

OAS_sitepage = URL + '/Europe/Bulgaria/HistoryandGovernment'; document.write('Research Bulgaria hotels at TripAdvisor'); Contact Addresses Overview General Information Passport/Visa ... Europe /Bulgaria BULGARIA History and Government History: In the 19th century, Bulgarian nationalists began to organise, noting the decline of the Ottoman Empire and in expectation of eventual independence. Following an uprising in 1876, Bulgarian volunteer forces, with strong Russian support, defeated the Turks and were able to establish an independent state under the terms of the Treaty of San Stefano in 1878. The remaining years of the century were fairly chaotic, as the restored monarchy and newly-formed political parties jostled for position. The most important developments were the emergence of a strong socialist movement and the politicisation of the rural population, organised around the Bulgarian Agrarian Union. King Ferdinand was the dominant figure in Bulgarian politics up to World War I, although was discredited thereafter, due to his support for the Germans. The popular Agrarian leader, Aleksandur Stambolyiski, imprisoned by Ferdinand, formed a reformist government that lasted until 1923, when it was overthrown in a right-wing coup. The government of Alexander Tsankov, which replaced Stambolyiski’s administration, established a royalist-militarist government with King Boris as head of state. The Communists had launched several unsuccessful uprisings but their chance came towards the end of World War II, when – having been relatively unaffected by the fighting – Soviet forces entered the country in 1944. King Boris conveniently died and the Soviet-backed Fatherland Front seized power. The monarchy was abolished and a republic declared. The Front, dominated by the Bulgarian Communist Party, took 70 per cent of the vote in a national plebiscite.

58. Mythinglinks: Eastern Europe / The Balkans: Bulgaria, Page 1 Given the nature of bulgaria s history, political power was usually allied with religiouspower, which means that the biographies also give a glimpse into the http://www.mythinglinks.org/euro~east~balkans~bulgaria.html

MYTHING LINKS Kathleen Jenks, Ph.D. GEOGRAPHICAL REGIONS: EUROPE EASTERN EUROPE BULGARIA The Balkan Mountain Range (from which the Balkans take their name) is the long, upper brown swath that looks like a half-moon lying on its side. A photo of the region is directly below.) [This map comes from "travel-bulgaria.com." For one of their larger, much more detailed maps, please click HERE . Then hit your "Back" button to return to this page.] Paradise Waterfall in Bulgaria's Balkan Mountains (From bgtv.com When I began this new section on the Balkans, I wondered why the region was called the Balkans. I checked an old dictionary and discovered that the name comes from a chain of mountains crossing Bulgaria from east to west. Prior to that, all I knew about Bulgaria was that an eerie music born in her mountains had recently become quite popular in the West. I could not have found the country on a map. I now know more about this country. What interests me most, given my focus on myth and ancient traditions, is that Orpheus is said to have come from Bulgaria's southern Rhodope Mountains (see below);

59. MapZones.com History bulgaria, history, Back to Top. The history of the land now knownas bulgaria has been determined by its location between Asia and http://www.mapzones.com/world/europe/bulgaria/historyindex.php

Country Info Bulgaria Introduction Bulgaria General Data Bulgaria Maps Bulgaria Culture ... Bulgaria Time and Date Bulgaria History Back to Top The History of the land now known as Bulgaria has been determined by its location between Asia and Europe, by its proximity to powerful states competing for land and influence at the junction of trade routes and strategic military positions, and by the strong national territorial drive of various Bulgarian states. Before the Christian era, Greece and Rome conquered the region and left substantial imprints on the culture of the people they found there. The Bulgar tribes, who arrived in the seventh century from west of the Urals, have occupied the region continuously for thirteen centuries. Over time Bulgarian culture merged with that of the more numerous Slavs, who had preceded the Bulgars by one century. After converting to Christianity and adopting a Slavic language in the ninth century, the Bulgarians consolidated a distinct Slavic culture that subsequently passed through periods of both expansionist independence and subordination to outside political systems. From the ninth until the fourteenth century, Bulgaria was a dominant force in the Balkans because of its aggressive military tradition and strong sense of national identity. The chief rival and neighbor, the Byzantine Empire, left a lasting political imprint on two Bulgarian empires as it competed with them for regional domination. Marking the deterioration of both the Byzantine and the Bulgarian political structures, the fall of Constantinople to the Ottoman Turks in 1453 began four centuries of Turkish suppression of Bulgarian cultural and political institutions.

60. Tourism Bulgaria - Explore Bulgaria - History history Click on any of the following categories Monasteries Old bulgarian Capitals Museum Towns bulgaria s name is derived from a Turkic people, the http://home.arcor.de/tourismbulgaria/documents/explore/history/history.htm

var dmReady = false; home search site map advertise here ... Resorts History Traditions Culture Nature Explore Bulgaria History Click on any of the following categories: Monasteries Old Bulgarian Capitals Museum Towns A fully independent Bulgarian kingdom, proclaimed September 22, 1908, participated in an anti-Ottoman coalition that defeated the Ottoman Empire in the First Balkan War (1912). The coalition soon dissolved over territorial disputes, however, and Bulgaria was isolated and defeated quickly in the Second Balkan War (1913) by Greece, Serbia, Montenegro, Romania, and Turkey. It later allied itself with Germany in World Wars I and II and suffered defeats twice more. Bulgaria's involvement in these wars was partly due to its ambitions for an outlet to the Aegean Sea and its desire to annex Macedonian and Thracian territory held by Greece, Yugoslavia, and Turkey. Although Bulgaria declared war on the United States and the United Kingdom during World War II, it did not declare war on the Soviet Union. In August 1944, Bulgarian emissaries opened talks in Cairo with Allied representatives, seeking to take Bulgaria out of the war. On September 5, 1944, while these talks were still under way, the Soviet Union declared war on Bulgaria.

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