61. African American Freedom Fighters: Soldiers For Liberty history of the Vietnam War by Black veterans / Wallace Terry. New York Ballantine Books, 1992. buffalo soldiers / Catherine Reef. (African american soldier http://www.liu.edu/cwis/cwp/library/aaffsfl.htm

African American Freedom Fighters Soldiers for Liberty Written by Melvin Sylvester to accompany an exhibit in honor of Black History Month in the B. Davis Schwartz Memorial Library at the C. W. Post Campus of Long Island University , Februrary, 1995. Introduction Wars American Revolution War of 1812 Mexican American War American Civil War ... Persian Gulf War People Crispus Attucks George Washington Carver Frederick Douglass W. E. B. DuBois ... Carter G. Woodson Other Displays Army Army Air Force Assault on Fort Wagner Civil War Soldiers ... For Further Reading I NTRODUCTION This exhibit is not about war. It is about the zealous account of African Americans standing up and being counted as defenders of LIBERTY. This LIBERTY encompasses a vision of basic human rights connected with justice as accorded to all other peoples seeking freedom both inside and outside the territorial bounds of America. American history, at its best, is filled with records of the early colonial settlers searching for a place where the principles of freedom could be expressed and practiced. We are all familiar with the many written proposals, oral discourses, and constitutional provisions which evolved from their democratic ideas. The vibrancy of their words were later put into resolutions which were incorporated into our U. S. Constitution. The early settlers of America spent arduous hours creating a national document which would hopefully spell out the basic ingredients necessary to sustain a unified democracy within this land. From the beginning, these pioneers wanted to establish a worthy place free of restrictions which would not subvert or obstruct the basic foundations of a viable democratic society. Educational, political, social, and religious freedoms were some of the known necessities for the real American way of life in this new country.

62. America's Buffalo Soldiers Complete Mission Black Army troops known as America s buffalo soldiers, 9 th 25 th Infantry. These Black soldiers were given a crucial role in american history, yet never http://thebuffalosoldiers.com/news.htm

Governor Attacks America's Buffalo Soldiers By: Michelle Powell Recently, in the Arizona Republic, Governor Jane Dee Hull chastised America's Buffalo Soldiers Re-Enactors Association, 9 th th Cavalry, 24 th th Infantry, (ABSRA), after the suicidal death of 14 year old Anthony Haynes. Governor Hull stated, "We give more scrutiny to child-care providers who have their children in their care only hours a day. I will not have the state of Arizona be a haven for unscrupulous or abusive people who prey on desperate parents and their children." Governor Hull didn't think America's Buffalo Soldiers was "preying on desperate parents" when she asked ABSRA to provide Color Guard, Honor Guard for the now President George W. Bush, and campaign for her when she was running for the Governor's Office. On Monday, August 20 th , Governor Hull named a "Boot Camp Advisory Committee" headed by Judge Maurice Portley of Maricopa County Superior Court. In addition to Judge Portley, other members of the committee will include Arizona State Senator, Ruth Solomon; Arizona State Representative, Deb Gullett; Department of Economic Security director, John Clayton; Department of Juvenile Corrections director, Dave Gaspar; Department of Health Services director, Cathy Eden. Also, Arizona Peace Officer Standards and Training, Tom Hammerstrom; CEO of Child Crisis Nursery, Chris Scarpati; Arizona Council of Human Service Providers president, Dave Miller; Anasazi Foundation president/CEO, Mike Merchant; president of the YMCA, Gregg O'Brian; Governor's Office, Jodi Beckley; community leader, Jacque Steiner; and Ronnie Perez, a representative for Arizona Project Challenge, an organization that has received sponsorship from America's Buffalo Soldiers Annual Humanitarian Awards.

63. African American History Resources has turned his love of African american history into a Web site that covers everything from buffalo soldiers to Reconstruction. http://www.chipublib.org/008subject/003cya/aahist99.html

Sign of the Owl: African American History Resources In Chicago General Sources Martin Luther King, Jr. Biography ... Quizzes, Calendars and Other Things African American History in Chicago African American Mosaic The Library of Congress includes Chicago images as part of the "Migration" and "WPA sections. See maps, books, and pamphlets reflecting this time in the City's history. Chicago Landmarks The City of Chicago has put together a cyber-tour of "landmarks that played an important role" in the development of African American communities. DuSable Museum Chicago's museum of African American history and culture. Harold Washington Facts about Harold Washington's life and career, including his inaugural addresses in 1983 and 1987, from the Chicago Public Library. Tuskegee Airmen This is the Web site for the Chicago "Dodo" chapter of this famous WWII air corps. Vivian Harsh She was the first African American librarian in the Chicago Public Library system and she started what has become the Midwest's largest collection related to African American history, the

64. African-American Family History Research-Missouri Leckie, William H. The buffalo Soldier A Narrative of the Black soldiers, Black Sailors, Black Ink Research to African americans and american Military history http://www.umsl.edu/services/library/blackstudies/fampamp.htm

The first blacks were brought to the United States in 1619 by Dutch traders. Contrary to popular belief, not all blacks labored as slaves in the fields of the large Southern plantations. Many worked for smaller land owners, some worked as servants in the cities, and some were free. By the Civil War period, the descendants of less than 400,000 transplanted Africans numbered over 4 million. Researching nonplantation blacks or slaves requires great patience and luck as slaves were not considered citizens of the United States and were not permitted to engage in legal transactions. Marriage contracts between blacks were legally forbidden until 1868. Since slaves were considered property of their owner, most records (such as deeds, wills, etc.) are interfiled with those of the owner's family. Sole ownership of all slave children legally resided with the owner of the child's mother, thus research is often limited to the maternal lines. Blacks were seldom addressed by a surname; instead they were usually listed by a first name, or as a "Black Male" or "Black Female." Once slavery ended and usage of surnames became legal, exslaves were free to use either their previous name (usually known to them, but not used in records) or to choose a new one. Obstacles arose when several members of one biological family adopted different last names. Due to special problems with lack of records, African-American genealogical and historical research can be a challenge. Locating records is difficult, but not insurmountable. The following list indicates the variety of primary historical records available at the Missouri State Archives for African-American research.

65. African-American History Month A Brief history — Medal of Honor, Photo of displayed in the Pentagon s African american corridor Institution Cowboys, Indians and buffalo soldiers US Postal http://www.defenselink.mil/specials/africanhistory2002/inner.html

Last Updated Sept. 13, 2002 BIOGRAPHIES General Colin Powell (Ret.) Brigadier General Clara Adams-Ender (Ret.) General Johnnie E. Wilson (Ret.) General Benjamin O. Davis Sr. (Ret.) ... Major General Clifford L. Stanley RELATED SITES Smithsonian Institute Department of State NASA NASA Marshall Marks Black History Month with Exhibits ... Medal of Honor Society AFPS ARTICLES Whitney M. Young Jr.: Little Known Civil Rights Pioneer Some People Uncomfortable With Ethnic Observances, General Says Former Pug 'Kid Odell' Reflects On Navy Career African-Americans in the Navy ... Sidebar: Navy Ships Named in Honor of African Americans AFPS STORIES Army Guard Promotes 1st Black Woman to Flag Rank By Master Sgt. Bob Haskell, USA

66. Gateway To African American History: 1863-1900 that became known as the buffalo soldiers. They were His profound effect on world history should not be His belief that African Americans could be satisfied http://charter.uchicago.edu/AAH/civilwar.htm

The North Kenwood/Oakland Charter School Presents A Gateway to African American History From Slavery to a New Century RETURN TO HOME PAGE General Sources The Arts Africa ... 1975-The Present Have a suggestion? You can search the site or the web from here: This Site The Web Write us. Visit our school web site Black Codes These were laws made in the South after the Civil War that were meant to keep blacks in a segregated, inferior position. Buffalo Soldiers After the Civil War a lot of black men went to the west because they felt that they would have more freedom there. Some were cowboys, some were soldiers, such as the cavalry unit that became known as the "Buffalo Soldiers." They were led by Henry Flipper, the first black graduate of West Point, who has his own tragic story. The Emancipation Proclamation More than any other single statement, this proclamation by Abraham Lincoln can be said to have brought about the end of slavery. Heroes in the Ships: African American Whaling Men African Americans has a major role in the American shipping industry both during and after slavery. This site tells about their place on whaling ships. Life and Writings of Frederick Douglass Frederick Douglass was a very great man. His influence began long before slavery ended and lasted long after it was destroyed. Here is a short biography and links to some of his most important writings.

67. African American History Curriculum Links buffalo soldiers and Sailors Web Site Seacoast, New Hampshire Black history Black history from a New England point of view. Teaching African-american history http://www.mcps.k12.md.us/curriculum/socialstd/African_Am_bookmarks.html

Social Studies Curriculum Links Langston Hughes African American History Resources See also specific time periods in the American History Bookmarks page. African American History: Historical Text Archive The African-American Journey A compilation of PBS sites that focus on the African-American experience. The African-American Mosaic: A Library of Congress Resource Guide The African-American Pamphlets from the Library of Congress African-American Women: Online Archival Collections Africans in America Resources from the PBS series includes documents, essays, and teacher's resources. American Slave Narratives: An Online Anthology A collection of interviews with former slaves who discuss their lives before and after freedom. The site features photos and RealAudio sound clips from one of the original interviews. The Amistad Case: Original Source Documents An original source lesson (middle - high school) provided by the National Archives. Black Archives of Mid-America A database of more than 800 online images that chronicle the African-American experience in the Mid-West. Black History Articles from the Black Collegian Magazine Black History Activities Black History Biographies 80 short biographies for children is from the Gale Group reference publishing company.

68. What S In The News Buffalo Soldiers the US Civil War was largely ignored in history books that established the first peacetime units of African american soldiers, the buffalo soldiers, as they http://www.witn.psu.edu/articles/article.phtml?article_id=128&show_id=22

69. A Literary History Of The American West Those two Afroamerican pioneers by no means most dramatic events in frontier history was the Ninth and Tenth Regiments–called buffalo soldiers because of http://www2.tcu.edu/depts/prs/amwest/html/wl1139.html

Afro-American Writers in the West W HEN THE QUATTRO-CENTENNIAL of New Mexico was celebrated in 1940 the first non-Indian to explore the region, an African named Esteban de Dorantes, was ignored. In 1779, Jean Baptiste Pointe du Sable, a man of mixed ancestry, established a trading post that is considered the founding of Chicago; although he was traditionally portrayed as European, local Indians later told visitors that the first "white man" to come to the area was black. Those two Afro-American pioneers by no means stand alone: Lewis and Clark were accompanied by a Negro slave, York, a major figure in the journey. Mountain man Jim Beckwourth was adopted by the Crows. One of the most dramatic events in frontier history was "the Exodus of 1879," which brought over twenty thousand blacks in search of opportunity to Kansas from the south. The fabled Bill Pickett is credited with perfecting bulldogging, and some rodeo aficionados consider Jesse Stahl the greatest of all bronc riders; neither is surprising when one considers that approximately five thousand black cowboys rode the cattle trails. At about the same time, the Negro troopers of the Ninth and Tenth Regiments–called "buffalo soldiers" because of their hair–comprised twenty percent of the U.S. Cavalry in the West. Blacks were continually and intimately involved in the opening of the West. In large measure, they had even more reason to migrate to "the great American desert" than did their white counterparts who, though frequently poor, did not suffer the scourge of discrimination. As diplomat and author James Weldon Johnson summed it up in 1925, "Your west is giving the Negro a better deal than any other section of the country . . . there is more opportunity for my race, and less prejudice against it in this section of the country than anywhere else in the United States" (

70. Index Manufactures 12 action figures specializing in historically accurate american Indian warriors and U.S. Cavalry buffalo soldiers. http://www.dogsoldiersfigures.com/index.htm

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71. Buffalo Soldiers - America's Unsung Heroes Listing of member sites of the Association of African american Museums in the US. http://www.BuffaloSoldiers.net/

var ID='axest' BUFFALOSOLDIERS .NET The Definitive Source for Information on America's Unsung Heroes Buffalo Soldier Stuff The Ultimate Buffalo Soldiers Site Buffalo Soldier Links Books Books for Youths Videos / Movies Buffalo Soldier Art ... Join our Yahoo Forum: Buffalo Soldier forum for additional resources, message board, calendar, photo albums, and chat room. It's easy to join, and it's FREE! Buffalo Soldiers, Montana 1894 The Photo / Graphics Gallery: A Buffalo Soldier Band 9th Cavalry in New Mexico Harpers Weekly Cover Fort Sill, circa 1890 ... More photos... Can't find what you need? Use this search box to search the web for your topic of interest: Buffalo Soldiers Club The CMH Recipients On the Western Frontier Re-enactors Association ... More links... John Jefferson, recipient of Congressional Medal of Honor Sponsor Message: Would you like to meet the woman of your dreams? Try Internet Personals! Browse thousands of ads, many with photos, absolutely FREE! Place your own ad FREE! Try it right now, FREE! Page 2 Page 3 Books ... Gifts s="na";c="na";j="na";f=""+escape(document.referrer)

72. Buffalo Soldiers And Black Cowboys Western Frontier. buffalo soldiers black US history net Definitive Info Source ~ America s Unsung Heroes. buffalo soldiers and http://www.geocities.com/cott1388/black-cowboy.html

As the American west opened up, it was a beckoning "golden door" of opportunity to thousands of people craving a fresh start, and a chance for a future on their own. Not only young white men (and some families) feeling crowded in the East, but countless non-whites, too. It has been estimated that at least 1/6 and perhaps as high as 1/3 of all the emigrants to the West were African-American, and/or mixed blood individuals. Some traced their citizenship / freedom to colonial times, others bought themselves from their masters, some were freed by law or proclamation, others "purchased" their freedom with their feet. Their story is an exciting one, and increasing scholarship is honing in on their crucial role. Here are some study sources to browse thru. The Other All-Americans An all-American Epic ~ One Day to be Told BlackWest - Herb Ruffin: Africans in the America West ~ Claremont (CGU) Black Cowboys of Texas - Sara Massey's just-published best seller Black Frontiers: A History of African American Heroes in the Old West Otis Young of TV's The Outcasts (series) The Black Cowboys - John Wukovits tells the of these rugged old west cowboys Jim Beckwourth and the Beckwourth Trail - a Sierra route to the Gold Country Jim Beckwourth and the War Horse Ranch - the story of a trail blazer to northern California Links to "Black Cowboys of Texas" contributors - authors and writers behind the articles Our multicultural West - resources about the American West from a multicultural and intercultural perspective

73. Online Bookshelves: War With Spain Various documents including campaign listings, statistical information, army nurses, buffalo soldiers, and declaration of war. http://www.army.mil/cmh-pg/documents/spanam/wws.htm

A Declaration of War Troop B in the Porto Rico Campaign [Puerto Rico] The Temporary Increase of the Military Establishment of the United States in Time of War ... Annual Report of Maj. Gen. Fitzhugh Lee, Commanding Seventh Army Corps (Extracted from the Annual Report of the Secretary of War for 1898, 2:218-223) The Rough Riders Black Jack in Cuba: General John J. Pershing's Experience in the Spanish American War (Extracted from On Point the Newsletter of The Army Historical Foundation The Impact of the 'Disaster' of 1898 on the Spanish Army Gatlings to the Assault U.S. Army Campaigns in the War with Spain ... Emergency to World Power, 1898-1902 an extract from American Military History Return to CMH Online Last updated 3 October 2003

74. The Buffalo Soldiers On The Western Frontier THE INTERNATIONAL. MUSEUM. OF THE HORSE. THE buffalo soldiers ON THE WESTERN FRONTIER. Daily Life on the Western Frontier. Daily life for the troopers of the 9th and 10th Cavalries was harsh, many of the Africanamerican troopers availed themselves of after When disputes arose among buffalo soldiers and locals, the local http://www.imh.org/imh/buf/buf4.html

T HE I NTERNATIONAL M USEUM OF THE H ORSE T HE B UFFALO S OLDIERS ON THE W ESTERN F RONTIER Daily Life on the Western Frontier D aily life for the troopers of the 9th and 10th Cavalries was harsh, but, for the most part, it was similar to that of their White counterparts. During the 1860s and 70s, the frontier forts resembled little more than rundown villages, and the enlisted men's barracks were often poorly ventilated, vermin infested hovels. The only bathing facilities usually consisted of the local creek. As a result, diseases such as dysentery, diarrhea, bronchitis, and tuberculosis were a common problem. Rations throughout the Indian campaigns consisted mainly of beef or bacon, potatoes, beans, fresh vegetables from the post garden, and sometimes fruit or jam. The work week was seven days, with the exception of the fourth of July and Christmas. The monthly pay for a private was a meager $13 (reduced from $16 in 1871). When available, many of the African-American troopers availed themselves of after-hours schools established to alleviate the illiteracy mandated by slavery. The schools were normally run by chaplains assigned to the Black units, in part for this purpose. Other leisure activities were sparse, especially for the African-American troopers stationed in west Texas. Only a small percentage of enlisted men were able to bring their wives with them to the frontier posts.The small villages which grew up around the forts were usually little more than a collection of saloons and gambling parlors, inhabited by some of the more unsavory characters on the frontier. Here, partially due to the federal government's harsh reconstruction policies, racial prejudice by both local citizens and law officers was severe. When disputes arose among Buffalo Soldiers and locals, the local law and juries consistently sided against the troopers.

75. Huachuca Illustrated, Volume 2, 1996: The Yaqui Fight In Bear Valley Chronicles the clash between an american Cavalry detachment and a band of Yaqui Indians, which is reported to be the last fight between the US Army and Native americans. Includes photos. http://www.lib.byu.edu/~rdh/wwi/comment/huachuca/HI2-05.htm

Huachuca Illustrated, vol 1, 1993: chuca Illustrat chuca Illustrat Buffalo Soldiers at Huachuca: The Yaqui Fight in Bear Valley chuca Illustrat Reported from Douglas, Arizona, 'January 10, 1915, that a detachment of American Cavalry sent into Bear, Valley,' 25 miles west of Nogales to observe trails, clashed with a band of Yaqui Indians, captured ten, one of whom died in a hospital at Nogales of wound, according to a telegram from the commander at Nogales.( This terse report from the commander of the Southern Department at Fort Sam Houston, Texas, to the War Department in Washington is the only official record of what some believe is the last fight between the U.S. Army and Indians. Yaqui Indian Camp at Agua Prieta, Sonora, Mexico, in November 1915. The Yaqui Indians of northern Sonora, Mexico, had for many years been fighting the Mexican government, insisting on their independence. They would commonly cross the border and migrate to Tucson where they would find work in the citrus groves. With their wages they would buy arms with which to fight their revolution and smuggle them back into Mexico. The military governor of Sonora, General Plutarco Elias Calles, had informally asked the U.S. government to help put a stop to that. gun-running. The Indians route into the U.S. skirted the mining towns ot Ruby, Arivaca and Oro Blanco, not far from the U.S. Army's Camp Stephen D. Little at Nogales. The Indian presence had on several occasions alarmed miners and ranchers in the area who unexpectedly happened upon the Yaquis or found a cow or two butchered on the range. Accordingly, the Nogales subdistrict commander, Colonel J.C. Friers, 35th Infantry, ordered increased patrolling in this area.

76. Buffalo Soldiers--U.S. History/Literature Lesson Plan (grades 6-8)--DiscoverySch current documents that focus on the history and culture links to information about AfricanAmericans on the frontier, as cowboys, and as buffalo soldiers. http://school.discovery.com/lessonplans/programs/rediscoveringamerica-buffalosol

Grades K-5 Grades 6-8 Grades 9-12 Astronomy/Space ... Health History Ancient History U.S. History World History Life Science Animals Ecology Human Body The Microscopic World ... Weather For our newsletter and special teacher promotions. 6-8 > U.S. History Grade level: 6-8 Subject: U.S. History Duration: Two class periods Objectives Materials Procedures Adaptations ... Credit Find a video description, video clip, and discussion questions. Rediscovering America: Buffalo Soldiers Use our free online Teaching Tools to create custom worksheets, puzzles and quizzes on this topic! Students will understand the following: African American soldiers played a major role in the American military in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. They were known as buffalo soldiers. Researchers are bringing more and more information about buffalo soldiers to light. For this lesson, you will need: Internet access Printed sources about buffalo soldiers Index cards for note taking Introduce students to the following Web sites, encouraging them to responsibly track links to other pages and to share compelling sites with classmates: www.coax.net/people/lwf/portrait.htm

77. Texas Buffalo Soldiers History, Continued Reservations. Clickable Map of Texas State Parks. State Park Listing. Britton (Brit) Johnson was a slave of Moses Johnson in Young County, Texas. Brit had a wife and four children. http://www.tpwd.state.tx.us/park/admin/buffalo/bf_hist9.htm

Reservations Clickable Map of Texas State Parks State Park Listing Britton (Brit) Johnson was a slave of Moses Johnson in Young County, Texas. Brit had a wife and four children. Moses Johnson often relied on Brit to help defend the their families from the raids of hostiles. On October 13, 1864, while Brit Johnson was gathering supplies in Parker County, one thousand Comanche warriors raided the settlement, killing Brit's son Jim, Joel Meyers, Doctor T. J. Wilson, James McCoy and his son Miles, the widow Dargan, five out of fifteen Texan rangers, and wounding many others. They took the widow Patrick, her two granddaughters, daughters of the slain widow Durgan, and Brit's wife and his remaining three children as captives. They also took Joe, son of the slain widow Durgan, but being sick and unable to stand the fatigue of the march, they killed him on the second day. When Brit reached home and discovered the tragic massacre, he determined to get his wife and children back or die trying. When the Civil War ended and slavery abolished, Brit visited forts in the Indian Territory. He made inquiries of Indian agents, and of Indians who visited the agencies, but all in vain. Finally he returned back to Texas and prepared to travel alone hundreds of miles through the wilderness, against hostile Indians and find his wife and children. He carefully packed provisions and riding his favorite black horse, he left Young county to seek the villages of the wild tribes far out on the plains. He traveled for several weeks, continuously, mostly by night, in a northwesterly direction, through what is now known as the Panhandle of Texas.

78. BUFFALO SOLDIERS buffalo soldiers A Brief history. During the Civil War over 180,000 African Americans served in the Union Army. Unfortunately, during http://www.alaweb.org/studentfolder/studentfiles/buffalo/history.htm

Austin Learning Academy Buffalo Soldiers Campout Song Lyrics BUFFALO SOLDIERS: A Brief History During the Civil War over 180,000 African Americans served in the Union Army. Unfortunately, during the fighting about 33,000 were killed. In 1866 a legislation establishing two Cavalry and four infantry regiments which would be made up of African-Americans. Out of all the new recruits, most had served in all black units during the war. The mounted regiments were the 9th Cavalry and 10th Cavalry, which were soon nicknamed by the Cheyenne and Comanche as the "Buffalo Soldiers." Until the early 1890s, they made up about 20 percent of all Cavalry forces on the American frontier. They subdued hostile native Americans, outlaws, and Mexican revolutionaries. Because of their skill and reputation, they consistently received some of the most dangerous and difficult assignments the army had to offer. Some of their most famous adversaries were Geronimo, Sitting Bull, Victorio, Lone Wolf, Billy the Kid, and Pancho Villa. So now we know that by far, the life of a Buffalo Soldier wasn't easy. They had to deal with racism, certain prejudices and many other challenges on and off of the battle field. Even though they weren't receiving so much recognition or glory, they still kept on going. Maybe we can all learn from the Buffalo Soldiers' bravery and courage. Maybe we can fight even when we aren't dealt a good hand, or maybe we just don't have to fight at all.

79. VisionQuest® buffalo soldiers of history. Wild buffaloes African Americans have served in the United States Army since the Revolutionary War. http://www.vq.com/overview_buffalosoldierhistory.htm

Buffalo Soldiers of History "Wild Buffaloes" African Americans have served in the United States Army since the Revolutionary War. They were, however, segregated in all black units until the Korean War. In 1866, Congress approved legislation creating six all African-American Army regiments: two cavalry (the 9th and 10 th ) and four infantry (the 38 th th th and 41 st ). These units represented the first African-American professional soldiers in a peace-time army. Some of the recruits for the new units were formerly slaves. Many others served in the Union Army during the Civil War. Another reorganization of the Army a short time later led to the merger of the four infantry regiments into two units: the 24 th and 25 th The nickname "Buffalo Soldiers" was originally given to the 10th Cavalry by Cheyenne warriors out of respect for their fierce fighting in 1867. The Native-American term used was actually "Wild Buffaloes", which was translated to "Buffalo Soldiers." In time, all African-American Soldiers became known as "Buffalo Soldiers." Despite second-class treatment these soldiers made up first-rate regiments of the highest caliber and had the lowest desertion rate in the Army. In the late 1800's and early 1900's, these units were consistently assigned to the harshest and most desolate posts. They were sent to subdue Mexican revolutionaries, outlaws, comancheros, rustlers, and hostile Native Americans; to explore and map the Southwest; to string telegraph lines; and to establish frontier outposts around which future towns and cities grew.

80. Who Are The Buffalo Soldiers However, the story of the buffalo soldiers remain one of unsurprassed courage and patriotism, and will be forever a significant part of the history of America. http://www.louisdiggs.com/buffalo/history.html

Who are the Buffalo Soldiers? African-Americans have fought in military conflicts since colonial days. However, the Buffalo Soldiers, comprised of former slaves, freemen and Black Civil War soldiers, were the first to serve during peacetime. Once the Westward movement had begun, prominent among those blazing treacherous trails of the Wild West were the Buffalo Soldiers of the U.S. Army. These African-Americans were charged with and responsible for escorting settlers, cattle herds, and railroad crews. The 9th and 10th Cavalry Regiments also conducted campaigns against American Indian tribes on a western frontier that extended from Montana in the Northwest to Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona in the Southwest. Throughout the era of the Indian Wars, approximately twenty percent of the U.S. Cavalry troopers were Black, and they fought over 177 engagements. The combat prowess, bravery, tenaciousness, and looks on the battlefield, inspired the Indians to call them "Buffalo Soldiers." Many Indians believe the name symbolized the Native American's respect for the Buffalo Soldiers' bravery and valor. Buffalo Soldiers, down through the years, have worn the name with pride. Buffalo Soldiers participated in many other military campaigns: The Spanish American War, The Phillippine Insurrection, The Mexican Expedition, World War I, World War II, and the Korean Police Action.

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