41. Botswana Depository WWW Resources The University of botswana history Department includes a brief history of Botswanaand other resources for the history of Botswana, as well as archaeology and http://www.library.ohiou.edu/subjects/botswana/bwww.htm

Contents Botswana Initial Page Introduction Services and Inter-Library Loan Text of Depository Agreement ... Credits Three "must-see" sites each offers a different perspective Botswana - Index on Africa (Norwegian Council on Africa) links, this site is one of the best places to start. Currently off-line. (Also click "Index on Africa" to work back to the site's home page.) Info Botswana Internet Services (IBIS) Be sure to visit "local links" to Gaborone commercial sites, non-commercial sites, educational, and personal sites. (Visiting the personal pages leads to Botswana Homepages world-wide and other interesting links). Republic of Botswana The Government of Botswana Web Site. Beyond pages about the various ministries and functions of government, includes sites on history, business, tourism, economics and news. General Sites "country pages" African Studies WWW (University of Pennsylvania) Country Pages - Botswana You may want to jump back "home" on this site, for it provides links to nearly all Africa-related WWW sites. Botswana-Country Profile (Mbendi Information Services) Map, demographics and business information.

42. Okavango Delta Peoples Of Botswana Vision 2016Botswana s National Vision; University of Botswana Home Page; Universityof botswana history Department Home Page -Well organized with a great deal http://www.mindspring.com/~okavango/

The Okavango Delta Peoples of Botswana The Bugakwe, Dxeriku, Hambukushu, Wayeyi, and Xanekwe Peoples The Okavango Delta of the Republic of Botswana is a large wetland surrounded by the Kalahari desert . The Okavango is a unique ecosystem and has large populations of African mammals, birds, and other animals. Conservationists have taken a great interest in the preservation of the Delta. Of less interest have been the 100,000 people who call the Delta home. This site is dedicated to the dissemination of information concerning the Okavango Delta Peoples. Who are the Okavango Delta Peoples? The Okavango Delta peoples consist of five ethnic groups, each with its own ethnic identity and language. They are Hambukushu (also known as Mbukushu, Bukushu, Bukusu, Mbukuschu, Ghuva, Haghuva), Dxeriku (Dceriku, Diriku, Gciriku, Gceriku, Giriku, Niriku), Wayeyi (Bayei, Bayeyi, Yei), Bugakwe (Kxoe, Khwe, Kwengo, Barakwena, G/anda) and Xanekwe (Gxanekwe, //tanekwe, River Bushmen, Swamp Bushmen, G//ani, //ani). The Hambukushu, Dxeriku, and Wayeyi are all Bantus who have traditionally engaged in mixed economies of millet/sorghum agriculture; fishing, hunting, and the collection of wild plant foods; and pastoralism. The Bugakwe and Xanekwe are Bushmen who have traditionally practiced fishing, hunting, and the collection of wild plant foods; Bugakwe utilized both forest and riverine resources while the Xanekwe mostly focused on riverine resources. The Hambukushu, Dxeriku, and Bugakwe are present along the

43. H-Net Review: Bruce S. Bennett On Ashley Jackson, Botswana 1939-1945: An African Not long ago, one of the University of botswana history Department s undergraduateresearch students set out to interview an old man about some topic, approved http://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.cgi?path=311261013797766

44. Africa-Related Links Worldwide - African Studies @ The University Of Wisconsin-M Balancing Act News Update. Telecommunications in Africa. Basil Mission PictureArchive; botswana history Pages; Buduburam Liberian Camp, Ghana; http://africa.wisc.edu/links/miscellaneous.htm

Africa-Related Links Worldwide African Studies Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison Quick Site Guide Program Information Events Calendar Opportunities in African Studies Worldwide Outreach ... Return to ASP Home ...Of Interest A Place to Stay in Dakar Abaana- Giving the children a future . "Christian Charity helping children in Africa. Raising money for projects like Schools and Hospitals. Helping them live not survive." Africa . Website of the PBS / Nature series (aired 2001). Africa 1997-98 Karibu! Pictures from a family trip to East Africa. Africa By Bicycle Travel Guide Africa In Sites . Tourism information on Zambia, Uganda, Lesotho, Namibia, and Mozambique. Africa Today.com . News headlines available (stories are off site - from other sources). To access country-specific pages you must register. Africa's Brain Gain Africa's Science and Indigenous Knowledge Systems Africa2Go.com "An African travel company that offers a comprehensive online travel planning service to Southern and East Africa." African Aperture . "Photography: africa, culture, environment, diversity, travel, humanity."

45. Travel To History Of Botswana - Detailed Travel Information And More About Histo the region, the huntergatherer San people, can still to be found in Botswana s http//www.stuart.iit.edu/ Bibliography of botswana history A provisional http://www.traveling-cheap.com/directory/Botswana/history_of_botswana

Flights Hotels Cars Vacation Packages ... Maps Airline Specials US Carriers Air Grand Canyon Air Sunshine Air Wisconsin Airlines Alaska Airlines ... World Airways Canadian Carriers Air Canada Air Inuit Canadian North Central Mountain Air ... West Jet French Carriers Air France German Carriers Deutsche Lufthansa AG British Carriers British Airways KLM UK Ltd ... Virgin Atlantic Airways Ltd Australian Carriers Airnorth Ansett Norfolk Jet Qantas Airways Ltd ... Virgin Blue Airline Japanese Carriers All Nipon Airways JL Japan Airlines Malasian Carriers Malaysia Airlines Singaporian Carriers Singapore Airlines Indian Carriers Air-India Ltd Indian Airlines Jet Airways Ltd Sahara Airlines Ltd Irish Carriers RyanAir Botswana > history of botswana The Best history of botswana Sites We've Found Click here for history of botswana Travel Deals It's easy to find the best hotels, airfare, rental cars and more. Our powerful new search engine returns vacation deals directly to you. http://www.cheapairlines.com Department of History - Faculty of Humanities - University of... http://www.ub.bw/ AfricaNet - Information, History and Fact Sheets on Africa

46. History Of Botswana - Gem Of Africa - Republic Of Botswana The Government of botswana Web Site Gem of Africa - botswana's past and present. http://www.gov.bw/gem/history_of_botswana.html

MM_preloadImages('../img/n_cheetah.gif'); MM_preloadImages('../img/n_cheetah.gif'); MM_preloadImages('../img/n_cheetah.gif'); MM_preloadImages('../img/n_cheetah.gif'); MM_preloadImages('../img/n_cheetah.gif'); MM_preloadImages('../img/n_cheetah.gif'); MM_preloadImages('../img/n_cheetah.gif'); MM_preloadImages('../img/n_cheetah.gif'); MM_preloadImages('../img/n_cheetah.gif'); MM_preloadImages('../img/n_cheetah.gif'); MM_preloadImages('../img/n_cheetah.gif'); MM_preloadImages('../img/n_cheetah.gif'); MM_preloadImages('../img/n_cheetah.gif'); Hunters traders and missionaries started arriving in Botswana in 1806. The industrial revolution in Europe had created a need for new markets and raw materials. This precipitated a later rush for Africa from traders seeking concessions for their governments. Moreover, the gun - a new method for hunting - had been introduced to Batswana, who realised the value and power of firearms after a handful of Boers had been able to rout the Ndebele tribe in the 1830s. Even the best hunters struggled to make a living in South Africa, the game having been depleted. They turned their attention to the unexplored north. The game soon dwindled, unable to

47. AfricaNet - Information, History And Fact Sheets On Africa TOP history Bush people were the original inhabitants of botswana. Theyoriginated in the north and have gradually migrated southwards. http://www.africanet.com/countries/botswana.htm

HOMEPAGE HOTELS CRUISES CURRENCY ... CLIMATE Hotels Chobe Game Lodge - Chobe National Park - Kasane - Tel: +267 650 340 - Fax: +267 650 340 - Tlx: 2765 Cresta Thapama Hotel - Blue Jacket Street - Tel: +267 213 872 - Fax: +267 213 766 - Nyerere Drive - Tel: +267 351 111 - Fax: +267 351 111 - Tlx: 2433 Khwai River Lodge - Tel: 267 - Fax: - Tlx: 2601 Sheraton Gaborone - Molepalace Road - Tel: +267 312 999 - Fax: +267 312 999 - Tlx: 2699 Syringa Lodge Po Box 254 Contact: JOHN WALKER Phone: 267 810444 Fax: 267 810450 TOP Cruises Chobe River: Short, gameviewing, cruises. Zambezi River: Short, gameviewing, cruises. TOP Currency Currency: Pula divided into 100 Thebe. Credit Cards: Credit cards are excepted in most tourist hotels, lodges, travel agencies and gift shops. Banking hours: 9am to 2.30pm monday to Friday + 8.30am to 12pm Saturday. Currency Restrictions: Export of Botswana currency is limited. TOP Economy Agriculture: In the fertile east, mainly subsistence farming, usually livestock rearing; there is a long history of drought and disease; crops grown include sorghum, maize, millet, beans, cotton, ground nuts, sunflowers. Mining: Nickel (2nd biggest in Africa), diamonds (Orapa and Jwaneng are the second and third largest diamond pipes in the world), cobalt, coal, asbestos, manganese, talc, gypsum, gold, chromium, silver, platinum.

48. Department Of History - Faculty Of Humanities - University Of Botswana The aims of the Department of history at the University of botswana are to promoteawareness of the past as essential to understanding the present world;; http://www.ub.bw/departments/humanities/history_mission.html

Humanities History T he aims of the Department of History at the University of Botswana are: to promote awareness of the past as essential to understanding the present world; to strive to make the past relevant and important to preserve and enhance knowledge of traditional African culture to educate for responsible citizenship to improve communication of historical and archaeological findings and awareness in the wider community to defend History and the Humanities in general against tendencies to marginalize tradition and the past More Information on History Department Departments African Languages English French History Information about Academic Programmes Conferences, Workshops, Research, Publications, Staff Details In line with these aims, the objectives of the Department are to establish the Department as a regional centre of excellence in training and research in History and Archaeology to produce high quality research and publications which will enhance the University's standing to provide a high quality subject content which will enable teachers to produce school leavers who will be assets to the nation

49. Brief History BRIEF history OF botswana. People settled in botswana as early as the Fourth Century AD.The earliest inhabitants of the region, the huntergatherer San people, can still to be found in botswana's remote areas. botswana was never a colony. http://www.stuart.iit.edu/botswana/history.html

50. Atlas - Botswana Map Overview of culture, history, economy, currency, government, people, education and languages. http://www.map.freegk.com/botswana/botswana.php

Introduction People History Culture ... Disputes Botswana Introduction Back to Top Republic of Botswana, formerly Bechuanaland, country in the centre of southern Africa. It has an area of 224,607 square miles (581,730 square kilometres). The territory is roughly square approximately 600 miles from north to south and 600 miles from east to west with its eastern side protruding into a sharp point. Its eastern and southern borders are marked by river courses and an old wagon road; its western borders are lines of longitude and latitude through the Kalahari, and its northern borders combine straight lines with a river course. The capital is Gaborone (until 1969 spelled Gaberones i.e., Gaborone's town), a new city founded in 1964. Official Name- Republic of Botswana Capital City -Gaborone Population- 1.482,000 Languages- English (official), and Setswana Official Currency -Pula Religions- Traditional beliefs, Christian Land Area -566,730 sq km (218,814 sq miles) Botswana Provinces Back to Top Central, Chobe, Francistown*, Gaborone*, Ghanzi, Kgalagadi, Kgatleng, Kweneng, Lobatse*, Ngamiland, North-East, Selebi-Pikwe*, South-East, Southern. Botswana People Back to Top The Tawana state of northwestern Botswana can be seen as the least successful in incorporating other ethnic groups. Most of its population is Yei and Mbukushu by origin, related to riverine peoples in the Caprivi Strip, Angola, and Zambia to the north. Smaller numbers of Mbanderu and Herero have greater numbers of close relatives across the border in Namibia. The Subiya along the Chobe, closely related to people in the Caprivi Strip and Zambia, were excluded from the Tawana tribal reserve by the British.

51. History Of Botswana - Gem Of Africa - Republic Of Botswana botswana was declared a British Protectorate by Royal Decree. botswana chiefs andlater the nationalist leaders vehemently opposed the idea of incorporation. http://www.gov.bw/gem/history_of_democracy.html

MM_preloadImages('../img/n_cheetah.gif'); MM_preloadImages('../img/n_cheetah.gif'); MM_preloadImages('../img/n_cheetah.gif'); MM_preloadImages('../img/n_cheetah.gif'); MM_preloadImages('../img/n_cheetah.gif'); MM_preloadImages('../img/n_cheetah.gif'); MM_preloadImages('../img/n_cheetah.gif'); MM_preloadImages('../img/n_cheetah.gif'); MM_preloadImages('../img/n_cheetah.gif'); MM_preloadImages('../img/n_cheetah.gif'); MM_preloadImages('../img/n_cheetah.gif'); MM_preloadImages('../img/n_cheetah.gif'); MM_preloadImages('../img/n_cheetah.gif'); Struggle for Independence In March 1885. Botswana was declared a British Protectorate by Royal Decree. Extensive territories belonging to Botswana's southern chiefdoms were incorporated into the then British colony of South Africa under the name of British Bechuanaland. At first most Batswana chiefs except Khama III of the Ngwato who had asked for British protection in 1870, resisted and were suspicious of British protection. During the colonial period various attempts were made to incorporate Botswana into Rhode's colony of Southern Rhodesia in 1895. and later into the Union of South Africa. The attempt by the Union of South Africa to annex Botswana was a more serious threat to the protectorate until self-government in 1965.

52. Columbus World Travel Guide - Africa - Botswana - History And Government World Travel Guide botswana - history and Government -includes information on the constitution and politics. http://www.worldtravelguide.net/data/bwa/bwa580.asp

OAS_sitepage = URL + '/Africa/Botswana/HistoryandGovernment'; document.write('Research Botswana hotels at TripAdvisor'); Contact Addresses Overview General Information Passport/Visa ... Africa /Botswana BOTSWANA History and Government History: Between the seventh and 13th centuries, parts of Botswana were populated by thriving agricultural communities. In the 14th century, these communities came under the control of powerful Tswana dynasties originating in the region to the east, which is now South Africa’s Gauteng Province. A further series of migrations followed the break-up of the main Tswana kingdoms, the Hurutshe and the Kwena, from the late 17th century. These migrants were firmly established in the southern part of Botswana and had established a powerful military state controlling hunting, cattle-breeding and copper mining by the 18th century. The early 19th century brought another period of upheaval, as peoples from the north, dislocated by slavery and the collapse of their local economies, moved to new territory. The Kololo were followed by the Ndebele. They were quickly succeeded by British colonialists and Boer settlers. The local rulers, notably the Tswana King Sechele, who ruled between 1829 and 1892, allied themselves with the British against the Boers. In a form of sub-contracted or privatised colonialism characteristic of the British Empire, Botswana was eventually brought under full British colonial control in 1890, by the British South Africa Company, who supervised the territory and which became known as Bechuanaland Protectorate.

53. Royalty.nu -- Royalty In Botswana - History Of Bechuanaland, Botswana Chiefs history, news, books, and links about the royalhistory of botswana, chiefs in botswana. http://www.royalty.nu/Africa/Botswana.html

Royalty.nu World Royalty Africa > Botswana > Botswana News Books About Botswana Search Royalty in Botswana Background on Botswana The Republic of Botswana is located in southern Africa. A landlocked country, it is surrounded by Namibia, South Africa , Zambia, and Zimbabwe. The name Botswana means "Land of the Tswana," referring to the Tswana people, who make up more than three-quarters of Botswana's population of around 1.5 million. Botswana's official language is English, but its national language spoken by most people in Botswana is the Tswana language, Setswana. Botswana's government includes an advisory House of Chiefs with 15 members, eight of whom are the paramount chiefs of Botswana's eight officially recognized Tswana tribes. Four so-called sub-chiefs are elected to the House of Chiefs, and the House's remaining three members are chosen by the other 12 chiefs. The San people (also called Bushmen) and the Khoi people have lived in Botswana for thousands of years, although they are now minorities. Over the centuries, other people migrated to the area and powerful chiefdoms arose. In the early 19th century, the aggressive expansion of the Zulu nation (in today's South Africa) under legendary leader Shaka Zulu, along with the encroachment of Europeans, led to widespread migration and warfare in southern Africa. This period of upheaval is known as the Mfecane or Difaqane, meaning "the crushing." During the Mfecane, the Tswana peoples were forced to abandon their settlements in southern Botswana. They took refuge in the Kalahari Desert. Eventually they were able to leave the desert and re-establish their kingdoms. Starting in the 1840s, however, they faced another threat in the form of the Boers (South Africans of Dutch descent), who repeatedly attacked the Tswanas, trying to take over their territory.

54. Botswana/History - Encyclopedia Article About Botswana/History. Free Access, No encyclopedia article about botswana/history. botswana/history in Free onlineEnglish dictionary, thesaurus and encyclopedia. botswana/history. http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Botswana/History

Dictionaries: General Computing Medical Legal Encyclopedia Botswana/History Word: Word Starts with Ends with Definition This is the history HIStory Album by Michael Jackson Released 1995 Recorded ? Length ? Record label Epic Records Producer ? Professional reviews Q 3 stars out of 5 January 2001 Robert Christgau Grade: ** Honorable mention link Rolling Stone 4 stars out of 5 (RS 714) Michael Jackson Chronology Dangerous HIStory Blood on the Dance Floor Click the link for more information. of Botswana The Republic of Botswana is a landlocked nation of southern Africa. Formerly the British protectorate of Bechuanaland, Botswana adopted its new name after becoming independent on September 30, 1966. It is bordered by South Africa to the south, Namibia to the west, Zambia to the north, and Zimbabwe to the northeast. The economy, closely tied to South Africa's, is dominated by cattle raising and mining. The capital is Gaborone. Click the link for more information. . See also the history of Africa Origins of the Name The name Africa came into European use through the Romans, who administered as the province of Africa the territory formerly of Carthage (location of modern Tunisia) The historian Leo Africanus attributes the origin to the Greek word

55. History Of Botswana Article on history of botswana from Worldhistory.com, licensed fromWikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Return Index history of botswana. http://www.worldhistory.com/wiki/H/History-of-Botswana.htm

World History (home) Encyclopedia Index Localities Companies Surnames ... This Week in History History of Botswana History of Botswana in the news This is the history of Botswana See also the history of Africa and history of present-day nations and states. The Batswana , a term also used to denote all citizens of Botswana , refers to the country's major ethnic group (the "Tswana" in South Africa ), which came into the area from South Africa during the Zulu wars of the early 1880s. Prior to European contact, the Batswana lived as herders and farmers under tribal rule. In the late 19th century, hostilities broke out between the Batswana and Boer settlers from the Transvaal . After appeals by the Batswana leader Khama III for assistance, the British Government on March 31 put " Bechuanaland " under its protection. The northern territory remained under direct administration and is today's Botswana, while the southern territory became part of the Cape Colony and is now part of the northwest province of South Africa; the majority of Setswana -speaking people today live in South Africa.

56. Botswana -- History botswana history. Between the 7th and 13th centuries, parts of botswanawere populated by thriving agricultural communities. In http://expedition.bensenville.lib.il.us/Africa/Botswana/history.htm

Botswana - History Information taken from World Travel Guide ( http://www.wtg-online.com

57. AllRefer Encyclopedia - Botswana : History, Botswana (Botswanan Political Geogra AllRefer.com reference and encyclopedia resource provides complete informationon botswana history, botswanan Political Geography. http://reference.allrefer.com/encyclopedia/B/Botswana-history.html

AllRefer Channels :: Health Yellow Pages Reference Weather SEARCH : in Reference June 07, 2004 You are here : AllRefer.com Reference Encyclopedia Botswanan Political Geography ... Botswana By Alphabet : Encyclopedia A-Z B Botswana, Botswanan Political Geography Related Category: Botswanan Political Geography Botswana u Pronunciation Key History San (Bushmen) were the aboriginal inhabitants of what is now Botswana, but they constitute only a small portion of the population today. The Tswana supplanted the San, who remained as subjects. Beginning in the 1820s, the region was disrupted by the expansion of the Zulu and their offshoot, the Ndebele. However, Khama II, chief of the Ngwato (the largest Tswana nation), curbed the depredations of the Ndebele and established a fairly unified state. A new threat arose in the late 19th cent. with the incursion of Boers (Afrikaners) from neighboring Transvaal . After gold was discovered in the region in 1867, the Transvaal government sought to annex parts of Botswana. Although the British forbade annexation, the Boers continued to encroach on native lands during the 1870s and 80s. German colonial expansion in South West Africa (Namibia) caused the British to reexamine their policies, and, urged on by Khama III Britain provided for the eventual transfer of Bechuanaland to the Union of South Africa; in succeeding years, however, South Africa's attempts at annexation were countered by British insistence that Bechuanaland's inhabitants first be consulted. The rise of the National party in South Africa in 1948 and its pursuit of

58. Botswana - History And Politics Elections last held October 1999 (legislative). history. botswana hasbeen a multiparty parliamentary democracy since independence in 1966. http://www.iss.co.za/AF/profiles/Botswana/Politics.html

Geographic Map General Information Geography Natural resources ... BOTSWANA History and Politics Constitution and political system Constitution - adopted March 1965 Legal system - based on Roman-Dutch law; local customary law in rural areas Legislative branch - bicameral Parliament consists of House of Chiefs (15 advisory member body), and the National Assembly (44 seats) Elections - last held October 1999 (legislative) History Elections for a unicameral National Assembly occur every five years. This body then elects the president President Ketumile Masire retired more than a year before the expiry of his fourth term, and was replaced by Festus Mogae, previously his deputy. A constitutional amendment passed in 1997 made provision for the deputy-president to succeed to the presidency automatically in the event of that office falling vacant between elections. The constitution may be amended in minor ways by a simple majority vote in parliament. More substantial amendments require a two-thirds majority, and major revisions have to be submitted to a referendum. Current political situation Since independence the government has pursued policies generally regarded as sound and fiscally conservative. The state provides successfully

59. History Of Botswana botswana. history of botswana. botswana history Information - botswanahistory Bush people were the original inhabitants of botswana. http://www.kasbah.com/vitalstats/culture_and_history/history/botswana_botswana_1

var c = "c2"; Home Travel Guide Flights Cars ... Adventure Tours USA users click here for the best deals Botswana history of Botswana You are here: Botswana Your search for history of Botswana returned results BOTSWANA - History Information Botswana History Bush people were the original inhabitants of Botswana. They originated in the north and have gradually migrated southwards. Approximately 2,000 years ago the Hottentots follo... link status good Global Travel Toolbox Books Currency Converter Finance and Insurance Food and Drink Fun and Trivia Language Converter Look Up / Reference luggage Maps Miscellaneous Outdoor Travelling Gear Telecoms and Communications Tickets for Events Travel Magazines Travel Tips Weather Global Travel Toolbox flights Car Rental Hotels Hostels ... Search Amazon.co.uk Travel Search Country Guides City Guides Resort Guides Argentina Aruba Australia Austria Bahamas Barbados Belgium Belize Bolivia Botswana Brazil British Virgin Islands Cambodia Canada Chile China Colombia Costa Rica Cuba Czech Republic

60. FOC Country Profile - Botswana Notes on geography, history, politics, economy, international relations, travel, current affairs. http://www.fco.gov.uk/servlet/Front?pagename=OpenMarket/Xcelerate/ShowPage&c

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