41. Biomass Energy biomass will succeed at some level as an alternative source of renewable energy because it is capable of being implemented at all levels of society. http://www.altenergy.org/renewable/biomass/biomass.html

Biomass Energy Most of the biomass fuels in use today come from wood products, dried vegetation, crop residues, and aquatic plants. Biomass has become one of the most commonly used renewable sources of energy in the last two decades, second only to hydropower in the generation of electricity. Due to its low cost and renewable nature, biomass now accounts for almost 15% of the world's total energy supply and as much as 35% in developing countries, where it is mostly used for cooking and heating. When evaluating biomass as a viable solution to the global energy problem, one must consider that although emissions associated with the factory conversion of biomass into usable energy or electricity are reduced, they do exist. Another consideration must be where will all the wood and other plant material for fuel come from? Some worry that it may cause accelerated deforestation practices by developing nations. The problems associated with widespread clear cutting can lead to groundwater contamination, floods, and irreversible erosion patterns that could literally change the structure of the world ecology.

42. Biomass: A Cleaner Alternative When people think of alternative energy, biomass is often overlooked. What is biomass? It’s something that’s been used for thousands http://www.chattoogariver.org/Articles/2002W/biomass.htm

Eric Orr Community Power Corporation’s biomass generator prototype. This trailer unit is capable of producing 15 kW from wood scrap, coconut shells, or just about any organic material. Winter 2002 Director's Page Cerulean Warbler Sudden Oak Death The American Chestnut Tree ... Watershed Update When people think of alternative energy, biomass is often overlooked. What is biomass? It’s something that’s been used for thousands of years to heat homes and cook food. Biomass is simply plant matter or animal waste. And its potential extends far beyond its ability to produce heat. Biomass can be burned to generate electricity or converted to liquid and gaseous fuels. Currently, the most cost effective and common way to produce electricity with biomass is by “cofiring” with coal. Wood wastes are generally combined with coal and burned in boilers to make steam, which in turn generates electricity. This not only decreases the cost of energy production, but also reduces emissions. A combustible gas can be rendered from biomass through a process known as gasification. Gasification involves heating the organic material in a low oxygen environment. The end result is a mixture of solids, liquids, and a gas that harbors 65 to 70 percent of the original solid’s energy. The gas can be used in fuel cells or to power highly efficient turbine systems. It can also be used to fuel vehicles. Fermenting biomass produces ethanol, another renewable vehicle fuel, which is usable by itself or mixed with gasoline to reduce car-related pollution.

43. Table Of Contents Renewable biological systems for alternative sustainable energy Chapter 2 energy conversion by photosynthetic of fuel alcohol from cellulosic biomass. http://www.fao.org/docrep/w7241e/w7241e00.htm

Renewable biological systems for alternative sustainable energy production (FAO Agricultural Services Bulletin - 128) Table of Contents Edited by Kazuhisa Miyamoto Osaka University Osaka, Japan FAO - Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations The designations employed and the presentation of material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. M-09 ISBN 92-5-104059-1 This electronic document has been scanned using optical character recognition (OCR) software and careful manual recorrection. Even if the quality of digitalisation is high, the FAO declines all responsibility for any discrepancies that may exist between the present document and its original printed version. Table of Contents Acknowledgments Contributors Foreword Summary ... References Chapter 3 - Production of fuel alcohol from cellulosic biomass 3.1 Introduction

44. SD : Environment : Biomass Fuels: "The Time Is Right, But The Pricing Isn't" more urgent. SD s Senior energy Coordinator Gustavo Best (pictured) spoke about biomass fuels and other alternative energy sources. http://www.fao.org/sd/EGdirect/EGre0033.htm

Posted December 1997 Biomass fuels: "The time is right, but the pricing isn't" Fossil fuels - oil, coal and gas - are key contributors to global warming, which threatens agriculture and other human activities in a number of ways. Experts are also saying that fossil fuel reserves will only last another 40 or 50 years. These two facts alone mean that the search for alternative sources of energy has never been more urgent. SD's Senior Energy Coordinator Gustavo Best (pictured) spoke about biomass fuels and other alternative energy sources. How do energy matters relate to climate change? Climate change is very intimately linked to patterns of energy use. The first way of reducing climate change is to reduce the amount of fossil fuels we use. The second way is to change the sources of energy that we use and that is where renewable energies, and biomass energy in particular, come in. Biomass energy is the only energy source that is completely CO2 neutral - meaning that it does not increase the carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. What are biomass fuels?

45. Renewable Energy And Energy Efficiency Issues :: Green Nature :: biomass biomass can be used for electricity and transportation fuel, among other Ocean Waves Offer alternative energy Source For much of the latter half of the http://greennature.com/article304.html

@import url("themes/PostNuke/style/style.css"); Green Nature Jun 07, 2004 - 07:36 AM Green Nature Home Green Nature Photography Green Nature Travel Auction Aid ... Clip Art Search Index AIR Acid Rain Air Pollution Climate Change Ozone Depletion ... Whales Energy Issues Automobiles Biomass Hydropower Nuclear Power ... Wind Global Issues Africa Arctic Antarctica China ... Recycling Land Forestry GM Foods Mountains National Parks ... Organic Farming Water Coastal/Oceans Fresh Water Rivers Poll What is your favorite environment movie? A Civil Action Erin Brockovich China Sndrome Free Willy Gorillas in the Midst Silkwood The Day After Tomorrow Other Results Polls Votes: Comments: Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Issues Background information and the latest news on biomass, geothermal, hydropower, solar power and wind energy. Next Page An Introduction to Renewable Energy What do we mean by the term renewable energy? Here's an explanation. Biomass Biomass can be used for electricity and transportation fuel, among other things. Learn about it here. Britain: U.K. Looks To Harness The Tides To Produce Energy Experts say the energy generated by rising and falling tides, if adequately harnessed, alone could cover the entire country's energy needs. California Mandates 20 Percent Renewable Power by 2017 California has committed to double its use of non-hydro renewable energy for electricity production within the next 15 years.

46. Biomass Energy Here is a collection of resources on alternative energy technology. This site provides articles, links and email discussion groups on biomass fuels, solar http://www.ems.psu.edu/~elsworth/courses/cause2000/Solar.html

47. Biomass Energy alternative energy Links http//www1.primenet.com/~shanaha/ Extensive index of links to alternativeenergy organizations and resources, including solar, wind http://www.ems.psu.edu/~elsworth/courses/cause2000/Alternatefuels.html

48. Renewables on solar, wind, biomass, ethanol, geothermal, hydrogen, fuel cells, green power, net metering and hydroelectric energy. Renewable and alternative energy in http://www.energy.ky.gov/programs/renewables/

This JavaScript determines what browser you are using and shows you the appropriate look and feel. S earch KY: Options KY Division of Energy About the Agency Public Information Program Assistance Site Map ... For other Kentucky Government sites visit: Renewables Last Updated on 11/23/2003 Information on solar, wind, biomass, ethanol, geothermal, hydrogen, fuel cells, green power, net metering and hydroelectric energy. Renewable and alternative energy in Kentucky helps prevent pollution and reduces America's dependence on foreign energy sources. Solar Solar energy is cost-effective today in many applications in Kentucky. The sun's energy can be used to generate electricity and heat water and buildings. Biomass Biomass includes forestry and agricultural crops, residues, and processing wastes, as well as animal wastes and municipal solid waste. The Kentucky Division of Energy actively promotes the use of biomass for energy in Kentucky. Wind Kentucky homeowners and small businesses may find it economically advantageous to use wind power if they have a site where the average wind speeds are high enough. For More Information Contact: Geoff Young 663 Teton Trail Frankfort, KY 40601

49. Becoming An Energy Star State; Alternative Energy Futures For Indiana Pay particular attention to gasification from biomoss, biomass cofiring and organic are not strong enough to initiate an aggressive alternative energy response http://www.citact.org/energystar.html

Becoming an Energy Star State: Alternative Energy Futures For Indiana Report on Indiana Roundtables: Business, Research, and Environmental Interests Convened and Facilitated by Graham S. Toft, Senior Fellow Hudson Institute and Jim Wheeler, President Indiana Technology Partnership January 2003 Support for this project was made possible by a grant from the Joyce Foundation of Chicago to the Citizens Action Coalition Education Fund. CONTENTS Foreword Introduction: Why Not an “Energy Star” State? Why Alternative Energy Options for Indiana? ... Who Attended? Appendices Opportunities and Barriers Identified at the Roundtables Strategies and Tactics Suggested at the Roundtables Indiana Low Energy Cost State Repowering the Midwest ... Senate Bill 463 A Joyce Foundation Funded project. Foreword This series of Roundtables was productive way beyond our expectations. Indiana’s energy future is not a hot topic of public debate today. Yet just beneath the surface we found a cadre of experts and interested parties highly energetic about the topic and anxious that the state find answers to a challenge they believe could be very serious, if left to a “wait and see” approach. As it turns out, this discussion is strategically opportune from a long-term perspective.

50. Alternative Energy crusade to promote renewable energy for electricity most economical fossilfuel alternative and triple uneconomic than the average; biomass, hydroelectric power http://curtrosengren.typepad.com/alternative_energy/

Alternative Energy Recent Posts Blackout reduces pollution Biodiesel stations on the rise Solar energy turns 50 Renewable energy research and arctic drilling ... 9 Q's to Ask About Alternative Energy Energy Blogs LOCE Wind and Wave Energy Weblog PowerFrontiers regenerate Energy Blog Environmental Blogs Earth Blog Energy News Renewable Energy SolarAccess.com Categories Biofuel Energy business Energy economics Energy information resources ... Wind Recent Comments on Solar energy turns 50 Birgit Jensen Malev on Hydrogen from ethanol: Corn powered progress r gregory howard on 5 power co's commit to clean energy Carl Porter on Bush, hydrogen, renewable energy funding Jo on Renewable energy research and arctic drilling Wilhelm on Hydrogen damaging to ozone? Maxim on Energy introduction Jo on Economic benefits of energy efficiency research eclipses fossil fuels programs June 05, 2004 Here's a new whitepaper (May, 2004) on the the Fuel Cell Works site looking at global hydrogen research, development, and policy , both in the public and private sectors. A summary of its contents: June 05, 2004 in

51. Biomass: Alternative Technologies alternative TECHNOLOGIES. The biomass to energy use implies a previous treatment of the feedstock in order to adapt it to the technical characteristics of http://www.unirioja.es/dptos/daa/web2/Temp/text/e_tecnol.htm

Index Abstract Marginal Cost Mapping Potential Crops ... Images Library ALTERNATIVE TECHNOLOGIES In recent years, several national and international programmes are encouraging and supporting the improvement and development of ways of producing and using biomass resources for heat and power generation. In fact, in addition to the most traditional technologies (i.e. combustion) there are several emerging and promising technologies. Depending on the regional area, the interests vary from one country to another. However, the main motivation of the governments of developed countries is the search for ways to reduce both the emissions produced by combustion of non-renewable fuels and the amount of wastes produced in urban (e.g. solid wastes). On the other hand, in developing countries, the accessibility to efficient fuels is often very difficult and, therefore, they are forced to use more traditional fuels (e.g. woody litter). The biomass to energy use implies a previous treatment of the feedstock in order to adapt it to the technical characteristics of the equipment. Depending on the feedstock and the transformation process, the result will be heat and/or power production through a direct (e.g. combustion of residual biomass) or indirect way (e.g. combustion of biogas produced by anaerobic digestion from biodegradable residues). Another option is the liquid biofuels production through, for instance, alcoholic fermentation or transesterification. The performance of biomass to energy technologies depends on local circumstances such as power production availability, fuel availability and delivered costs, as well as the chemical and physical properties of the fuel.

52. Let’s Keep Our Minds Open To Alternative Energy And alternative energy development can provide an important source of tax revenue in rural biomass is also a renewable and environmentally friendly fuel. http://sos.state.mt.us/css/News_Releases/10_10_2001.asp

Text Only Search Site Contact Us Home October 10, 2001 Let’s Keep Our Minds Open to Alternative Energy Secretary of State Bob Brown gave the following keynote speech at the “Harvesting Clean Energy in Montana” conference held October 10, 2001, in Great Falls. For generations, Montanans have battled the winds that buffet our prairies and tamed the forests that carpet our mountains. Today, we have a unique chance to convert those two plentiful resources into environmentally friendly sources of energy. All we need to do is exhibit the same self-reliance that Montanans have always been known for. By opening our minds to unconventional energy sources, we can nibble away at the shadow of uncertainty imposed by volatile spot markets, terrorist acts, and climate conditions that are beyond our control. We can tighten our grip on our own energy destiny. During my 30 years of involvement in state government, I’ve learned a lot of important lessons. One of them seems especially pertinent here today. My wise old friend Matt Himsl, a long-time Montana legislator, used to say, “Never be the last in which the old has died nor the first in which the new is tried.” Certainly, we aren’t the first to examine alternative energy options. Several other states—Texas, California, Washington, Wyoming, and Minnesota and Pennsylvania among them—are already far ahead of us in exploiting their wind resources. Yet Montana, which ranks fifth among the 50 states for wind energy potential, has yet to take advantage of this precious natural asset.

53. Category Browsing Results SPRINGER VERLAG, H, ISBN 1563966875, PGS 660, List $225.00 YOUR PRICE $213.75. alternative energy Sources V Part D biomass, Hydrocarbons, Hydrogen. http://opamp.com/cf/browse.cfm?Main=ENGINEERING&Sub1=ALTERNATIVE ENERGY

54. US Senate Committee On Energy And Natural Resources which established the firstever wind energy production tax poultry waste and closed loop biomass co-fired of biodiesel, a clean-burning alternative fuel made http://energy.senate.gov/news/dem_release.cfm?id=191327

55. Biomass Research Group, Institute For Energy Utilization, National Institute Of We culture biomass which produce alternative energy source, such as terpen oils and glycerol, and aim at the construction of the energy production system. http://unit.aist.go.jp/eutech/eubio/index_e.htm

Japanese AIST Inst. for Energy Utilization Biomass Research Group Our mission Our mission is to study renewable energy production from biomass and organic waste treatment technology. Biomass ... is the only renewable organic resource and one of the most abundant resources, and fixes CO in the atmosphere by photosynthesis and does not break CO balance on a global scale. Biomass ... has attracts as an " Environmentally Compatible Energy Resource ." Current Research Themes Liquid fuel/slurry fuel production by direct liquefaction of biomass Biomass with high moisture content is directly converted to heavy oil-like or slurry fuel with or without catalyst under high pressure (90 atm) and high temperature(300 C). Biomass gasification Relatively dry biomass is gasified at high temperature (700-1000 C) to produce H + CO rich gas, which were converted liquid fuel by indirect liquefaction. Biomass gasification in super/sub-critical water with metal catalyst Biomass with high moisture content is gasified to fuel gas (CH , H , CO ) in super/sub-critical water with metal catalyst.

56. Hubbert: Shell Oil Article a new scenario in which it appears that renewable or alternative sources such as solar and wind energy, hydro power, and burning of biomass (wood and fibers http://www.hubbertpeak.com/debate/hubshell.htm

Shell: Rapid Introduction of Alternative Energy January 25, 1995 This is a translation by Francis de Winter of a newpaper article from the NRC Handelsblad of the Netherlands. The NRC Handelsblad is one of the two or three top papers in the Netherlands, more or less equivalent in the Netherlands to what the Wall Street Journal is in the USA. FdW can be reached in Santa Cruz, CA, USA at 831-425-1211 or via EcoSystems The Shell oil company has presented a new scenario in which it appears that renewable or "alternative" sources such as solar and wind energy, hydro power, and burning of biomass (wood and fibers) will be able to play a significant role much sooner than has been accepted until now. Because of that it is likely that the high atmospheric CO2 concentrations predicted to date (and the associated greenhouse effect) will not develop, and because of that Shell is of the opinion that new restrictions on (combustible) fuels are premature and unnecessary. From the year 2000 we can expect the contributions of hydro power and biomass to the world energy supply to grow rapidly, followed by wind and solar power. After 2040 geothermal energy will also play a role, as will several still unknown sources, called surprises in the scenario. Until 2030 we can expect the contribution of fossil fuels (coal, natural gas, and oil) to grow, and it will then start decreasing since there will be cheaper alternatives. The relative contribution of oil (in percent) has already been dropping since the 1970s, and of coal since the beginning of the century.

57. Youngquist: Alternative Energy Sources alternative energy Sources. Nonrenewable, Renewable. Oil sands, heavy oil, Wood/other biomass. Natural gas, Hydroelectric power 2. Coal, Solar energy. http://www.hubbertpeak.com/youngquist/altenergy.htm

Alternative Energy Sources by Walter Youngquist, Consulting Geologist Eugene, Oregon, October 2000 Oil fuels the modern world. No other substance can equal the enormous impact which the use of oil has had on so many people, so rapidly, in so many ways, and in so many places around the world. Oil in its various refined derivative forms, such as gasoline, kerosene, and diesel fuel, has a unique combination of many desirable and useful characteristics. These include a current availability in abundance, a currently high net energy recovery, a high energy density, ease of transportation and storage, relative safety, and great versatility in end use. Oil is also useful as more than an energy source. It is the basis for the manufacture of petrochemical products including plastics, medicines, paints, and myriad other useful materials. Finally, the asphalt "bottoms" from refineries have converted millions of miles of muddy trails around the world into paved highways on which transport vehicles fueled by oil run. Alternative energy sources must be compared with oil in all these various attributes when their substitution for oil is considered. None appears to completely equal oil.

58. PowerFrontiers - Power And Energy News us definitively that arguments claiming alternative energy technologies are by the Meadville Community energy Project has also called a biomass digester, is a http://www.powerfrontiers.com/

Home Books Products About ... Links Welcome to PowerFrontiers If this is your first time here, click here to find out about this site. Power and Energy News - Current news and commentary on power and energy Click the xml button for the RSS feed. Click here to learn about this Blog Going Carbon-Neutral Some businesses and celebrities have opted to go carbon-neutral, offsetting their carbon dioxide emissions by purchasing items that absorb or compensate the same amount of carbon dioxide. Support for this idea is growing as people realize the true cost of the fuels we burn. Try out the carbon calculator and see how your carbon output compares to the 22 tons of carbon produced by the average American. If one gallon of gasoline produces an average of 22 pounds of CO2 , the cost to plant trees to offset those 22 pounds is roughly $2.60. Now imagine that amount added to the price of a gallon of gasoline today, and the true costs can be seen more clearly. Maybe if we compare the true costs of fuel, including emissions and environmental impact, other energy sources will seem more attractive. Permalink - posted by Jim - postCount('05.14.2004');

59. Alternative Energy Sources and development of natural gas and alternative sources and a freer energy market could of renewable sourcesincluding solar, geothermal, biomass and wind http://horizon.unc.edu/projects/OTH/1-2_tech2.asp

Alternative Energy Sources by James L. Morrison [Note: This is a re-formatted manuscript that was originally published in On the Horizon (2), 5-6. It is posted here with permission from Jossey Bass Publishers The Los Angeles Times , p. D2.] The Danish government is pushing ahead with one of Europe's most ambitious alternative energy projects-a pro gram that would make Denmark the first country in the world to use wind power as a significant contributor to its national electricity grid. At the present, only California has installed greater wind-power capacity. Denmark is in the final stages of an initial expansion that will triple its wind power by the end of the next year to cover nearly 10% of its electricity requirements through wind energy. Denmark and California together produce 90% of the globe's wind-generated electricity. [Marshall, T. (1992, April 7). Danes no blowhards on alternative energy. The Los Angeles Times , p. H4.] The Christian Science Monitor , p. 26.] Edison and Texas Instruments recently announced a solar technology breakthrough. A relatively low-cost solar photovoltaic cell has the potential to provide one-third of an average home's electricity using a 10-by-10 foot rooftop panel! [Bryson, J.E.(1991, May 19)Change is in the wind- and the sun. The Los Angeles Times , p. M5.]

60. Reading University - Energy Group - Biomass Links alternative Fuels Data Center US Department of energy Information on liquid biomass fuels mainly for transport, with databases and many links. http://www.rdg.ac.uk/AcaDepts/st/home/energygp/book/biomasites.htm

staff student search Home ... Energy students Energy Group Biomass Energy Links As the subject of Renewable Energy is gaining popularity in many parts of the world, the number of web sites relating to the subject is growing rapidly. As part of our involvement in the subject, we are compiling a set of links to interesting sites which will be updated periodically. Suggestions for new links will be carefully considered. Please also notify of changed or deleted links, as these do change very rapidly. These links are divided into several pages: General Solar and Biomass (this page). Micro-hydro Links to wind sites will follow. Some links may be repeated on two different pages, as they contain general information, but also emphasise one particular technology. General Biomass Energy Bioenergy Information Network USA Department of Energy Information on solid biomass fuels, with databases and many links. National Renewable Energy Laboratory Golden, Colorado (USA) Research center for renewable energy technologies. The Biomass Energy Foundation (BEF) (USA) based at NREL, Colorado, USA. Pages listing projects and publications; collection of books and papers on biomass for sale.

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