61. 56.   Big Bang? 246, March 1982, pp. 106–114. s. . “Galaxy rotation and how it got startedis one of the great mysteries of astrophysics. In a big bang universe, linear http://www.creationscience.com/onlinebook/ReferencesandNotes55.html

This is the online edition of In the Beginning: Compelling Evidence for Creation and the Flood (7th Edition) by Dr. Walt Brown. Click here to order the hardbound edition. References and Notes a [the big bang] Nature u Roy C. Martin, Jr., Astronomy on Trial: A Devastating and Complete Repudiation of the Big Bang Fiasco b Space Science Reviews c The Astrophysical Journal d [the big bang theory] Science News u Science u Discover , September 2000, p. 7. u Scientific American e Nature u Scientific American, f Scientific American g Science h . Halton M. Arp, Quasars, Redshifts, and Controversies (Berkeley, California: Interstellar Media, 1987). i Discover j The Astrophysical Journal k [by George Gamow in 1946] Meta Research Bulletin u [big bang] [microwave background radiation] Physics Essays l Science News u New Scientist u [that the universe is fractal] [Professor of Astrophysics, Peter] m Science Science u Science u Nature u [in the cosmic microwave background radiation, CMB] Science News u [the Great Wall] Science u Science News u Science u For many years, big bang theorists searched in vain with increasingly precise instruments for temperature concentrations in the practically uniform CMB. Without concentrations, matter could never gravitationally contract around those concentrations to form galaxies and galaxy clusters. Finally, in 1992, with great fanfare, an announcement was made in the popular media that slight concentrations were discovered. Major shortcomings were not mentioned:

62. BBC - Blue Sky - The Big Bang Sciences and was awarded a Ph.D. from the Astrophysics Group of making observationsof the cosmic microwave background (CMB the `afterglow of the big bang). http://www.open2.net/bluesky/bang.htm

Dr Michael Hobson reveals how Crimewatch led his research in a new direction "Have you ever wondered how astronomers produce those wonderful pictures that appear in the papers or on television from time to time? They certainly look very impressive, but in many cases it has taken a lot of work to turn the signal received by the telescope into a clear image of a star cluster or distant galaxy. The basic images produced by telescopes often bear only a passing resemblance to the final pictures presented in the media or scientific journals. These `raw data' (as they are called) usually suffer from `blurring' and `noise' caused by the inevitable imperfections inherent in any measurement process. Therefore, an important part of modern astronomy is to develop ways of processing the raw data to remove these unwanted artefacts, and produce a clear picture, worthy of a slot on the Ten O'Clock News As an astronomer working in the Cavendish Astrophysics Group in Cambridge for the last 10 years, I have been very closely involved in developing a wide variety of `image reconstruction' techniques. These are basically mathematical algorithms that run on a (usually very large) computer. The program reads in the blurred, noisy data and attempts to reconstruct the actual image the telescope observed (which we generally call `the truth').

63. Fred Hoyle And The Mythical Big Bang - Jean Claude Pecker was indeed a splendid solution, and he said it in more or less that way the BigBang is nothing We were all beginners in astrophysics; Fred was the older. http://www.humanist.org.nz/Docs/BigBang.html

New Zealand Humanist - Issue 151 Home Up page site Map Jean-Claude Pecker Fred Hoyle Fred Hoyle and the Mythical Big Bang In this article, written exclusively for New Zealand Humanist, Jean-Claude Pecker discusses: Fred Hoyle and the origins of the Universe. S ir Fred Hoyle died at the age of 86, on Monday August the 20 th , at Bournemouth, UK, where he had retired several years ago. He was, no doubt, still the young man he has ever been, active, creative, unconventional, multi-talented, interested by everything, deeply sensitive, exceptionally imaginative, and strongly uncompromising. Jean Claude Pecker Born on June 24 th , 1915, he displayed very early an obvious taste for the "mysteries" of the Universe, for its beauties, and for astronomy. At the age of 13, he is said to have observed the sky every possible night,with a small telescope. Later, after his Doctorate Thesis on Quantum Electrodynamics, defended at Cambridge in 1939, as a student of Allen Smailes and Paul Diracand later, disgusted by the military applications of nuclear physics, he turned towards astrophysics, then influenced by his friend Raymond Lyttleton. He became Plumian Professor of Astronomy And Experimental Philosophy at Cambridge in 1958, until 1972. He kept very close relations with foreign universities and observatories. He worked at the Mount Wilson and Palomar Observatories (although he was essentially a theoretician), at Cal-Tech, and also at Cornell University where he was professor at large from 1972 until 1978, and kept very close working relations with astronomers all over the world, Fritz Zwicky, Halton Christian (Chip) Arp, William (Willi) Fowler, Geoffrey and Margaret Burbidge, in the USA, N. Chandra Wickramasinghe, Jayant V. Narlikar, in India, and in the UK, not to speak of his earlier Cambridge accomplices, Thomas Gold, Sir Hermann Bondi, and of course Lyttleton.

64. FRS: From The Big Bang To DNA The course will begin with a description of the big bang, introductory cosmology,and Dr. Gershwin also has training and study in astronomy/astrophysics at the http://trc.ucdavis.edu/trc/freshSem/sp04/gershwin.html

From the Big Bang to DNA Instructor: M. Eric Gershwin, Department of Rheumatology/Allergy and Clinical Immunology, School of Medicine Description: Format: This will be an audience-participated seminar series in which students will present, followed by a discussion by Dr. Gershwin. The first class will be a lecture by Dr. Gershwin entitled "Astrobiology: The Way We Were and the Way We Are Today." Thereafter, students will be assigned individual topics and will meet individually with Dr. Gershwin to obtain selected reading lists. There will be no formal text but there will be required reading. The course will meet for two hours per week in the late afternoon or early evening. Students will have an additional 2-3 hours per week of reading. Grading: Students will receive a grade based on class participation (1/3). Each student will also be graded on their oral presentation (1/3). Finally, there will either be a written final essay of no longer than 3,000 words, or a class debate in which the class will be divided into two groups to "argue" in favor of or against a hypothesis (1/3). About the Instructor:

65. Plasma Science And Technology - Applications - Plasma Astrophysics Plasma Astrophysics and Cosmology, AL Peratt, ed., Kluwer, 1995. Progress in NewCosmologies Beyond the big bang, H. Arp, C. Keys and K. Rudnicki, editors http://www.plasmas.org/space-astrophys.htm

Applications Overview Technology Basic Plasma Physics Space Plasmas Plasma Astrophysics Magnetic Confinement Fusion High Energy Density Physics Alternate Concepts for Fusion Gravity was the focus of 20th century astronomy. For the 21st century, it will be electromagnetism and plasmas in addition. This forthcoming scientific revolution is presaged by the rapid pace of discoveries about our own star, the Sun, and its total plasma environment. Space Telescope Science Institute , J. Hester, Arizona State University , and NASA References Parameters Research Sites for Plasma Astrophysics Plasma Astrophysics References Vinod Krishan, Astrophysical Plasmas and Fluids, Kluwer Academic Publ., 1999. Toshiki Tajima and Kazunari Shibata, Plasma Astrophysics , Addison-Wesley, 1997. Plasma Astrophysics and Cosmology , A. L. Peratt, ed., Kluwer, 1995. Progress in New Cosmologies: Beyond the Big Bang , H. Arp, C. Keys and

66. Big Bang Cosmology Meets An Astronomical Death The support afforded by the big bang model by these four arguments is, however Infact, the observational evidence from astrophysics is more in keeping with the http://www.newtonphysics.on.ca/BIGBANG/Bigbang.html

Big Bang Cosmology Meets an Astronomical Death By Paul Marmet New paper related to the same problem Click here Return to: List of Papers on the Web Go to: Frequently Asked Questions Published by: 21 st Century, Science and Technology, P.O. Box, 17285, Washington, D.C. 20041. Vol. 3, No. 2 Spring 1990, P. 52-59. More and more astronomical evidence points to the absurdity of the theory that the universe started with a Big Bang. A Canadian Astrophysicist presents this evidence and explains how the cosmic redshift is caused by gaseous matter in space, not by the Doppler effect. Caption for Crab Nebula. Interstellar matter, seen here in the Crab Nebula in Taurus, has its counterpart on a larger scale in the rarefied intergalactic medium. The intergalactic medium was first shown to exist in the 1970s. It is impossible, the author says, for the light we see from distant galaxies not to interact with this medium as it passes through it. 1 - Introduction. We are all so accustomed to reading that the universe "began" once a time in the Big Bang that most people no longer think it necessary to question or scrutinize it. A detailed analysis of the Big Bang theory, however, leads to consequences and implications that are irrational, or are contradicted by astrophysical observations, including important ones. At the same time, one of the pillars of the model, the all important cosmic redshift- the shifting of spectral lines toward the red end of the spectrum, in proportion to the distance of the source from us- can be explained without invoking the Doppler velocity interpretation

67. Totse.com | The Big Bang According To Poe - 1848 the principles of Einstein s Theory of Relativity and the big bang Theory, nearlya first and only theological cosmology based on the science of astrophysics. http://www.totse.com/en/technology/space_astronomy_nasa/bangpoe.html

About Community Bad Ideas Drugs ... ABOUT The Big Bang according to Poe - 1848 Divine Volition, or the Big Bang according to Edgar Allen Poe "Eureka, an Essay on the Material and Spiritual Universe" by Edgar Allen Poe (first published, 1848) Mention Edgar Allen Poe and most people will conjure up images of horror, insanity and death with most likely a fair dose of remorse, gloom and despair. This is because Poe's masterful tales and poems, such as "The Pit and the Pendulum", "The Tell-Tale Heart" and "The Raven" have earned their part in the American consciousness. I have always enjoyed Poe's stories (equally so his less well known stories of humor, adventure and fantasy) and was pleased to come across a collection of his complete writings (the 10-volume Wagnalls in 1904) at my local second-hand bookstore, the Tin Can Mailman. Living where I do (near the city of Eureka, in Humboldt County, California), I was immediately drawn by an essay entitled "Eureka!, An Essay on the Material and Spiritual Universe"; dedicated to Alexander Von Humboldt and originally published in 1848.

68. BIG-BANG BASHERS There is a revolution brewing in applying this knowledge to astrophysics. . (Horgan,John; bigbang Bashers, Scientific American, 25722, September 1987.). http://www.science-frontiers.com/sf054/sf054a04.htm

Science Frontiers ONLINE No. 54: Nov-Dec 1987 Issue Contents Other pages Home Page Science Frontiers Online All Issues This Issue Sourcebook Project Sourcebook Subjects BIG-BANG BASHERS Doubts concerning the validity of the Big-Bang hypothesis must be becoming more serious, when the conservative Scientific American devotes an entire page to dissenters and their data. After all, the Big Bang, like Evolution and Relativity, is a vital part of the general scientific outlook. How shaky is the Big Bang? L.M. Krauss of Yale, admits that all cosmological theories are "tenuous." He adds: "There are a lot of fundamental assumptions we base our model on that may be wrong." A leading Big-Bang basher in H. Arp, of whom we have written frequently in SF. We will therefore not pursue his sort of bashing any further here. It is sufficient to say that Arp's doubts about the red-shift/distance relationship continue to receive support through observations of the heavens and in the lab. The other Big-Bang basher featured in Scientific American is H. Alfven, a Nobel-Prize winner in physics. Alfven postulates a universe dominated by electromagnetic forces, which he believes to be more important in shaping the cosmos than gravitation. His electromagnetic theory disallows any universe smaller than 1/10 the diameter of our present universe, thus excluding the Big Bang's point origin. Electromagnetic forces can account for all types of galaxies without resorting to the infamous "missing mass." Alfven can even account for the cosmic microwave background. Furthermore, Alfven's theories are supported by observations of solar-system plasma and magnetic fields. NASA's T.E. Eastman allows:

69. Theoretical Astrophysics - Encyclopedia Article About Theoretical Astrophysics. Some widelyaccepted theories/models in astrophysics include the big bang In astrophysics,the term big bang is used both in a narrow sense to refer to the http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Theoretical astrophysics

Dictionaries: General Computing Medical Legal Encyclopedia Theoretical astrophysics Word: Word Starts with Ends with Definition Theoretical Astrophysics is the discipline that seeks to explain the phenomena observed by astronomers in physical terms. With this purpose, theoretical astrophysicists create and evaluate models to reproduce and predict the observations. In most cases, trying to figure out the implications of physical models is not easy and takes a lot of time and effort. Theoretical astrophysicists use a wide variety of tools which include analytical models (for example, polytropes A polytrope is a solution to the Lane-Emden equation. Click the link for more information. to approximate the behaviors of a star For alternate meanings see Star (disambiguation) A star is a large glowing sphere that is found in outer space. Stars appear as points in the nighttime sky that twinkle because of the effect of the Earth's atmosphere. The Sun is an exception: it is the only star sufficiently close to Earth to appear as a disc and to provide daylight. Common language does not always reflect this astronomical usage; the term "star" ordinarily does not include the Sun, and sometimes includes the visible planets and even meteors ("shooting stars" or "falling stars").

70. Opinion: Has The Big Bang Burst? However, I suspect that those without degrees in astrophysics will find the newtheory For that reason, I m sure that the big bang Theory will continue to be http://www.jefflindsay.com/BigBang.shtml

The Bursting of the Big Bang The Big Bang theory, in its modern embodiment as popularly taught in the schools, is offered as a refutation of Divine Creation. The universe is said to have happened by accident without a need for God. Starting from the chaos of an explosion, matter became spread out across the universe yet able to gather together into stars and galaxies all under the influence of purely natural laws. (Actually, there are multiple scientific theories offering different details for how the Big Bang occurred, but at the popular level, we still speak of "the Big Bang theory.") Of course, the Big Bang theory cannot explain the origin of those natural laws and the many particular constants such as the strength of gravity or the mass of the electron, all of which seem so precisely tuned to permit stars and planets and life to exist. But the modern atheistic does injustice to history: the Big Bang theory was initially viewed as a major blow to atheists and as crucial evidence for God. "Let there be light" - the divine command that began the Creation, bringing order out of chaos - was viewed as fulfilled by the Big Bang. A carefully orchestrated explosion that could lead to life in the universe surely must have had a cause, and that cause was God. See " Big-Bang Theology " by Jim Holt (an article on the Slate Web site).

71. Primordial Alchemy: From The Big Bang To The Present Universe - G. Steigman at the XIII Canary Islands Winter School of Astrophysics Cosmochemistry The StandardBig bang Nucleosynthesis (SBBN) depends on only one free parameter, the http://nedwww.ipac.caltech.edu/level5/March04/Steigman3/Steigman_contents.html

astro-ph/0208186 For a PDF version of the article, click here Primordial Alchemy: From The Big Bang To The Present Universe Gary Steigman Departments of Physics and of Astronomy The Ohio State University , Columbus, OH 43210, USA Abstract. Of the light nuclides observed in the universe today, D, He, He, and Li are relics from its early evolution. The primordial abundances of these relics, produced via Big Bang Nucleosynthesis (BBN) during the first half hour of the evolution of the universe provide a unique window on Physics and Cosmology at redshifts ~ 10 Table of Contents THE EARLY EVOLUTION OF THE UNIVERSE Redshift Dynamics BIG BANG NUCLEOSYNTHESIS AND THE PRIMORDIAL ABUNDANCES ... REFERENCES The present universe is expanding and is filled with radiation (the 2.7 K Cosmic Microwave Background - CMB) as well as "ordinary" matter (baryons), "dark" matter and, "dark energy". Extrapolating back to the past, the early universe was hot and dense, with the overall energy density dominated by relativistic particles ("radiation dominated"). During its early evolution the universe hurtled through an all too brief epoch when it served as a primordial nuclear reactor, leading to the synthesis of the lightest nuclides: D, He

72. Review Of Big Bang Nucleosynthesis And Primordial Abundances - Tytler Et Al. Olive, KA, 19th Texas Symposium on Relativistic Astrophysics and Cosmology, Paris1998 Sarkar, S., ``big bang Nucleosynthesis Reprise astroph/9903183 (1999 http://nedwww.ipac.caltech.edu/level5/Tytler2/Tytler_references.html

REFERENCES Astrophys. J. Turner, M.S., in ``The Proc. of Particle Phys. and the Universe'' (ed. D.O. Caldwell) (AIP, Woodbury, NY, 1999) astro-ph/9904359 Kolb, E.W., and Turner, M.S., ``The Early Universe'', (Addison Wesley 1990). Astrophys. J. Wagoner, R. V., Astrophys. J. astro-ph/9901157 (1999b) Olive, K.A., 19th Texas Symposium on Relativistic Astrophysics and Cosmology, Paris 1998, astro-ph/9903309 (1999b) astro-ph/9905320 (1999) Sarkar, S., ``Big Bang Nucleosynthesis: Reprise'' astro-ph/9903183 (1999) Schramm, D. N., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. , 42-46 (http:// www. pnas.org) (1998). Steigman, G., in ``Stellar Evolution, Stellar Explosions and Galactic Evolution'', Proceedings of the Second Oak Ridge Symp., (ed. Mezzacappa), Inst. of Physics Pub, p101, (1997) astro-ph/9803055 Olive, K.A., ``Primordial Big Bang Nucleosynthesis'' Summary of Lectures at Advanced School of Cosmology and Particle Physics, and Theoretical and Observational Cosmology Summer School, 44pp, astro-ph/9901231 (1999a) Sarkar, S., Rept. Prog. Phys. , 1493-1610, revised at hep-ph/9602260 (1996) Crane, P. (ed.) ``The Light Element Abundances'' Springer.

73. Astronomy Astronomy/Cosmology/Astrophysics. A Beginning From In the Beginning by Dr. Walt Brown.One proof of the 2nd Law of Thermodynamics. The big bang Theory Collapses http://www.geocities.com/Heartland/7547/astro.html

Astronomy/Cosmology/Astrophysics A Beginning From In the Beginning by Dr. Walt Brown. One proof of the 2nd Law of Thermodynamics. The Big Bang Theory Collapses Impact #216 , by Dr. Duane Gish Bumps in the Big Bang Impact #233 , by Dr. D. Russell Humphreys Close Binaries From In the Beginning by Dr. Walt Brown. An extremely tight orbit by a pair of binary stars looks like a pretty good disproof of standard "stellar evolution" models. Have Computers Discovered the "Long Day" of Joshua? No, no, no... question #36 in Dr. Don DeYoung's book, Astronomy and the Bible Decay of the Universe From In the Beginning by Dr. Walt Brown. Big-bang advocates notwithstanding, the Law of Entropy demands that the initial state of the universe must have been more complex and highly ordered than at any other time, precisely the opposite of what naturalistic origins models result in. Design in Nature: The Anthropic Principle Impact #149 by Dr. Don DeYoung Evidence for a Young Sun Impact #276 by Keith Davies, M.S. The First Law of Thermodynamics From In the Beginning by Dr. Walt Brown.

74. Review Of Big Bang Nucleosynthesis And Primordial Abundances Olive, KA, 19th Texas Symposium on Relativistic Astrophysics and Cosmology astroph/9905320(1999); Sarkar, S., “big bang Nucleosynthesis Reprise” astro-ph http://www.physica.org/xml/article.asp?article=t085a00012.xml

75. Nebular Astrophysics evolved extragalactic H II regions and dwarf galaxies constrains big bang nucleosynthesisand Nebular astrophysics is an integral part of today s astronomy. http://www.star.ucl.ac.uk/cie/xwl/home.html

76. Academic Directories DETAILS/DISCOUNTS. big bang Theory and Expanding Universe, Home Astronomy Astrophysics and Cosmology big bang Theory and Expanding Universe. http://www.allianceforlifelonglearning.org/er/tree.jsp?c=41031

77. Two Billion To One Related Links UCSD Center for Astrophysics Space Sciences SpaceDaily Search SpaceDailySubscribe To SpaceDaily Express SPACE SCIENCE. Was The big bang A big http://www.spacedaily.com/news/cosmology-01c.html

COSMOLOGY Two Billion To One And The Primordial Odds Get Heavy In the first fraction of a second of the Big Bang, the universe consisted almost equally of matter and anti-matter. For every two billion anti-protons, there were two billion protons plus one extra. Photo by Richard Wainscoat San Diego - May 16, 2001 Astronomers using the giant 10 meter Keck telescope have made the most precise measurement to date of the amount of deuterium, or heavy hydrogen, in the universe. This finding provides a stringent constraint on the Big Bang theory for the origin of the universe. Led by David Tytler of the University of California, San Diego, a team of six astronomers observed absorption lines in light from a quasar. Specific wavelengths of the quasar light were absorbed by various types of atoms in an intervening, and very distant intergalactic cloud. They determined that the cloud contained about one deuterium atom for every 40,000 normal hydrogen atoms. This number, which is consistent with other independent measurements, gives the team confidence that they and other scientists are closing in on one of the most important pieces of evidence for proving the Big Bang theory. "According to the theory, primordial deuterium was created by nuclear reactions in the first one thousand seconds of the Big Bang," explained Tytler. "The amount depends sensitively on the number of protons and neutrons present, so if we measure the deuterium, we can determine how many protons, and therefore how much matter is present in the universe."

78. ETHZ Institute Of Astronomy: Courses In Cosmology And Astrophysics Topics to be covered include Observational overview and review of big bang cosmology;the nbody methods and hydrodynamical methods; astrophysics of structure http://www.exp-astro.phys.ethz.ch/courses.html

I N S T I T U T E O F A S T R O N O M Y H O E N G G E R B E R G C A M P U S About us Home Who we are What we do Seminars ... How to contact us ETH ETH Physics ETH Search ETH Homepage Observational Cosmology Group New Courses in Cosmology and Astrophysics Several "Wahlfach" courses in extragalactic astrophysics and cosmology are offered in the 2003-2004 academic year. Frontiers in Astrophysics (Wintersemester 2003) Professor Marcella Carollo Mi 15.00 - 17.00 HPP H5 (First Lecture 29. Oktober 2003) The course covers the basic physics behind some of the major topics at the frontiers of current astrophysics, including: the accelerating Universe and dark energy; dark matter and the cosmic baryon budget; "First light" and the formation of galaxies, supermassive black holes in the centers of galaxies; Gamma-ray bursters and exotic stars; solar neutrinos, the discovery of extrasolar planets; astro-biology; the next generation of telescopes. This course is aimed at physics or other science students interested in a broad overview of current research in astrophysics. The course will be in English.

79. Nuclearastro Nuclear astrophysics. The objective of this research program is to investigate nuclearprocesses that take place in stars, in the big bang, and in interstellar http://www.phy.anl.gov/theory/research/nuclastro.html

Nuclear astrophysics The objective of this research program is to investigate nuclear processes that take place in stars, in the big bang, and in interstellar and intergalactic space. Nuclear phenomena are ubiquitous in the universe. The stars shine by nuclear energy, and the chemical compositions observed in the solar system and elsewhere are the results of nuclear processes that occurred in the big bang and inside the several generations of stars that have formed since then. Many astrophysical phenomena may only be understood by a combination of nuclear physics with methods more familiar to astrophysicists. A particularly important problem is to determine rates for the nuclear reactions that occur in astrophysical environments. We have applied advances in the theoretical descriptions of light nuclei to compute cross sections important for big-bang nucleosynthesis and the solar neutrino flux. This work continues in close connection with our other work on light nuclei, and the main goals at present are to improve the wave functions and computational methods. There are many applications (for example, the rapid neutron capture process) where large contributions from theoretical nuclear physics particularly masses and cross sections will always be necessary as input, and we maintain research interests in these areas. Understanding nucleosynthesis and energy generation in a particular astrophysical environment requires calculations of nuclear reaction networks. Even for cases in which the detailed astrophysical phenomena can only be understood from difficult calculations coupling a reaction network and hydrodynamics, simpler network calculations can identify the crucial reactions and other nuclear properties to be determined by more detailed theoretical and experimental work. Ongoing work in this area involves big-bang nucleosynthesis, nuclear burning in low-mass stars, and photon-nucleus reactions in high-energy cosmic rays.

80. Big Bang Confirmed: Seeing Twists And Turns Of Primordial Light: Science News On Sounds of the universe confirm big bang. John E. Carlstrom University of ChicagoDepartment of Astronomy and Astrophysics 5640 South Ellis Avenue Chicago, IL http://www.sciencenews.org/20020928/fob1.asp

Math Trek Stepping Beyond Fibonacci Numbers Food for Thought State of U.S. Agro-ecosystems Science Safari Fungus of the Month TimeLine 70 Years Ago in Science News Week of Sept. 28, 2002; Vol. 162, No. 13 , p. 195 Big Bang Confirmed: Seeing twists and turns of primordial light Ron Cowen The latest observations of the cosmic microwave background, the faint glow left over from the Big Bang, are giving cosmologists quite a turn. PRIMORDIAL MAP. The intensity and polarization of the cosmic-microwave-background radiation recorded by the Degree Angular Scale Interferometer. Among the tiny variations in temperature, yellow is hottest and red is coldest. Each black line's length represents strength of polarization at a location; its orientation reflects direction. DASI Collaboration Revealing for the first time that microwave-background photons from adjacent patches of the sky vibrate in slightly different directions, the discovery confirms that by studying that background "we really are observing the universe as it was about 300,000 years after the Big Bang," says theorist Wayne Hu of the University of Chicago. The finding verifies that just about everything astronomers thought they understood about the early universe and the emergence of galaxies is likely to be true, he adds. Had astronomers not detected the polarization, "we would have had to go back to the drawing board" regarding our theories about the universe, says John E. Carlstrom of the University of Chicago. He led the new study of the cosmic microwave background and announced the results last week at the Cosmo-02 meeting in Chicago.

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