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41. Beothuks
six years of her life describing beothuk culture and language Sometime after 1829,an elderly native woman named Santu sang a song in the beothuk language for
http://www.fact-index.com/b/be/beothuks.html
Main Page See live article Alphabetical index
Beothuks
The Beothuks were the native inhabitants of Newfoundland at the time of European contact in the and 16th centuries "Beothuk" means "people" in the Beothuk language. The origins of the Beothuks are uncertain, but it appears that they were an Algonquian group who displaced a Dorset Inuit culture on Newfoundland about 1000 years ago. It is possible that the natives described by the Vikings as Skraelings were Beothuk inhabitants of Labrador and Newfoundland. When other Europeans arrived, beginning with John Cabot in , there were probably only about a thousand Beothuks on Newfoundland, although there was little contact with them because they preferred to ignore Europeans. Instead of trading with them like other natives elsewhere in North America , they instead withdrew to the interior of the island. There are two famous stories of Beothuks being captured by Europeans. In , Demasduwit, re-named Mary March, was kidnapped with hopes that she would become a translator and intermediary between the English settlers and Beothuks. She soon died of

42. The Dictionary Of The Spoken Taino Language
Montagnais; native Studies Information; beothuk; Ethnologue Language PBP LanguageGreeting; native LANGUAGES PAGE; Lakota Language and culture; Catawba; Mahican;
http://members.dandy.net/~orocobix/langlinks.htm
American Indian Language Links
Tau, Hello, Here's a list of Native American Indian Language links for those who are interested.

43. Native American - Mainland Traditions
Florence EdenshawDavidson An article about the loss of cultural heritage. NativeRoots Provides some historical information about button blankets. beothuk.
http://www.quiltethnic.com/mainland.html
Top of Page QuiltEthnic.com Native American
Hawaiian Quilting Traditions
Kuna Indians of Panama Mainland Tribes
USA: A "Star" is Born: Native American quilter Polly (member of the Three Affiliated Tribes - Mandan, Hidatsa and Arikara) demonstrates how Star Quilts are created. Agard Family Quilts : Quilts made by Native American Lakota who are members of the Standing Rock Sioux Tribe in McIntosh, South Dakota. : Tlingit Button Robe. Alberta is Raven of the Dog Salmon Clan and Michael is Raven of the Coho Clan. Alsaka. Azure Sky Star Quilt Mfg A native-owned company that provides custom made star quilts. Button Blankets : This site describes button blankets of the Haida, Tsimshian, Tlingit and Nisga'a cultures and has images of two of them, clickable for close-up view. Button Blankets : Two Haida trade blankets circa 1900 are shown. Button Blankets – Ceremonial Robes of the Pacific Northwest : Article by Wendy Ellsworth reprinted from Bead and Button magazine.

44. MSN Encarta - Native Americans Of North America
indigenous peoples of the Northeast culture area, but beothuk canoes had sides thatcurved up Subarctic peoples—like native Americans throughout North America
http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761570777_16/Native_Americans_of_North_Ameri
MSN Home My MSN Hotmail Shopping ... Money Web Search: logoImg('http://sc.msn.com'); Encarta Subscriber Sign In Help Home ... Upgrade to Encarta Premium Search Encarta Tasks Find in this article Print Preview Send us feedback Related Items Migration to the Americas Native American Architecture more... Magazines Search the Encarta Magazine Center for magazine and news articles about this topic Further Reading Editors' Picks
Native Americans of North America
News Search MSNBC for news about Native Americans of North America Internet Search Search Encarta about Native Americans of North America Search MSN for Web sites about Native Americans of North America Also on Encarta Editor's picks: Good books about Iraq Compare top online degrees What's so funny? The history of humor Also on MSN Summer shopping: From grills to home decor D-Day remembered on Discovery Switch to MSN in 3 easy steps Our Partners Capella University: Online degrees LearnitToday: Computer courses CollegeBound Network: ReadySetGo Kaplan Test Prep and Admissions Encyclopedia Article from Encarta Advertisement Page 16 of 32 Native Americans of North America Multimedia 234 items Article Outline Introduction Population: Past and Present Earliest Peoples Culture Areas ... Native Americans Today I Social and Political Organization Because of limited food resources, Subarctic groups generally remained small. They traveled in hunting bands united by kinship and dialect, sometimes as families and sometimes as loosely knit groups of extended families. Chiefs were chosen for hunting skill and bravery. They had little power beyond their own families, apart from the authority to settle disputes and lead war parties.

45. MSN Encarta - Native Americans Of North America
Peoples native to the western Subarctic spoke Athapaskan The beothuk of Newfoundlandand Labrador were the only Diné) of the Southwest culture area sometime
http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761570777_15/Native_Americans_of_North_Ameri
MSN Home My MSN Hotmail Shopping ... Money Web Search: logoImg('http://sc.msn.com'); Encarta Subscriber Sign In Help Home ... Upgrade to Encarta Premium Search Encarta Tasks Find in this article Print Preview Send us feedback Related Items Migration to the Americas Native American Architecture more... Magazines Search the Encarta Magazine Center for magazine and news articles about this topic Further Reading Editors' Picks
Native Americans of North America
News Search MSNBC for news about Native Americans of North America Internet Search Search Encarta about Native Americans of North America Search MSN for Web sites about Native Americans of North America Also on Encarta Editor's picks: Good books about Iraq Compare top online degrees What's so funny? The history of humor Also on MSN Summer shopping: From grills to home decor D-Day remembered on Discovery Switch to MSN in 3 easy steps Our Partners Capella University: Online degrees LearnitToday: Computer courses CollegeBound Network: ReadySetGo Kaplan Test Prep and Admissions Encyclopedia Article from Encarta Advertisement document.write('

46. Timeline Of Native Americans
a bounty on scalps of beothuk tribesmen of combined European and native american ethnicity)colonists campaign to eradicate Spanish cultural signs, disallowing
http://www.runningdeerslonghouse.com/webdoc208.htm
Early 18th Mid 18th Timelines
United States History
Native Americans Compliments of Inquiry Unlimited
Natives of the Americas
  • c. 40,000 - 10,000 B.C./B.C.E. - - Modern historians theorzie that ancestors of the Inuit (Eskimos) and American Indians begin to arrive in western North America during this period. They migrate across a frozen - and later lost - land bridge through the Bering Strait from Siberia. Some historians place the beginning of this migration as early as 65,000 B.C./B.C.E. While there is some archaeological evidence to support this theory, Native American groups have strong oral, and now written traditions that detail their origins at different locales and by various methods.
  • 15,000 - 7,000 B.C./B.C.E. - Paleo-Indian hunters spread throughout the North American grasslands into the American Southwest. They manufacture unique projectile points knows as Clovis, Folsom, and Sandia, named after respective archeological sites in New Mexico.
  • 10,000 - 7,000 B.C./B.C.E. - In the area that is now the United States, the Archaic Tradition develops in the Eastern Woodlands, with hunting, fishing, and gathering. In the desert regions, the Southwestern Tradition sees the domestication of corn (maize) and other crops.
  • c. 5000 B.C./B.C.E. - The Cochise culture develops in what is now southern Arizona. The Cochise people grow vegetable crops.

47. Indian Tribes By State And Geographic Location
Includes the Following native american Tribes. Assiniboin Atsina Bellabella BellacoolaBeothuk Carriers Chilcotin stereotypes reflecting the culture or language
http://www.accessgenealogy.com/native/indianlocation.htm
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North American Indian Tribes Easy Reference by State and Tribe
1900 Indian Territory Census

Dawes Commission Index, 1898-1914
Circle of First Nations
Our Free Newsletter 14-day Free Trial of Ancestry.com's Databases
Add a link or report a Broken Link!!
The information provided here is from Handbook of Indians North of Mexico, written by John R. Swanton. To read the Preface of the book, just click! Northeast Includes the following States Connecticut Delaware District of Columbia Maine ... Vermont Includes the following Indian Tribes Abenaki Acquintanacsnak Algonkin Algonquian Family ... Hathawekela (Absentee Shawnee) Huron Illinois Iroquois Kickapoo ... Neutrals Niantic ( Eastern Western Nipissing Nipmuc ... Wenrohronon
Upper Eastern Includes the Following States Indiana Kentucky North Carolina Tennessee ... West Virginia Includes the Following Native American Tribes Algonquian Family Bear River Indians Cape Fear Indians Catawba ... Hathawekela (Absentee Shawnee) Hatteras Hurons Illinois Irquois ... Muskogee Nahyssan Natchez Neusiok Neutrals Nottaway ... Saponi Sara Sauk Seneca Shakori Shawnee ... Yuchi Southeast Includes the Following States Alabama Florida Georgia Mississippi ... South Carolina Includes the Following Indian Tribes Acolapissa Acuera Alabana Amacano ... Hathawekela (Absentee Shawnee) Hitchiti Houma Icaful Jeags ... Koroa Lumbee Macapiras Manahoac Matchotic Mikasuki ... Yustaga Upper Mid-West Includes the following States Illinois Michigan Ohio Wisconsin Includes the Following Native American Tribes

48. Beothukan Family Indian History
beothukan Family (Béothuk) native american Genealogy. by Europeans to mean Indian, or Red Indian ; in the latter case because the beothuk colored themselves
http://www.accessgenealogy.com/native/tribes/beothukanfamilyhist/beothukanhist.h
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Beothukan Family Indian History Beothukan Family (B éothuk) Native American Genealogy
1900 Indian Territory Census

Dawes Commission Index, 1898-1914
Circle of First Nations
Our Free Newsletter 14-day Free Trial of Ancestry.com's Databases
Add a link or report a Broken Link!!
Beothukan Family (from the tribal or group name B éothuk
Exasperated by the petty depredations of these tribes, the French, in the middle of the 18th century, offered a reward for every head of a Beothuk Indian. To gain this reward and to obtain the valuable furs they possessed, the more numerous Micmac hunted and gradually exterminated them as an independent people. The English treated the Beothuk with much less rigor; indeed, in 1810 Sir Thomas Duckworth issued a proclamation for their protection. The banks of the River of Exploits and its tributaries appear to have been their last inhabited territory.
Pinus balsamifera as food, while Lloyd (Jour. Inst., Iv,1875) mentions the fact that they obtained fire by igniting the down of the bluejay from sparks produced by striking together two pieces of iron pyrites.

49. Links To Native American Sites
Acolapissa Algonkin Bayougoula beothuk Catawba Cherokee you can find CultureAreas and information on various (native american/Aboriginal) subjects.
http://www.angelfire.com/realm/shades/links/linksnativeamerican.htm
var cm_role = "live" var cm_host = "angelfire.lycos.com" var cm_taxid = "/memberembedded"
Index Shades
Index Links Native Americans Poetry ... Guestbook
Links to Native American Sites
Nascha
Beautiful Native American Paintings...
A quote from the site: " My paintings, drawings and craftings exhibit the creative force that dwells within my artistic psyche. We all are touched in one degree or another, by the cosmic consciousness. And these artistic impressions of mine are examples of this spiritual thumbprint upon my forehead". EagleWolf
A quote from the site:
"I am EagleWolf of the plains Eeyou, Cree People...I sculpt leather masks from leather by taking a cast of a persons face (personal masks) and by sculpting from clay. My masks try to capture the beauty and strength of my ancestors, they are in my soul and spirit. Each mask is one of a kind! I use only natural materials in all my art. I make many items and replicas, to name a few ... pipes of soapstone and antler with cedar and lilac stems, rattles of gourd and rawhide, I paint and draw (pen & ink) on skulls, jaw bone and shoulder blades, war clubs of stone, rawhide and wood, medicine and spirit sticks. I do custom orders with a picture or an idea from you. I will be adding new photo's as I finish each piece. Meyonhk...an ideal place to be. Enjoy your visit!"

50. North American Archeology
The Boyd s Cove beothuk Site Newfoundland; St. The Mound Builders; MississippianCulture; The Hopewell; Hopewell Peoples; Mound Builders in Early native Americans.
http://www.cyberpursuits.com/archeo/us-arch.asp

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51. Native American Arkansas Encyclopedia Encyclopedia Of Arkansas Arkansas History
ten geographical regions with shared cultural traits. Alaska native (incomplete)Ahtna; Carrier; Chilcotin; Haida; beothuk formerly Newfoundland, no longer exist;
http://anythingarkansas.com/arkapedia/pedia/Native/
Home Free Offers Directory A ... Z
Native American
Native Americans officially make up the majority of the population in Bolivia , Peru and Guatemala and are significant in most other former Spanish colonies, with the exception of Costa Rica , Cuba , Argentina , Dominican Republic and Uruguay
History
The Native Americans are widely believed to have come to the Americas via the prehistoric Bering Land Bridge . However, this is not the only theory. Some archaeologists believe that the migration consisted of seafaring tribes that moved along the coast, avoiding mountainous inland terrain and highly variable terrestrial ecosystems. Other researchers have postulated an original settlement by skilled navigators from Oceania , though these American Aborigine people are believed to be nearly extinct. Yet another theory claims an early crossing of the Atlantic Ocean by people originating in Europe . Many native peoples do not believe the migration theory at all. The creation stories of many tribes place the people in North America from the beginning of time. Mormon tradition holds that some Native Americans are descendants of the lost tribes of Israel Based on anthropological evidence, at least three distinct migrations

52. Who Were The Beothuk?
they were one of the few native peoples who but it is unlikely the first residentswere beothuk. area and remained as the Maritime Archaic culture until about
http://www.manataka.org/page266.html
Home History Trading Warrior's ... Feature Stories Thanks for browsing MAIC...... What's Next? Speak Cherokee Story of Manataka [NOTE: This article is a selection of various writers on the history and culture of the Beothuk Indians. Credits below.] Who Were The Beothuk Indians?
By Janie Albreight Not much is known about the culture of the Beothuk people. The Beothuk Indians were the original inhabitants of the island of Newfoundland.
The Beothuk were primarily hunters, with caribou as their main source of meat. The Beothuk also harvested fish, seals and other seafood, which was plentiful along their coastline.
Upon first European contact in the 16th Century, there were about 2,000 Beothuk people. By the early 19th Century, however, the beothuk people had been completely wiped out. The last recorded Beothuk, Nancy Shanawhdit, died in 1829.
[No one really knows how many there were in 1500. Some estimates are as high as 5,000, but 2,000 is probably closer to the truth. Only 400 were left in 1768, and by 1829 they were extinct. It would seem possible, however, that small groups of Beothuk crossed over into Labrador and merged with the Montagnais or Naskapi.] The Beothuk were also known as the Ulno, the Skraelling and the Red Indians.

53. Beothuk
Working together we can end some of the historical misinformation about native Americans. culture.For the most part the beothuk kept to themselves and avoided
http://www.dickshovel.com/beo.html
BEOTHUK
HISTORY [Note: This is a single part of what will be, by my classification, about 240 compact tribal histories (contact to 1900). It is limited to the lower 48 states of the U.S. but also includes those First Nations from Canada and Mexico that had important roles ( Huron , Assiniboine, etc.). This history's content and style are representative. The normal process at this point is to circulate an almost finished product among a peer group for comment and criticism. At the end of this History you will find links to those Nations referred to in the History of the Beothuk. Using the Internet, this can be more inclusive. Feel free to comment or suggest corrections via e-mail. Working together we can end some of the historical misinformation about Native Americans. You will find the ego at this end to be of standard size. Thanks for stopping by. I look forward to your comments... Lee Sultzman. Beothuk Location The island of Newfoundland. Population No one really knows how many there were in 1500. Some estimates are as high as 5,000, but 2,000 is probably closer to the truth. Only 400 were left in 1768, and by 1829 they were extinct . It would seem possible, however, that small groups of Beothuk crossed over into Labrador and merged with the Montagnais or Naskapi.

54. Northern Indigenous Peoples: The Inuit - ExploreNorth
on gods and spirits, including many from Inuit culture. native Indian/Inuit Photographer sAssociation The NIIPA s mandate considered to be from beothuk peoples
http://www.explorenorth.com/native-inuit.html
Northern Indigenous Peoples:
The Inuit
Arctic Historiography: Current and Future
This extensive paper by Shelagh Grant examines the work of historians in the Canadian Arctic. The "Blonde Eskimo"
A newspaper report from 1913 denounces Vilhjalmur Stefannson's claim to be the discoverer of the tribe of white Eskimos. Conquest of Environments
This chapter on the Inuit is from Arthur C. Custance's The Technology of Hamitic People Crossroads of Continents
From the Smithsonian, an exhibit examining cultures of the North Pacific, from Siberia 16,000 years ago, to present-day Alaska. 'Eskimo' or 'Inuit'?
Which is the correct term? The Alaska Native Language Center explains in detail. Heterochronic Patterns
A series of excerpts from scholarly journals, describing such things as left-handedness, infanticide and spiritualism among the Inuit. Indigenous Peoples Participation in CAFF
A lengthy discussion on the use of traditional knowledge in the Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna program. Inuit
An article by Carol Brice-Bennett, describing the Inuit culture of Labrador, historically and as it has changed. Inuit Circumpolar Conference
The ICC represents the world's 125,000 Inuit in the international arena of environmental and social initiatives.

55. TAPESTRY On CBC Radio One: Pow Wow Spirituality
advising and academic referrals, cultural and traditional traditions of the beothuk,Micmac, Innu native american Spirituality An excellent general overview of
http://www.cbc.ca/tapestry/powow.html
Pow Wow Spirituality
Alisa Siegel 's documentary explores the growing trend of non-natives embracing First Nation rituals. She'll talk to those who are drawn to the native way as well us those who've grown up in and suffered for their culture. We'll attend an urban Pow Wow and listen to elders wrestle with the problem of how many of their spiritual secrets should be shared with the outside world.
Picture gallery
Images from the Third Annual Traditional Pow Wow held at Ryerson Polytechnic University in downtown Toronto, October 2000
First Nations Spirituality Links Ryerson Aboriginal Student Association
Provides specialized services to Aboriginal students on the Ryerson Polytechnic campus, including orientation, personal advising and academic referrals, cultural and traditional programming, referrals, advocacy, tutoring, newsletter, etc. Canadian Aboriginal Festival
Canada's largest Aboriginal festival taking place November 23-26, 2000 at Toronto's Skydome

56. Mount Miguel LIBRARY - Native American LINKS
Acolapissa Algonkin Bayougoula beothuk Catawba Cherokee of links to NativeAmerican Indian Internet Covers cultural, artistic, political, social and
http://mmhs.guhsd.net/library/NatAM.html
Native Americans
Aztec, Inca, Maya
First Nations - HISTORIES
U.S. Indian Tribes Index By State
...
Yahoo! - Native Americans

Includes History, Native American Studies, Museums, and Tribal info...
Native Americans (TeacherfromOz)
WWW Virtual Library - American Indians - Resources

Index
of Native American Resources on the Internet
One of the most thorough and well-organized collections
of links to Native American Indian Internet resources available.
Covers cultural, artistic, political, social and other varied aspects
relating to Native American Indians. CIVIL RIGHTS ISSUES (MM LIBRARY)
Aztec, Inca, Maya
AZTEC:
Aztecs
INCA:
Incas
MAYA:
Mayans
Up to Page Top
BIBLIOGRAPHY / Documentation Formats: http://mmhs.guhsd.net/library/mla.pdf
BACK to MM Library LINKS
BACK to Social Science LINKS

57. NATIVE-L (February 1993) By Author
203229 0500. CFV soc.culture.native - PLEASE READ 0700. Michael Newton Re THEBEOTHUK Sun, 14 27 GMT. Richard Clapp Re native american Health professionals
http://nativenet.uthscsa.edu/archive/nl/9302/author.html
NATIVE-L (February 1993) by author
Articles:

58. LabradorWiki : ResearchBibliography
1988 The beothuk Retreat beothuk population movements T. 1988 Review of Culturesin Contact The European Impact on native american Cultural Institutions in
http://www.labradorstraits.net/wiki/ResearchBibliography
Forum Webcam :: Wiki
LabradorWiki : ResearchBibliography
HomePage PageIndex RecentChanges ... UserSettings
You are 18.67-18-104.reverse.theplanet.com
Research Bibliography
History, Ethnography, Ethnohistory and Prehistory in the Labrador Straits
Please note that this is a partial bibliography and has not been updated since about 1990. Contributions are welcome!
Documentary / History
Barkham, Selma
A note on the Strait of Belle Isle during the period of Basque contact with Indians and Inuit. Etudes/Inuit/Studies 4(1-2):51-8.
Burland, Cottie Arthur
A map of Canada in 1546. Geographical Magazine 24(2):103-10.
Cell, Gillian T. (Ed.)
Newfoundland Discovered, English Attempts at Colonization 1610-1630. The Hakluyt Society. London.
Gagong, William Francis
Crucial maps in the early cartography and place-nomenclature of the Atlantic coast of Canada. University of Toronto Press. Toronto.
Martijn, Charles A. The Esquimaux in the 17th and 18th century cartography of the Gulf of St. Lawrence: a preliminary discussion. Etudes/Inuit/Studies 4(1-2):77-104.

59. Native American Timeline - USA - InquiryUnlimited.org - Formerly Sited At Boston
maize NORTHEAST Abneki * history, culture *, and timeline a bounty on scalps ofBeothuk tribesmen Colonial postal clerks use native american couriers between
http://inquiryunlimited.org/timelines/histNatAm.html
United States History
Native Americans Compliments of Inquiry Unlimited
GENERAL HISTORY AND CIVILIZATION
OF NORTH AMERICAN NATIVE PEOPLES [languages
ON THIS PAGE YOU WILL FIND:
Creation stories
LINGUISTIC GROUPS:
Inuit and Aleut
Uto-Aztecan/Tanoan
IN THE DAYS OF THE ANCIENT ONES
  • Creation stories
Ice Age, Beringia, Paleo-Indians (c. 40,000 - 10,000 B.C./B.C.E.)
  • Theories exist that ancestors of the Inuit (Eskimos) and American Indians start to migrate into western North America by crossing an existing frozen land bridge through the Bering Strait from Siberia. Some historians place the beginning of this migration as early as 65,000 B.C./B.C.E.
    • Pleistocene animals
    • Beringian animals
    • The Rancho La Brea tar pits
    PALEO-INDIAN (CLOVIS ) PEOPLE (15,000 - 7,000 B.C./B.C.E.)
    • Paleo-Indian hunters spread throughout the North American grasslands into the American Southwest. They manufacture unique projectile ( fluted * ) points knows as Clovis, Folsom , and Sandia, named after respective archeological sites in New Mexico. These Clovis people are big game hunters sought the mastodon.

60. AAA Native Arts: American Indians Of The US And Canada
most voted stories · 1 How many native american words do 19 Geronimo and the Apacheculture of his 20 Shanawdithit, last survivor of the beothuk tribe (7
http://www.aaanativearts.com/modules.php?name=Top

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