21. WFS/ARC/NGO/REP be improved using especially indigenous knowledge as NGOs and peoples organisations, in collaboration with Femmes Centrafricaines (OFCA) Mme Charlotte bembe. http://www.fao.org/wfs/resource/english/ARCNGOE.HTM

World Food Summit 13-17 November 1996 - Rome, Italy April 1996 WFS/ARC/NGO/REP Report of the Regional NGO Consultation for Africa on the World Food Summit Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso, 14-15 April 1996 1. The Regional NGO Consultation for Africa on the World Food Summit was held on 14-15 April 1996 in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso. More than 70 NGOs and rural peoples' organisations from some 30 countries attended this important meeting. The programme of the Consultation is attached as Appendix 1 . The list of participants is attached as Appendix 2 2. The FAO Regional Representative for Africa opened the meeting by clearly defining the objectives of the World Food Summit. He also highlighted the need to consider the specific aspects of food security and sustainable agricultural development in the context of Africa. The Minister of Agriculture and Animal Resources of Burkina Faso then welcomed the participants. He emphasised the important role of NGOs and rural organisations for food security. He then declared the Consultation officially open. 3. The Consultation then elected its officers:

22. The Diversity Of Latin American Music And The Musical Influences bembe. to Christopher Columbus’ voyage; Combine the different musical styles researched from Portugal, Spain, africa and the indigenous people to create http://www.chatham.edu/PTI/Contemp_Latin/Biggs_01.htm

The Diversity of Latin American Music and the Musical Influences of Other Regions By Henry L. Biggs Rogers School for the Creative and Performing Arts Overview Curriculum Unit for Middle School General Music Classes: This unit will familiarize middle school students with the music of Latin America, the countries and regions that had an influence on its style of music, and how the change came about. The students will visit the countries of Portugal, Spain, and West Africa. The students will use the library for research projects. Standards and Benchmarks: Arts and Humanities: Standard #1) All students describe the meanings they find in various works from the visual and performing arts and literature on the basis of aesthetic understanding of the art form. Arts and Humanities: Standard #3) All students relate various works from the visual and performing arts and literature to the historical and cultural context within which they were created. Communications: Standard #1) All students use effective research and information management skills, including locating primary and secondary sources of information with traditional and emerging library technologies. The School Setting In my chorus and general music classes, students have the opportunity to sing songs in other languages. Many of them would rather sing in English because it is the familiar. However, as time goes on, they become quite fascinated by what they are hearing and begin to accept it.

23. Sovereignty And Personal Rule In Zaire choices that limit the possibilities of people in his Entrepreneurs and Parasites The Struggle for indigenous Capitalism in 49) Anzuluni bembe Isilonyonyi, Le http://web.africa.ufl.edu/asq/v1/3/4.htm

SOVEREIGNTY AND PERSONAL RULE IN ZAIRE. William Reno THE POLITICS OF RESOURCES IN ZAIRE Mobutu used this method because it did not require a command hierarchy that could acquire interests of its own and it obstructed rivals' attempts to build their own organizations. The existence of multiple centers of accumulation in Zaire facilitated this radical decentralization of politics. An archipelago of copper, cobalt, gold and diamond deposits in parts of the country leaves broad stretches of Afrique inutile that physically separates some political groups. Because of the breakdown of rail and road networks, mineral rich provinces like Shaba and Kasai do much more business with southern neighbors than with Zaire's domestic market. Kivu in the east has closer contact with Rwanda, Burundi and Uganda than with most of Zaire. Collapsing infrastructure also encouraged Mobutu's associates to exploit local opportunities rather than joining others to mutiny against Mobutu. In this context ownership of air cargo firms highlighted contours of political competition or alliances better than did formal agreements or individuals' titles. Competition at these centers of accumulation for control over trade is what left a political space for Mobutu to manage crises. Sovereignty, then, is important to Zaire's state rulers as a license to make deals with essentially private allies.

24. Para Tours Mayombe (Alliama) represented the Mayombe, the indigenous people of Cabinda In 1988 Cuba and South africa agreed to Chief of Staff Antonio Bentebembe to usurp http://www.cabinda.net/mercenary.htm

An account of an American mercenary in the service of Chevron-Texaco in Cabinda during is 3 months professional paid job as a mercenary, (Paid to kill for profit, for this ex-us military, human life is just a commodity by Rob Krott Have gun will travel, a low life paid mercenary It's largely inactive and lingers on the periphery as a threat to Angola's national security. "That's what one learned analyst says about the resistance freedom fighters in the occupied nation of Cabinda. It may be an accurate analysis but when you're up close and personal with them on the ground and the tracers are flying it's a different story. A largely active resistance force is akin to being "kind of pregnant." Angolan Weapons Black Gold Cabinda City Negotiations resulted in further setbacks for the hard-line advocates of Cabindan independence. Luanda granted an unofficial amnesty in 1983 and in 1985 the government signed a cease-fire agreement and began further negotiations. President Dos Santos recently initiated a limited autonomy plan and an economic aid package which increases the share of Angola’s oil revenues spent on Cabinda from 1 percent to 10 percent; still but a drop in the huge oil bucket. Cabindans are skeptical of Luanda’s offers of autonomy they’ve heard it all before. FLEC wants nothing to do with such a stopgap measure. They want it all. Whether it’s altruistic regional economics or blatant self-centered greed, well, I don’t know ... or as they say in Portuguese "No se."

25. Congo (Zaire) Major peoples Azande, Chokwe, Songo, Kongo, Kuba, Lunda, bembe. and gatherers to centralized chiefdoms, from settled indigenous village communities to http://www.zyama.com/Iowa/Countres/Congo (Zaire).htm

Congo (Zaire) Information General Information for Congo (Zaire) Country: Congo (Zaire) Location: Central Africa Independence: June 30, 1960 Nationality: Congolese Capital City: Kinshasa Population: Important Cities: Kisingani, Lubumbashi, Kolwesi Head of State: Lawrence Kabila Area: 2,300,000 sq.km. Type of Government: Republic Currency: 3 millions Z=1 USD Major peoples: Azande, Chokwe, Songo, Kongo, Kuba, Lunda, Bembe Religion: Christian 70%, African religion 20%, Muslim 10% Climate: Equatorial Literacy: Official Language: French Principal Languages: Lingala, Azande, Chokwe, Kongo, Luba Major Exports: Copper, Cobalt, Zinc, Diamonds, Manganese, Gold, Bauxite Pre-Colonial History Post-Colonial History Back to the Museum

26. Is Akhenaton The Founder Of Monotheism? - EvC Forum one that was/is imposed on indigenous peoples by imperialistic which was a division of the Roman people. Hewlett writes, Aka who believe in bembe, the creator http://www.evcforum.net/ubb/Forum6/HTML/000150-2.html

profile register faq search Search non-discussion board areas of site: Faith and Belief Is Akhenaton the founder of monotheism? (Page 2 of 7) UBBFriend: Email This Page to Someone! Topic pages: Prev Next next newest topic next oldest topic Author Topic: Is Akhenaton the founder of monotheism? holmes Member Posts: 1322 From: chicago,il,usa Registered: Dec 2002 Message 16 of 105 09-17-2003 02:30 PM asgara writes: the origins of the word amen...from websters: I was aware of the webster's etymology of amen, but this does not feel like a perfect explanation. First of all it shows a direct lineage to Hebrew, which is consistent with what my "theory" (and I mean that very loosely) would require. Second this does not explain how it entered Hebrew, especially in the way that it is used in prayer. I suppose certainly and verily might make sense, but where did that word get its meaning? Could it have been like saying "praise God", or "God willing", or "as God says", which would have derived from references to Amen(Ra)? I have been unable to trace mn in semitic roots as the dictionary suggests. Then again I am doing other things and admittedly do not have proper texts to do such research. That's why I'm looking for some help from someone much more knowledgeable in this subject area than myself, or webster.

27. LACS Events international community, local government, indigenous peoples and immigrants his work with The People of Bahia Vodu, Tajona, Haitian bembe, Tumba Francesa, as http://www.umich.edu/~iinet/lacs/archive/event967.htm

LACS International Institute, University of Michigan LACS Events, 1996-1997 Fall 1996 Wednesday, October 2: The Department of English sponsors a talk by CAROLYN COOPER of the University of the West Indies (Jamaica), titled "A Tale of Two States: Language, Lit/Orature and the Two Jamaicas" at 3 pm, Rackham West Conference Room. Carolyn Cooper is the author of Noises in the Blood: Orality, Gender, and the 'Vulgar Body' of Jamaican Popular Culture (Duke, 1995). In addition to her public lecture on Wednesday, Cooper will present a video and lecture entitled "'Performance Criticism': The Video Version of Noises in the Blood ," on Friday from 2-4 PM in the English Dept. lounge, 7629 Haven Hall. Friday, October 4: GINA ULYSSE, Ph.D. Candidate in Anthropology, will speak on "Seeking Some Truths to Demystify Some Myths: The Social Politics of Color and Class in Kingston, Jamaica." Her talk is part of the CAAS Graduate Student Brownbag Series. In the Robert E. Hayden Lounge (111 West Hall). Monday, October 28: Everyone is invited to the presentation of the 1996-97 Margaret and Herman Sokol Faculty Award in the Sciences to Professor JOHN VANDERMEER of the Department of Biology. Prof. Vandermeer is well known for his work on tropical ecology in Nicaragua and Costa Rica. At the presentation, he will lecture on "Maintenance of Biological Diversity in Neotropical Rainforests." The lecture and award presentation will take place at 4:00 pm in the Rackham Amphitheater, 4th floor, Rackham Graduate School. Reception to follow. (For information, call 764-1125.)

28. Ikú And Cuban Nationhood Yoruba Mythology In The Film a majority of European and indigenous elements are and out of African dance at a Lucumi bembe. identifying and communicating themselves as an African people. http://www.africa.upenn.edu/Workshop/solima98.html

UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA - AFRICAN STUDIES CENTER (Paper presented at the Sixth Annual African Studies Consortium Workshop, October 02, 1998) by Solimar Otero University of Pennsylvania Introduction: Constructing Cuba, the African in Cuban National Culture Cuban Criollo Culture Cuban National Culture ... References and Bibliography: Introduction: Part I: Constructing Cuba, the African in Cuban National Culture Cuban Criollo Culture Africans have been central in constructing Cuban criollo criollo or native island culture must develop before a national culture coherently surfaces. An amalgamation of diverse cultural elements occurs within the plantation, and this way of living is set apart from estranged colonial elites. Central to Rojo's argument is the africanization of society and culture in places like Cuba, Haiti, and Jamaica (1995: 39-50). In this way, many elements of early criollo vis-a-vis religious traditions and languages. The representation of such traditions in contemporary Cuban film emphasizes these as unifying factors in free runaway enclaves known as palenques ( Giral

29. From WGIR Sub-Editor [raw1418@indy.rr.com] Sent Friday of Traditional and Contemporary indigenous peoples and Cultures Agua Dulce, Mystic Roots, Free peoples SUN Abyssinians LA W/ Micky Hart, bembe Orisha, Whirling http://www.reggaeambassadors.org/gwaan/2002/sep/wg02sep20.txt

http://www.reggaeambassadors.org ****************************************************************************** *INDEX [1] Reggae Vibes News Bulletin (September 18, 2002) [2] A.C.R. Comunicado #309 [3] Tchiya Amet Update: Fall is (almost) here! [4] KC Reggae Calendar [5] :"REGGAE VIBES" #334 [6] The 9 th annual Reggae Run, Saturday October 5 in Cincinnati, Ohio [7] From 3 seeds Radio Show [8] Daddy Maza Website [9] Moss in the west [10] TANTY RECORDS Spin`s at PLAY @ THE PURPLE TURTLE Launch Party [11] 10th Annual Bob Marley Festival [12] R.A.W. Roots Natty tour dates [13] Fyah Wyah updates [14] UPCOMING CALENDAR OF W COAST EVENTS FROM ONE LOVE PRODUCTIONS R.A.W.#491 [15] TONY REBEL GIG AMSTERDSM TUES 24TH SEP ************************************************************************* [1]- >From Reggae Vibes Prods NL (#1050) Date: Wed, 18 Sep 2002 21:51:59 +0200 From: Reggae Vibes Productions NL Date: Thursday, September 19, 2002 7:14 AM Subject: TONY REBEL GIG AMSTERDSM TUES 24TH SEP TONY REBEL GIG AMSTERDSM TUES 24TH SEP. IF ANY R.A.W. MEMBERS GOING TO THIS GIG ON TUES WOULD LIKE TO MEET UP CONTACT ME AT PAULSCRATCHWARD@EIRCOM.NET CHEERS. *********************************************************************** In the abundance of water, the fool is thirsty Forward the Reggae Vibe...Every Time ! Reggae Ambassadors Worldwide Tom Pearson R.A.W.#33 http://www.reggaeambassadors.org ************************************************************************* ..................... Music Art Collectibles.............................. @ reDworkshop http://redworkshop.com/ Music Alone shall live RAW http://www.reggaeambassadors.org/ (¯`·.(¯`·Open All Day All Night·´¯)·´¯) (O)(O)(O)(O)(O)(O)(O)(O)(O)(O) (O) ((((((O))))))

30. Ochún: [N]either The [M]Other Of All Cubans [N]or The Bleached Virgin(1) example of resistance can be found in the bembe, or trance ratio led to the rape of the indigenous and slave While two peoples of the Cuban ethos suffered grave http://www.hope.edu/delatorre/articles/ochun.htm

return to main page Miguel A. De La Torre ABSTRACT: santero and santera . I was a hijo de Ellegua (child of Ellegua) destined to be initiated as a babalawo Yet, I went to Blessed Sacrament, a Catholic elementary school in Queens, New York. I took my first communion, participated in weekly confession, and was confirmed at that church. On nights, however, crowds would visit our apartment to consult the quasi-deities known as the orishas . Because my parents were unable communicate in English, I would serve as interpreter for those "seekers" who did not speak Spanish. There was never any confusion in my mind, my parents mind or that of their "house-congregation" as to the difference between what was done at the Irish church down the street and what was done in our apartment. From an early age, my parents explained that the rituals we participated in could not be revealed to the curas y monjas (priest and nuns) because they are "confused" about how God works, and if they found out that we had el conocimiento (the knowledge), I would be expelled from the school. When I asked what we were, without hesitating, as if by rote, they would reply, "

31. Drctuts latest manifestation has been called africa’s First ruled an enclave among the bembe people in eastern An armed group of indigenous Congolese, the Ingilima http://www.cidcm.umd.edu/inscr/mar/data/drctuts.html

Anne Pitsch, January 2000 Gil Peleg, November 2002 Tutsis in the Democratic Republic of Congo Group Population (1998): 980 000 (2% of total population) Group Type: Communal contender Risk Assessment Analytic Summary The Banyamulenge (Congolese Tutsi), who are concentrated in the Kivu region of the DRC (GROUPCON = 3), were initially incorporated into the Belgian Congo when part of the historical Rwandan Kingdom was divided by the drawing of colonial borders. Additional Tutsi were brought into the area in the middle of the twentieth century. Beginning in 1959, large numbers also came to the region when fleeing violence in Rwanda. Congolese Tutsi are linguistically distinct from the dominant Bantu groups in the DRC as a whole (LANG = 1; CULDIFX2 = 2). They were also favored historically by the Belgians, which created resentment among other ethnic groups in the area. The Banyamulenge and Congolese Hutus (together referred to as Banyarwanda) both experienced political and social discrimination upon independence and the eventual rise to power of Mobuto Sese Seko. They were denied political rights and were confined to renting land from local chiefs in Kivu and paying additional taxes. The Tutsis, which make up almost half of their regional population, are organized around a strong identity (COHESX9 = 5). When refugees fled into then-Zaire in 1994 during that nation’s genocide, that through the entire region into flux. Laurent Kabila aligned himself with the Tutsis in 1996 in a movement that eventually overthrew Mobuto, but after taking power, alienated himself from Tutsi support and allied with Hutu and Bantu groups in the country. Currently, Tutsis are engaged in rebellion primarily through the Rally for Congolese Democracy, which split into two rival factions in 1998, Goma and Liberation Movement (REB99-00 = 6).

32. EMIGRATION DYNAMICS IN SOUTHERN AFRICA a certain cultural similarity with the indigenous population Thirdly, the bembe, Fulero, Riga, Hunde, Tembo, Nyanga and an estimated 27 million people in South http://www.up.ac.za/academic/libarts/polsci/uafs/emigrate.html

Vision Objectives Personnel Working Papers EMIGRATION DYNAMICS IN SOUTHERN AFRICA by Hussein Solomon 1 INTRODUCTION According to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) and the Worldwatch Institute, 110 million people emigrated from their native countries, another 30 million moved from rural to urban areas within their own country, and 23 million were displaced by war or social unrest in 1994. Events in the past six years, such as Asia's economic woes and the disintegration of Yugoslavia, suggest that many more millions have been added to this figure. It is clear that an analysis of emigration dynamics is a necessary first step in regulating such mass migrations. Martin and Taylor put it this way: “Managing migration  requires an understanding of why people migrate.” More prosaically, the underlying thrust of this paper is that should South Africa be serious about curbing the inflow of refugees and illegal immigrants into the country, then they need to address the sources of insecurity operating in the region which fuel such population movements in the first place. Such a perspective has been utilised with considerable success by Findley in his analysis of emigration dynamics in the Sahel region. In Findley's words, “... migration is and has been a predominant response to the cumulative destabilisation of social, economic and environmental systems.” In this way, any exposition of emigration dynamics in the region is also an exposition of underlying sources of insecurity in Southern Africa.

33. Mokele M'Bembe However, they did interview several people who had, and the description of the Mokele M bembe type of Both the indigenous African population and the foreign http://www.priweb.org/ed/ICTHOL/ICTHOLrp/18rp.htm

LIVING DINOSAUR? Mokele M'Bembe There has always been question to whether dinosaurs still roam somewhere, somehow, and one place still up for questions is in Africa. The tales told of a creature living in the swamps and rivers. The animal was called, "Jago-Nini”. Explorers were told that it, "Comes out of the water and devours people." Footprints were examined by western scientists, which were, "about the size of a good frying pan in circumference and three claws instead o'five." Dispite great efforts explorers never saw direct evidence of the creature’s existence for themselves, only hearing the tales from the natives. So without hard proof it was hard to believe it. An exception was when, in 1932, British crypto zoologist Ivan Sanderson was traveling in Africa and came across large hippo-like tracks in a region with no hippos. The natives told him that a creature named the “mgbulu-eM’bembe” made them. Later Sanderson saw something in the water that seemed too large to be a hippo, but disappeared before he could investigate further. There were always stories from the natives that were told to the scientists who further examined the case in the creature.

34. Joshua Project - Peoples By Country Profiles People Name General Ma. indigenous Fellowship of 100+ http://www.joshuaproject.net/peopctry.php?rop3=105949&rog3=CG

35. Joshua Project - Peoples By Country Profiles indigenous Fellowship of 100+ http//www.cbfonline.org/mission/peoples.cfm. http://www.joshuaproject.net/peopctry.php?rop3=100425&rog3=CG

36. African Art. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001 of the people’s sedentary lifestyles) in indigenous art The art of the Bakota people is best known for The bembe created smallscale sculptures in wood meant http://www.bartleby.com/65/af/Africana.html

Select Search All Bartleby.com All Reference Columbia Encyclopedia World History Encyclopedia Cultural Literacy World Factbook Columbia Gazetteer American Heritage Coll. Dictionary Roget's Thesauri Roget's II: Thesaurus Roget's Int'l Thesaurus Quotations Bartlett's Quotations Columbia Quotations Simpson's Quotations Respectfully Quoted English Usage Modern Usage American English Fowler's King's English Strunk's Style Mencken's Language Cambridge History The King James Bible Oxford Shakespeare Gray's Anatomy Farmer's Cookbook Post's Etiquette Bulfinch's Mythology Frazer's Golden Bough All Verse Anthologies Dickinson, E. Eliot, T.S. Frost, R. Hopkins, G.M. Keats, J. Lawrence, D.H. Masters, E.L. Sandburg, C. Sassoon, S. Whitman, W. Wordsworth, W. Yeats, W.B. All Nonfiction Harvard Classics American Essays Einstein's Relativity Grant, U.S. Roosevelt, T. Wells's History Presidential Inaugurals All Fiction Shelf of Fiction Ghost Stories Short Stories Shaw, G.B. Stein, G. Stevenson, R.L. Wells, H.G. Reference Columbia Encyclopedia PREVIOUS NEXT ... BIBLIOGRAPHIC RECORD The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. African art art created by the peoples south of the Sahara.

37. Amnesty International - Library - Democratic Republic Of Congo: A Long-standing in NorthKivu, and members of the bembe and Fuliru these refugees already had their own indigenous Tutsi and from human rights abuses for the people of central http://web.amnesty.org/library/Index/ENGAFR620331998?open&of=ENG-ZAF

38. ASA 2000 Conference On Participating In Development Approaches M. and R. Chambers (1979) ´indigenous Technical Knowledge Development Research Center) (1994) People, Plants and 1982) Evolution du Système Matrimonial bembe. http://www.asa2000.anthropology.ac.uk/poittier/poittier.html

ASA 2000 Conference on "Participating in Development: Approaches to Indigenous Knowledge". SOAS, 2-5 April 2000. Draft paper MODERN INFORMATION WARFARE VERSUS EMPIRICAL KNOWLEDGE: Johan Pottier Anthropology Department SOAS London University Introduction: Anthropology and "Indigenous Knowledge" and extract for use in science. If local knowledge had anything useful to offer, so the reasoning went, it was because science could make use of it. in situ of germplasm. On the other hand, we also know, particularly from experiences in rural development and food security, that powerful processes of disempowerment are as inherently worthless , so worthless they can be appropriated in ways that deny local communities, however defined, the right to grow and experiment with their own food crops (IDRC 1994; Shiva 1992). Today, with accelerated pace, American, European, Japanese and transnational companies are acquiring patents on the properties of staple foods. And there is a continual merging of exceedingly powerful multinational and transnational organisations. The processes of (potential) disempowerment beg the question whether the optimistic approach to understanding hegemony can be sustained. The concerns voiced by African governments and demonstrators at the recent WTO conference in Seattle indicate the seriousness of this issue. The Power of Information Warfare: Rwanda invades Zaire, 1996

39. In The Presence Of Spirits: and sculptural inventiveness of the cultures indigenous to these Solongo, Sundi (or Nsundi), Bwende, bembe and Lari s chair from the Lwimbi people of western http://www.artsbma.org/spirits.htm

In the Presence of Spirits: African Art from the National Museum of Ethnology Lisbon October 14 – December 16, 2001 At Birmingham Museum of Art Many Rare Masterpieces On View in United States For First Time A new exhibition of rare and unusual African artworks conveying spiritual and secular power will be on view at the Birmingham Museum of Art (BMA) from October 14 through December 16, 2001 In The Presence of Spirits: African Art from the National Museum of Ethnology, Lisbon provides the first opportunity for many rare masterpieces of African art to be on view in the United States . Culled from the outstanding African art collection of the National Museum of Ethnology, Lisbon , the exhibition features approximately objects that reflect the influences of the supernatural world in both public and private life throughout sub-Saharan Africa The exhibition focuses primarily, although not exclusively, on artworks from Angola Mozambique and Guinea-Bissau . A group of important artworks from western, central and southern Africa complements this selection. These artifacts demonstrate the rich variety and sculptural inventiveness of the cultures indigenous to these regions and provide insight into many of their spiritual practices.

40. Cameroon Expedition - Concord Monitor Article, 3/2/01 Although these people do not regard it as unusual According to indigenous fishermen and hunters, the Ngoko river (a the best place to find the Li’kelabembe. http://www.genesispark.org/genpark/expedition/report.htm

BEHEMOTH OR BUST: AN EXPEDITION INTO CAMEROON INVESTIGATING REPORTS OF A SAUROPOD DINOSAUR Abstract: For many years, researchers and explorers have discussed the possibility of extant dinosaurs in equatorial Africa. In November of 2000 a reconnaissance trip was undertaken to follow up on reports of a creature in the southeast of Cameroon that matched the Mokele-mbembe descriptions historically coming from the Congo. Purported eyewitnesses were interviewed and some interesting details about the mysterious creature were recorded. Sufficiently credible evidence was gathered in the three-week trip to warrant a full-scale expedition scheduled for the spring of 2001. The informant’s descriptions of this creature appear to be quite similar to the biblical “Behemoth.” “Behold now behemoth, which I made with thee;  He is the chief of the ways of God:” (Job 40:15,19). Background: In the late eighteenth century French Catholic missionaries began working with the native African tribes occupying the area that today comprises Gabon, Cameroon, and the People’s Republic of the Congo. The first written record of the mysterious creature which is called Mokele-mbembe (“one who stops the flow of rivers”) appears in a book written in 1776 by the French priest Abbé Lievain Bonaventure Proyart describing the natural history of the Congo Basin of Africa. While passing through the forest, he observed tracks of an animal "which was not seen but which must have been monstrous: the marks of the claws were noted on the ground, and these formed a print about three feet in circumference." This report is sandwiched between a factually accurate account of the African lion and elephant. (Proyart, AbbeLievain Bonaventure

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