81. Garifuna Delta regions in the Blight of Benin (presentday Nigeria) in West Africa, and from further south in the Congo and Angola”(A history of belize 5th chapter, 1 http://www.clas.ufl.edu/users/afburns/afrotrop/Garifuna.htm

Another influence that the Garifuna had in their defining lines of their culture was the obvious influence of the French during the beginning stages of colonial development in the New World. It was during this time that French missionaries were exploring the region of the Caribbean and teaching the Island Caribs many words of their native tongue, including the use of French numbers and counting systems. Certain expressions were than fused with the Arawak language that the Island Caribs were speaking. This created the Garifuna language that can still be heard counting in French today (Global Neighbors: Garifuna history, 1). All of these things combined have provided a brief understanding of who the Garifuna are, and where they come from. Furthermore, it has become apparent through reference points to other cultures and more in-depth studies of the Garifuna that their roots were cultivated in many places around the globe. For example, the traditions of their music dance, religious rites, and rituals are all very much seeded in their link to their African ancestry. While the Garinagu forms of subsistence, on the other hand, are more associated with their Island Carib ancestors. Even the European settlers of the New World had a very profound effect on the development of the Garifuna culture. The same culture that is characterized by the blending of distant pieces of worldly influences, driven by the human intuition to survive, and fueled by the desire for freedom.

82. Belize Tours - History And Culture Fax 406541-2676. Mail . Adventure Life. 1655 S 3rd St. W. Suite 1. Missoula, MT 59801. HOME » belize » history + culture, Toll-Free 1.800.344.6118. http://www.adventure-life.com/belize/belize_history.html

Belize Tours Home Testimonials Once You're Booked Travel Philosophy ... Contact Us South America Amazon Tours Argentina Tours Bolivia Tours Chile Tours ... Peru Tours Central America Belize Tours Costa Rica Tours Guatemala Tours Panama Tours Antarctica Antarctica Tours Adventure Life Journeys Toll-free: 800-344-6118 Outside US: 406-541-2677 Fax: 406-541-2676 Mail Adventure Life 1655 S 3rd St. W Suite 1 Missoula, MT 59801 HOME belize history + culture Toll-Free: 1.800.344.6118 Register for Adventure Weather History + Culture Specials ... culture History The first inhabitants in what is now Belize who developed a succinct culture were the Maya. Belize was an important part in the great Mayan Empire. The Maya Empire was possibly the most sophisticated civilization in the ancient Americas. Including modern day southern Mexico, Guatemala, Belize, El Salvador, and Honduras, the Mayas reached their peak in the 6th, 7th, and 8th centuries AD. However, by the 14TH Century this once great civilization mysteriously declined. By the time the Spanish arrived in the 16TH Century, Maya presence was barely felt. Even though the Spanish ruled Belize since their arrival in the new world, they were never able to truly control the area. For them, Belize was a backwater, good only for cutting dye wood. This lack of control eventually allowed for pirates from England and Scotland to come in and find sanctuary during the 17th century. When pirating became a less popular profession, these former buccaneers turned to cutting log wood in the rich tropical forests of Belize.

83. Belize (British Empire & Commonwealth Land Forces) Brief Constitutional history of belize. belize s Military history and Strategic Setting, by US Library of Congress Country Study. http://www.regiments.org/milhist/westindies/belize.htm

Authors and Contributors this page: T.F. Mills Page created 23 January 1996 Corrected and updated BELIZE (British Honduras) Major Government Sites Military News General Reference Military History ... Other Web Catalogues Brief Constitutional History of Belize Note: for history before independence see British West Indies Belize independence See also: Empire and Commonwealth Weapons and Equipment and for Belize Armed Forces Organisational Overview Index of Regiments and Corps Belize Official Government Website Ministry of National Security and Economic Development Government of Belize Electronic Gazette Dictionaries Belize (CIA World Fact Book) Belize (Commonwealth Secretariat) Governors, Heads of State, Prime Ministers

84. Library Of Congress / Federal Research Division / Country Studies / Area Handboo Countries. Chapter 10. belize National Security belize S MILITARY history AND STRATEGIC SETTING; THE belize DEFENCE FORCE Personnel http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/bztoc.html

BELIZE - A Country Study Search Belize Include word variants Use only words as entered. Please note: The current Country Study was previously in a multi-country volume. Chapter numbers reflect those used in the printed book. BELIZE Foreword Acknowledgments Preface ... The Criminal Justice System Appendices Appendix A. Tables Appendix B. The Commonwealth of Nations Appendix C. The Caribbean Community and Common Market Appendix D. Caribbean Basin Initiative ... Glossary

85. A Short History Of Belize facts, maps, flags and pictures from countries around the world. A Short history of belize. Search Google for another short history of belize. http://www.abacci.com/atlas/history.asp?countryID=146

86. History Of Excavations (d) Under Spanish Rule The Final Chapter in Lamanai s Maya history. Belcast Journal of belizean Affairs 3(1 2)17. belize College of Arts, Science, and http://www.rom.on.ca/digs/belize/history.html

The History of Excavations at Lamanai The lower portion of Str. N10-43 (top photo), which the archaeologists have nicknamed "Lag," and Str. N10-9, fondly known as "Lip." Tourists know these as The High Temple (Str. N10-43) and The Temple of the Jaguar Masks (Str. N10-9). Archaeological excavations began at Lamanai in 1974 under the direction of David Pendergast, who was then a curator in the Department of New World Archaeology at the ROM and is now the museum's Vice President for Collections and Research. In 1979, after her term as Archaeological Commissioner in Belize, Elizabeth Graham joined Dr. Pendergast at Lamanai, where excavations continued until 1986. At that time, Graham and Pendergast turned their attention to other sites in Belize, mainly Tipu, along the Macal River in western Belize, and Marco Gonzalez, on Ambergris Caye. Pendergast, David M Boats, Burials, and Beans - Or, Life at Lamanai Lodge. Royal Ontario Museum Archaeological Newsletter

87. The Garifuna / Black Caribs A brief history of the Garifuna people of southern belize and eastern Guatemala. http://www.mayaparadise.com/garifune.htm

Home Messages Search Site Map ... Info THE GARIFUNA The history of the Garifuna (or Garifune) begins before the year 1635 on the island of St. Vincent in the eastern Caribbean. St. Vincent was inhabited by a tribe of Indians who called themselves Arawaks. The Kalipuna tribe from mainland South America invaded St. Vincent and conquered the Arawaks. The Arawak men were all killed and the Kalipuna warriors took the Arawak women as wives. The inhabitants of the island were then the union of these two tribes. The word "Garifuna", which means "cassava eating people", is probably descended from "Kalipuna". The Spanish called these people "Caribes" (Caribs) which means cannibals and that is the word from which "Caribbean" is descended. In the year 1635 two Spanish ships carrying Nigerian slaves shipwrecked on the island of St. Vincent. At first, the Spanish, Nigerians and Kalipuna fought one another but eventually learned to get along and intermarried, thus creating the Black Caribs. At that time, St. Vincent was a British colony and the Caribs tried to establish independent control of the island. The French supported the Caribs and there were many battles between the Caribs and the British. The greatest battle took place in 1795 and both sides suffered great losses. In 1796 the Caribs and the French surrendered to the British.

88. A Brief History Of Belize, Which Is Located In Central America history Of belize. Two Themes These groups all have different interpretations of key events in belize s history. The subjugation http://bleaseswebworld.com/belize.html

@import "bwws.css"; After viewing the time or weather please use your back button to return to this site. History Of Belize Two Themes Dominate the history of Belize: the outward struggle to establish and maintain an English-speaking nation in an area dominated by Hispanic peoples and culture, and the inward interaction between groups of different races and cultural backgrounds. Understanding contemporary social relations and the politics of Belize depends on understanding these diverse groups and their interpretations of past events. The first English settlers arrived in the early 1600s in present-day Belize (known as the Settlement of Belize in the Bay of Honduras prior to 1862 and British Honduras from 1862-1973). Their arrival marked the beginning of a conflict with neighboring Spanish settlers that lasted for centuries. For the first 200 years, this conflict was part of the larger rivalry between Britain and Spain. In the early 1800s, after most of the Spanish colonies in the New World became independent, the conflict in Belize evolved into a Guatemalan territorial claim on the area that continued into the 1990s. Like many nations that have recently emerged from colonialism, Belize has a population that is fragmented into many racial and cultural groups. The two largest groups are the Creoles, English-speaking or Creole-speaking blacks and people of mixed African and European heritage, and the Mestizos, Spanish-speaking people of mixed Mayan and Spanish European. Two other significant groups are the Garifuna, a group of African and Carib ancestry originally from the Lesser Antilles, and the Maya, descendants of the original inhabitants of Belize.

89. Lamanai Outpost Lodge, Belize - Natural History Packages If you re looking for a taste of belize, our Two Night Natural history Package offers a great introduction to all Lamanai has to offer. http://www.lamanai.com/nhpackages.html

What Guests Say document.write(comx) "FANTASTIC!!! No other words can describe it" Richard Latces Alberta, Canada The Outpost in Press Lamanai Fact Did you know... document.write(quox) Belize is more than twice the size of Jamaica with only 10% of the population document.write(news) Thank you for stopping by Lamanai Outpost Lodge! Do you like the new website? Tell us what you think by filling out a form or by e-mailing us There are now more than 65 photos in the Photo Gallery Lamanai Outpost Lodge - Natural History Packages The Lamanai Outpost Lodge’s Two and Three Night Natural History Packages are conducted from the comfort of Belize’s Hotel of the Year. You will spend your days with an expert guide, well versed in archaeology, botany, ornithology and more. Two Night Natural History Package If you're looking for a taste of Belize, our Two Night Natural History Package offers a great introduction to all Lamanai has to offer. The itinerary is at a relaxed pace, but scheduled to give you a reasonable introduction to Belize. The following activities—each averaging two hours in length—are part of a typical Two Night Natural History Package:

90. Carl Hansen - Underwater Portfolio during an underwater photographic survey for the Smithsonian s National Museum of Natural history on the barrier reef off the coast of belize, Central America. http://photo2.si.edu/uw/uwch.html

Carl Hansen An Underwater Portfolio Carl Hansen is the chief of the Office of Imaging, Printing and Photographic Services branch at the National Museum of Natural History. He was formerly the photographer at the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute in Panama. The Belize Barrier Reef The colorful Squirrel Fish is quite common on Caribbean reefs. This one was photographed off the coast of Belize. Taken in November, 1992 during an underwater photographic survey for the Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History on the barrier reef off the coast of Belize, Central America. Smithsonian Photo #93-1336. An underwater close-up of a distinctive French Angel Fish, (black with yellow highlights), on a Belizian reef. Taken in November, 1992 during an underwater photographic survey for the Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History on the barrier reef off the coast of Belize, Central America. Smithsonian Photo #93-1400, An underwater photo taken with a "fisheye" lens of a reef off Belize including black sponge, purple fan coral and brain coral. Taken in November, 1992 during an underwater photographic survey for the Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History on the barrier reef off the coast of Belize, Central America.

91. GlobalEDGE (TM) | Country Insights - Overview Of Belize Includes statistics, history, economy and government. http://globaledge.msu.edu/ibrd/CountryIntro.asp?CountryID=104&RegionID=4

92. The Lodge At Chaa Creek, San Ignacio, Cayo District, Belize - Magazine Article 1 In belize, history does seem to unfold before your very eyes, as some of Mother Nature s best kept secrets reveal themselves. Located http://www.chaacreek.com/magazine19.html

Houston Tribune, October 1999 Travel - Beverley's Travels: Belize, Central America By Beverley A. Hogg If I had a lot of time and print space to completely recount my recent trip to the small Central American, English speaking country of Belize, I would have to title it "The Education of Little Me" and the story would read much like what I actually experienced - a work in progress that has been on-going for thousands of years. In Belize, history does seem to unfold before your very eyes, as some of Mother Nature's best kept secrets reveal themselves. Located just south of Mexico and north and east of Guatemala, Belize (formally known as British Honduras) has a population of approximately 230,000, genuinely happy smiling people. Just a two hour plane ride from Houston, Belize's weather is sub-tropical and tolerable, even in the rainy season, as it only seems to actually rain at very convenient times and for short durations. Belize has something to offer for those seeking a relaxing tropical vacation, those seeking hard core adventure travel, and/or everything in between. Cayo is the largest of the six districts of Belize. It is inland and a major international Eco Tourism destination where I spent time exploring. Most of the fascinating people that I met that own and operate the very fine resorts in the area, dislike the word "ecotourism", but for lack of a better word, they do strive to be ecotourism facilities.

93. The Lodge At Chaa Creek, San Ignacio, Cayo District, Belize - Natural History Mu It provides a comprehensive introduction to the natural history and geography of belize with an emphasis on the Cayo District. Displays http://www.chaacreek.com/museum.html

The Chaa Creek Natural History Centre and Blue Morpho Butterfly Farm are popular with students and visitors alike. The Natural History Centre has been designed to create an awareness and understanding of our diverse tropical environment for both local and overseas visitors. It provides a comprehensive introduction to the natural history and geography of Belize with an emphasis on the Cayo District. Displays of archaeological artifacts, butterflies, moths, insects and amphibians lead visitors through this fascinating world, and knowledgeable guides are on hand to explain and answer questions. The research room includes archives of past and current scientific studies in Belize, a complete set of topographical maps reflecting different aspects of Belize's heritage, a wide variety of slides, and many books referring to the country's natural history. An interactive area focuses on the life cycles of forest inhabitants and the fragility of their ecosystems. An example of this may be found a short walk from the Centre at the Chaa Creek Blue Morpho Butterfly Farm. Here visitors are able to follow the life cycle of this large, beautiful iridescent blue butterfly from egg to pupa. From embryo to egg layer the Belizean Blue Morpho passes through four distinct phases as it metamorphoses from a pale green egg resembling a dew drop, into a voraciously hungry caterpillar, then into the bizarre form of a dormant pupa. It finally emerges as a dazzling beauty that delights the public in butterfly houses throughout the world.

94. Mexico, Guatemala, Honduras & Belize Mexico, Guatemala, belize Honduras travel and photographs with a focus on Mayan history and nature. http://www.exponnel.co.nz/holiday/

Travels through: click here to enter Travels through: click here to enter

95. WORLDTWITCH - Belize Natural History - Ecolodges, Birding Tours, Wildlife, Cultu Galápagos. Sounds. Books World. Books Americas. Books Asia. Books Aus/NZ. Books Africa. Books Europe Middle East. Archives. belize Natural history Resource Guide. http://worldtwitch.com/belize_ecolodges.htm

Home FAQs Links Americas ... Archives Belize Natural History Resource Guide Birding Tours Accommodations Travel/Parks/Culture Mammals ... Map Birding Tours Adventure Camera (Wildside Birding Tours) American Birding Association Bird Treks Birdquest ... Victor Emanuel Nature Tours Accommodations Aguada Hotel - Cayo District Anchorage Resort - Caye Caulker Angel Fish Inn - Placencia Banana Bank Lodge - Cayo District Banana Beach Resort - Ambergris Caye Barnacle Bill's Beach Bungalows - Maya Beach - Ambergris Caye - Hopkins Belize Agroforestry Research Center - Toledo District Belize Beach Suites - Ambergris Caye Belize Island Lodge - Moho Cay Belize Odyssey Resort - Caye Caulker Belize River Lodge - near Belize City Belize Yacht Club Resort - Ambergris Caye Belizean Shores - Ambergris Caye Bellevue Hotel - Belize City Belmopan Hotel Bird's Eye View Lodge - Crooked Tree area Black Point Retreat - Punta Gorda Black Rock Lodge - Cayo District [ 12/01: Murders and rape by Guatemalan banditos at the Black Rock Lodge Blackbird Caye Field Station - Oceanic Society Blackbird Caye Resort Bladen Nature Reserve (BFREE) - Toledo District Blancaneaux Lodge - Cayo District Blue Crab Beach Resort - Stann Creek District Blue Creek Rainforest Preserve [Canopy walkway closed due to storm damage.] - Toledo District

96. Great Belize Productions Store - Channel 5 Utilizing old publications, recreations and visits to historical sites, the video shows how belize s history has been shaped by the influence of outside http://www.channel5belize.com/store.html

GREAT BELIZE PRODUCTIONS DOCUMENTARIES AND ENTERTAINMENT "HURRICANE IRIS - AFTER THE STORM" - On the night of October 8, 2001, Hurricane Iris hit the coast of Southern Belize with sustained winds of 145 miles per hour and a 15-foot storm surge. By the time the hurricane dissipated over Guatemala it had cut a 30-mile wide swath of destruction through the Stann Creek and Toledo Districts. Twenty people were killed, dozens of villages leveled, cayes inundated, crops destroyed and over 12,000 residents left homeless. As the winds subsided News 5 reporters Janelle Chanona and Jacqueline Woods along with cameramen Rick Romero and Brent Toombs set out to chronicle the story of Hurricane Iris throughout the devastated areas. This tape is a collection of the dramatic stories they found. "THE LAND OF BELIZE" - Explore Belize's Natural h istory as host Therese Rath explains how the land we now call Belize emerged from ancient geological upheavals and gradually acquired its present day characteristics. This educational narrative looks at different soil and forest types as well as the diverse plant and animal life they support. Also examined is man's impact on the land and what we must do to protect our natural resources. VHS 47 min "BELIZE: THE MAYA HERITAGE"

97. Belize - Natural History And Cultural Ecology - SIT Study Abroad As they come to know belize, students gain a deep appreciation of natural history, cultural ecology, and development issues. The http://www.sit.edu/studyabroad/latinamerica/belizeeco_pom.html

Select a Country Argentina Australia Bali Balkans Belize Bolivia Botswana Brazil Cameroon Central Europe Chile China: Yunnan Province Croatia Cuba Czech Republic Ecuador Fiji France Germany Ghana India Indonesia:Bali Ireland Jamaica Jordan Kenya Madagascar Mali Mexico Mongolia Morocco Nepal Netherlands New Zealand Nicaragua Panama Russia Samoa Senegal South Africa Southern Cone Spain Switzerland Tanzania Tibetan Studies Uganda Viet Nam Program Info Belize Home Explore Belize Meet the Academic Director Read Student Essay ... Apply Now Who Are You? Prospective Students Accepted Students Advisors/Faculty Parents ... Requires free Adobe Acrobat Reader Program Description Belize the only English-speaking country in Central America is being recognized as a leader in conservation initiatives. Forty percent of Belize's land mass is designated as protected areas, the highest percentage in the world. While only the size of Massachusetts, Belize offers a wide range of ecological and cultural zones, including the largest barrier reef in the Western Hemisphere the second largest in the world; protected areas for howler monkeys, jaguars, exotic birds and other endangered species; diverse tropical ecosystems; several Maya archaeological sites; and an diverse mix of ethnic groups that comprise the country's total population of 250,000. Students on this program gain a firsthand understanding of terrestrial ecology, marine ecology, and cultural ecology through the program’s intense field-based learning activities. In the classroom and in the field, students learn about the ecology and conservation of Belize’s subtropical forests and coral reefs, come to understand the country’s ancient Maya civilization and modern indigenous peoples, and examine issues of sustainable development and natural resource management.

98. History Of Green Reef Belize Coral Reef Conservation Environmental NGO Ambergris Green Reef Environmental Institute Ltd. is a nongovernmental organization, registered under the Company s Act, Chapter 206 in belize. http://www.greenreefbelize.com/history.html

Green Reef has had two full time Peace Corps volunteers as part of its staff. Ann Hayden worked with Green Reef from August 1999 to July 2000. Ann worked primarily on developing the management plan for the Los Salones Caye and Little Guana Caye Bird Sanctuary and was instrumental in carrying out environmental education and advocacy work with Green Reef. Ann started the weekly Reef Brief column that is featured in the San Pedro Sun. Jill Hepp who started with Green Reef in August of 2000 will continue until August 2002. Jill is responsible for helping manage the Nassau Grouper Reseach and Advocacy Project that has been a focal point of Green Reef's work over the past year. Jill has also participated in the Shallow Water Coral Reef Monitoring Project. Green Reef 100 Coconut Drive, San Pedro Town, Ambergris Caye, Belize Phone: +501-226-2833 or +501-606-3786 Email greenreef@btl.net Home Page History Who We Are Programmes ... CIG Info

99. Oceanic Society - Natural History Expeditions: BELIZE SCUBA belize SCUBA SPECIAL belize SCUBA TRIP WITH DR. SYLVIA Dates To Be Announced Cost $ TBA per person. belize PHOTO GALLERY. Naturalist http://www.oceanic-society.org/pages/alltrips/trip33.html

BELIZE SCUBA SPECIAL BELIZE SCUBA TRIP WITH DR. SYLVIA EARLE Optional Extension - Blackbird Caye, Turneffe Atoll Join Dr. Sylvia Earle and Wolcott Henry on a live-aboard dive trip to the magical and pristine atolls of Belize. Sylvia is a world-renowned marine scientist, author, and lecturer, as well as a Oceanic Society Scientific Advisor, and National Geographic Society Explorer-in-Residence. Dubbed "Her Deepness" by The New York Times, she was named in 1998 as Time magazine's first "Hero for the Planet" in recognition of her pioneering work as an oceanographer. Among other accomplishments, she holds the world's record for the deepest untethered dive - 1,000 meters. Wolcott, an underwater photographer who has explored ocean environments all over the world. Experience the idyllic sights of Belize in total comfort. The M/V Sun Dancer II , the largest, most luxurious vessel of the Dancer Fleet, combines live-aboard diving and first-class accommodations in Belize. Dive up to five times per day while exploring this unique marine environment with our experts or learn some new techniques during the underwater photography workshops. Three inviting atolls lie offshore beyond the barrier reef; these are ideally suited for the more adventurous diver. The most famous of the atolls is Lighthouse Reef, which is the location of the Blue Hole and the magnificent nature preserve at Half Moon Cay. Turneffe Island, Lighthouse Reef, and Glover Reef boast much of the best diving in Belize. You can expect visibility to reach 120 ft. or more and you’ll find spectacular walls and drop-offs. The atolls of Belize are truly paradise and not to be missed.

100. Belize Audubon Society - History history. The belize Audubon Society (BAS) was formed in 1969 as a foreign chapter of the Florida Audubon Society. In 1973 we became an independent organization. http://www.belizeaudubon.org/html/history.htm

History The Belize Audubon Society (BAS) was formed in 1969 as a foreign chapter of the Florida Audubon Society. In 1973 we became an independent organization. We were the first, and for many years the only environmental organization in Belize (then British Honduras). Initially, BAS was staffed solely by volunteers, who worked in 3 areas: * providing environmental education; * proposing ecologically important areas to be protected; The first president of the Society was James A. Waight, whose dedication to BAS is honoured by the annual James Waight Award for services to conservation. After Belize gained its independence , the Government passed the National Park System Act (1981) to initiate the establishment of protected areas. Half Moon Caye Natural Monument was the first area protected under this act. In 1996, the Government signed a Memorandum of Understanding with the Society to manage 6 protected areas. In 1999, the Memorandum was extended to include 2 new parks. We now have more than 30 full-time staff, based both in our offices in Belize City and in the field. Our Logo Our logo depicts a common occurrence

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