41. Atlas - Cote DIvoire Map Mandingo or Malinke) and southern Mande peoples found in The indigenous culture of the country remains strong Versatile baule artists make fine gold jewelry and http://www.map.freegk.com/cote_divoire/cote_divoire.php

Introduction People History Culture ... Disputes Cote d'Ivoire Introduction Back to Top Côte d'Ivoire (Ivory Coast), republic in western Africa, bordered on the north by Mali and Burkina Faso (formerly Upper Volta), on the east by Ghana, on the south by the Gulf of Guinea, and on the west by Liberia and Guinea. A former French colony, Côte d'Ivoire became independent on August 7, 1960. The country was initially officially known as either Côte d'Ivoire or Ivory Coast; from January 1, 1986, Côte d'Ivoire became the sole official name. The country has an area of 322,462 sq km (124,503 sq mi). The capital of Côte d'Ivoire is Yamoussoukro. Official Name -Republic of Cote d'Ivoire formerly the Ivory Coast Capital City -Yamoussoukro Population- 16,190,000 Languages -French (official), and local dialects Official Currency- CFA Franc Religions - Muslim, traditional beliefs, Christian, others Land Area- 318,000 sq km (122,780 sq miles) Cote d'Ivoire Provinces Back to Top 58 departments; Abengourou, Abidjan, Aboisso, Adiake, Adzope, Agboville, Agnibilekrou, Alepe, Bocanda, Bangolo, Beoumi, Biankouma, Bondoukou, Bongouanou, Bouafle, Bouake, Bouna, Boundiali, Dabakala, Dabou, Daloa, Danane, Daoukro, Dimbokro, Divo, Duekoue, Ferkessedougou, Gagnoa, Grand-Bassam, Grand-Lahou, Guiglo, Issia, Jacqueville, Katiola, Korhogo, Lakota, Man, Mankono, Mbahiakro, Odienne, Oume, Sakassou, San-Pedro, Sassandra, Seguela, Sinfra, Soubre, Tabou, Tanda, Tiebissou, Tingrela, Tiassale, Touba, Toulepleu, Toumodi, Vavoua, Yamoussoukro, Zuenoula . Cote d'Ivoire may have a new administrative structure consisting of 58 departments; the following additional departments have been reported but not yet confirmed by the US Board on Geographic Names (BGN); Adiake', Ale'pe', Dabon, Grand Bassam, Jacqueville, Tiebissou, Toulepleu, Bocanda

42. Secretary Of State Colin L in savanna woodlands (an area referred to as the baule “V” for the Most peoples in the southwestern quadrant practice indigenous religions, though http://wwwc.house.gov/international_relations/108/toun0212.htm

Committee on International Relations U.S. House of Representatives Washington, D.C. 20515-0128 Jeanne Maddox Toungara Associate Professor of History Howard University February 12, 2003 Prospects for Peace in Ivory Coast House Committee on International Relations Subcommittee on Africa Geographical and cultural divisions remain despite the continuing migration of Ivoirians and foreigners from the subregion within the country, moving from east to west and north to south in search of fertile cash crop zones (largely for coffee and cocoa), commercial activities, urbanization, and education. Such population movement has been a source of productivity and growth, cultural diversity and international tourist attraction, as well as socio-political advances and setbacks. As part of this document, an article published in the Journal of Democracy, (2001(July), Vol. 12, no. 3, pp.63-72) in which I explain the persistence of the ethnic factor in national politics is attached. First, the U.S. should support the spirit of the Linas-Marcoussis Agreement signed by nine participating political parties and rebel groups on January 24, 2003. The discussions leading to the Agreement were witnessed by representatives of several African states, international financial institutions ( (World Bank, IMF) and global and regional organizations (UN, EU, AU, ECOWAS) The roundtable was held after the failure of the current regime led by President Gbagbo to respond to interventions by African heads of state and ECOWAS mediation. President Jacques Chirac and his government should be praised for accepting to intervene, both militarily to save lives and diplomatically by facilitating discussions that will, hopefully, lead to a peaceful settlement of hostilities and the appointment of a functional government of reconciliation.

43. In These Times 25/16 -- Out Of Africa indigenous expression took on fresh value. the Asante or Fante in Ghana, the Dan or baule in Ivory plundering so many art objects of a conquered people over so http://www.inthesetimes.com/issue/25/16/zachary2516b.html

sitemap Nearly a half century since the decolonization of Africa, the question remains: Why is Europe still the best place to view or buy traditional and tribal African art? While the world has started to pay attention to the collapse of health care systems in sub-Saharan Africaand the concomitant spread of AIDS and the resurgence of "vanquished" diseases such as malaria and tuberculosislittle is said about the continent's cultural collapse. The governments that have plundered the continent's resources also have ignored the vast cultural treasures in their countries. Only African music retains a firm footing, because of its commercial base and vague attraction to listeners of Western pop. But Africa's great traditions of sculpture, mask-making and textile design are poorly 16th century ivory Benin mask, seized by British invaders in 1897. BRITISH MUSEUM recognized at home. Even behemoths such as Nigeria, Africa's most populous nation, or South Africa, the richest nation of black Africa, boast no museums where visitors are presented with anything like the breadth, diversity and sheer quality of the art produced across the continent. Instead, museums in Africa tend toward the local and disconnected. And that's in places where museum curators aren't selling off pieces themselves or conspiring with thieves. To get a feel for the immense diversity of tribal African art requires a visit not to Africa, but to London, Paris, Berlin, Brussels, New York, Washington or Los Angeles.

44. Artefact Bibliography (bibli1Page2) and twentieth century artefacts from the indigenous art. first part the country, people, religion,. sociology, africa, baule, Guro, Banum, Bakota, Bakongo, Azande http://www.tribalworldbooks.com.au/bib-artPage2.html

Artefact Bibliography page links Page 2 of 3 TRIBAL WORLD BOOKS References cited: Edmundson 1999 ADORNED Traditional Jewellery and Body Decoration . From Australia and the Pacific BNo.: 0-909635-36-6 First Edition, 1999 (pb) 112p; 295mm x 205mm; 0.65kg. 34 col, 65 b/w, 1 map. Preface, ethnographic info, Bibliography, acknow. A very good paperback copy in dust wrapper. Macleay Museum, University of Sydney, Sydney, 1999 (The book looks at some of the many ways of adorning the human body, bringing together a wide range of nineteenth and twentieth century artefacts from the indigenous art traditions of Australia and the Pacific) (Ethnology, Kimberley, Bathurst Island, Torres Strait, Simbu, Morobe, Irian Jaya). Gardi 1960 Gardi, Rene. (translated by Eric Northcott). TAMBARAN . An Encounter with Cultures in Decline in New Guinea. BNo.: n/a. First Edition (UK), 1960. Pp: 204; 230mm x 150mm; 0.65kg. 55 b/w, num fig, 2 maps. Translator's note. A good copy in dust wrapper. Constable and Company Ltd, London, 1960. (The author accompanied Professor Alfrad Buhler on an expedition to the remote parts of the Sepik region to collect artefacts. The text is illustrated

45. African Tribal Art Books (tw3)(afr1Page2) people). Ethnology, africa, artists, baule, Gouro, Dan, Gere, Wobe, Bayaka, Dogon, Yoruba, Bini Namibia live the Himba, one of africa s geatest indigenous tribes http://www.tribalworldbooks.com.au/afr1Page2.html

Africa page links Page 2 of 3 TRIBAL WORLD BOOKS index Fagg (text), Pemberton Holcombe (editor). YORUBA Sculpture of West Africa. BNo. 0-394-71039-8. First Edition, 1982 (pb). Pp: xiv, 210; 305mm x 230mm; 1.00kg. 35 col, 35 b/w, 57 b/w photographic credits. A good paperback copy. Wrp: g. (minor wear at corners). Borzoi Book, Alfred A. Knopf Inc, New York, 1982. (The book is illustrated with Yoruba works of art from museums and private collections from around the world which provides a comprehensive view of Yoruba art) (Keywords: Ethnology, cultural history, West Africa, Nok, Ife, Owo, Benin, Oyo, Gelede, Ekiti, Odo Shango, Eshu). Book Code: AU index Gelfand , Michael. SHONA RELIGION . With special reference to the Makorekore. BNo. n/a. First Edition, 1962. Pp: (xii), 184; 215mm x 135mm; 0.42kg. 77 b/w(pl), 1 map(fd). Foreword, preface, index. Town, 1962. (This study on the religion of the Shona is based on personal observation of the author over a long period of the traditional cult and ritual practices which he attended. The greater part of the work deals with the Shona-speaking people) (Keywords: Anthropology, Southern Africa, Shona, MaKorekore

46. The Great Commission And The Languages Group, Location, Religion, People. New Guinea, Central africa, , Maluku, South American indigenous, Tohono O Fon, Edo, Urhobo, Idoma, Nupe, Agni, baule, Kru, Grebo http://www.teachinghearts.org/dre82language.html

Teachinghearts The Challenge of the Great Commission "Explore the Word. Change the World" Statistics: Time: 80 minutes Print: 25 pages 32 pages (Landsccape) The Mission The Message Prophecy Lesson Studies Introduction to Prophecy Christ - The Messiah The Last World Empires ... 2004 - Year of World Evangelism In the Great Commission and in the prophecies, Jesus said that "the gospel must be preached in all the world as a witness to all nations - and then the end will come". Matthew 24: 14; Matthew 28: 19 In the last days, prophecy predicts the spread of this gospel. And I saw another angel flying in midheaven, having an eternal gospel to preach to those who live on the earth, and to every nation and tribe and tongue and people. - Revelation 14: 6. We have several barriers to meeting this challenge. But God is providing a way to meet them. Language - With over 6,500 languages the task seems impossible. Each aspect of a language poses a unique set of problems. This confines us to producing material by population size. Spoken Language - There is a problem with dialects, pronounciation and the availability of qualified people to teach the gospel. Also, a single written word can have several meanings depending on the tone used to pronounce the word.

47. Politics And Culture Susan M. Vogel reports, in the baule language, words for also surmise that the need to see africa as the is not the property of an indigenous people but a http://aspen.conncoll.edu/politicsandculture/page.cfm?key=231

48. Typesetting African Languages, By Conrad Taylor a London based health project for people of recent africa has over 2,000 indigenous languages, of which These languages are baule Chichewa (Chewa, Nyanja http://www.ideography.co.uk/library/afrolingua.html

Typesetting African languages Report of an investigation by Conrad Taylor Front cover of the report; the map shows where some 90 languages are spoken, and the four language family groupings as coloured zones. First page of the report main body, which is illustrated with many diagrams, screen images etc. A sample page from the character set appendix; this page shows the requirements of the West Atlantic language Wolof. Characters in red pose a special difficulty and usually require custom letterforms; accented vowels in green can be set with existing fonts. This Web page provides a description of the 54-page document " Typesetting African languages " which I prepared in May 2000, a list of contents , and links by which to download an Acrobat PDF version either in whole or in parts. I have recently had some voluntary involvement in the work of a London- based health project for people of recent African origin, such as refugees and first- generation immigrants. Through this contact I came to consider the problems of providing printed materials such as publicity and health information in African languages. The problem...

49. Spring 2002 Conference Preliminary Program I 900 1030 2 indigenous Practices in the Diaspora, James Madison U, The baule Women Potters THE MOMENT (9 minutes, South africa) - people from different http://ias.berkeley.edu/africa/events/SpringConf2003_Stanford.htm

Stanford-Berkeley Joint Center for African Studies Annual Conference Popular Culture in Africa Saturday, April 26, 2003 Stanford Humanities Center 424 Santa Teresa Street Stanford University CONFERENCE PROGRAM Print Program (PDF) Print Program (RTF) All events are free of charge and open to the public. Original call for Papers Maps, Directions and Parking Registration: begins at 8:30AM in Humanities Center Lobby Films: Titles and schedule posted in lobby. PANEL SESSION I: 9:00 - 10:30 1: Education and the Politics of Cultural and Political Change ~ BOARD ROOM Christopher Lee, History, Stanford, Chair Nancy Kendall, Education, Stanford, Aid to Education and its Relation to the Global EFA Movement Amy Ehrlick, Education, Stanford, International Volunteer Aid to HIV/AIDS Education in Namibia Joel Samoff, Center for African Studies, and Bidemi Carrol, Education, Stanford, Aid to Higher Education in Africa Georganne Morin, Education, Stanford

50. Africancraft.com: Links To African Art And African Crafts Web Sites Of Interest European travellers and colonisers by indigenous africans, written of the Kwele of Equatorial africa, and in about the weavings of the baule people of central http://www.africancrafts.com/links.php?sid=25580245774681707712463474722032$&lis

51. Africancraft.com The resilience of Yoruba indigenous handwoven short article about the weavings of the baule people of central and its impact on cultures beyond africa s shores http://www.africancrafts.com/artisan.php?sid=51301472346128235100454358558134&id

52. Template In this indigenous rural culture the woman is the artist many ethnic groups included are the baule, Dan, and volume in the Heritage Library of African peoples. http://urbanafreelibrary.org/cdblhimo.htm

The Urbana Free Library Children's Department Black History Month Books African American Picture Books Back to Books! Books! Books! African American Picture Books The Urbana Free Library Children's Department This list includes children's fiction by and about African-Americans. Ackerman, Karen. By the dawn's early light. Barber, Barbara E. Saturday at The New You. Allie's basketball dream. Barrett, Mary Brigid. Sing to the stars. Belton, Sandra. Best, Cari. Red light, green light, mama and me. Bogart, Jo Ellen. Daniel's dog. Brown, Margaret Wise. Baby animals. Bunting, Eve. Flower garden. Caines, Jeannette Franklin. Just us women. Carlstrom, Nancy White. Wild, wild, sunflower child Anna. Carr, Jan. Dark day, light night. Chocolate, Deborah M. Newton. On the day I was born. Clifton, Lucille. Everett Anderson's goodbye. Coleman, Evelyn. White socks only. Cooke, Trish. Mr. Pam Pam and the Hullabazoo. Crews, Donald. Bigmama's. Shortcut. Dragonwagon, Crescent. Half a moon and one whole star. Home place.

53. Ch03 sugars, proteins, oils, salts, and vitamins to indigenous peoples. This palm is indigenous to the entire humid on poor soils (Watson 1964; baule and Fricker http://www.unu.edu/unupress/unupbooks/80364e/80364E03.htm

Contents Previous Next Tree crop farming in the humid tropics: Some current developments G.A. Watson IDRC Consultant, Sussex, England Abstract Tree crop farming systems in the humid tropics are in an active state of development In Sri Lanka, Nigeria, and Latin America attention is being devoted to improvement of traditional tree food crops. In larger-scale rubber and oil palm cultivation monoculture is still the norm, but in the smallfarmer sector there is increased interest in intercropping with food crops In coconut, the introduction of high-yielding hybrids, complemented by the development of multicropping systems, is leading to a major upward revision of this crop's potential. Studies of taungya farming have confirmed the value of food cropping in young forest tree crops So far research has concentrated on the commodity crops and many lessons have been learned which could be applied in the future development of agro-forestry. Introduction Spurred by increasing social, population, and economic pressures, tree crop farming systems in the humid tropics are in a state of very active development. In the commodity sector, rubber, oil palm, coconut, and cocoa plantings are being extended; there is greater use of high-yielding material, more productive methods of management, and shorter replanting cycles, together with increased interest in intercropping. In the traditional multicrop farming sector, there are attempts to establish more productive crop mixes, and the improvement and cultivation of food tree crops are being encouraged. So far, the bulk of detailed research on tree crops has been concentrated on commodities, and many lessons have been learned of possible application in the production of forest and food crops.

54. OnArt Bookstore - Right Priced Used And New Books On Folkart,primitive Art,ethni from Asia, Europe, the Near East, africa North and figurative art created by the baule to represent of the 16thcentury Caribbean s indigenous people, as well http://www.onart.com/boo/artcul.htm

To order books just click the individual BUY button. It will add it and take you to your shopping cart. You can remove items from the shopping card simply by setting the quantity to zero and then clicking "Recalculate". Links to our other non fiction categories are at the bottom of the list. Siporin,Steve - 1576871423American Folk Masters: The National Heritage Fe978 OUR PRICE: Cover : Hardback, Pages : Published : US 1992 Size : appr 11.50 x 9.50 inches, Condition : New ISBN: Click for Coverpicture! Listprice:49.95// COMPARE PRICE: Amazon American Folk Masters pays tribute to the nearly 150 consummate artists who have been named National Heritage Fellows by the Folk Arts Program of the National Endowment for the Arts. Folklorist Steve Siporin contributes a personal essay on the lives and work of the Fellows; his insights are reflected in 50 full-page colorplates, numerous black-and-white portraits, and moving quotations from the Fellows themselves. Musicians of all kinds, from Cajun to Comanche, lace makers, potters, puppeteers, tap dancers, storytellers - the National Heritage Fellows testify that America's rich ethnic traditions are still alive today. Mills,Laura K. - American Allegorical Prints

55. Peace Corps Online | In The Peace Corps Now!!! By And Ivory Coast PCV Cote d Ivoire include Islam (23%), Christian (17%) and indigenous (60 The baule, Bete, and Guro, who live on the complex in Cote d Ivoire are the Mande peoples. http://peacecorpsonline.org/messages/messages/467/3190.html

In The Peace Corps Now!!! by and Ivory Coast PCV Peace Corps Online Directory Ivory Coast Web Links for Ivory Coast RPCVs : In The Peace Corps Now!!! by and Ivory Coast PCV By Admin1 (admin) on Monday, July 02, 2001 - 01:26 pm: Edit In The Peace Corps Now!!! by and Ivory Coast PCV In The Peace Corps Now!!! by and Ivory Coast PCV In The Peace Corps Now!!! by and Ivory Coast PCV In The Peace Corps Now!!! Did You Know The flag is red, white, and green. The major languages are French and African languages, especially Diaula. The total life expectancy is 46.05 years. For males it is less, 44.48; where as for females it is higher at 47.67 years. The GNP is $24.2 billion and $1,680 per capita. The President is Henri Konan Bedie and the Prime Minister is Daniel Kablan Duncan. Both have been in office since 1993. Their monetary unit is the franc CFA. The literacy rate is 54%. Their only national holiday is National Day, which is on August 7th. This day celebrates their independence from France, which took place on August the 7th, 1960. A Little History for You Cultural Encounters of the African Kind Don’t Drink the Water This story has been posted in the following forums: : Headlines; COS - Ivory Coast

56. Sovereignty And Personal Rule In Zaire choices that limit the possibilities of people in his and Parasites The Struggle for indigenous Capitalism in Hugo Sada, Sommet de la baule, Jeune Afrique http://web.africa.ufl.edu/asq/v1/3/4.htm

SOVEREIGNTY AND PERSONAL RULE IN ZAIRE. William Reno THE POLITICS OF RESOURCES IN ZAIRE Mobutu used this method because it did not require a command hierarchy that could acquire interests of its own and it obstructed rivals' attempts to build their own organizations. The existence of multiple centers of accumulation in Zaire facilitated this radical decentralization of politics. An archipelago of copper, cobalt, gold and diamond deposits in parts of the country leaves broad stretches of Afrique inutile that physically separates some political groups. Because of the breakdown of rail and road networks, mineral rich provinces like Shaba and Kasai do much more business with southern neighbors than with Zaire's domestic market. Kivu in the east has closer contact with Rwanda, Burundi and Uganda than with most of Zaire. Collapsing infrastructure also encouraged Mobutu's associates to exploit local opportunities rather than joining others to mutiny against Mobutu. In this context ownership of air cargo firms highlighted contours of political competition or alliances better than did formal agreements or individuals' titles. Competition at these centers of accumulation for control over trade is what left a political space for Mobutu to manage crises. Sovereignty, then, is important to Zaire's state rulers as a license to make deals with essentially private allies.

57. African Images of Otherworld Mates among the baule, West africa. The photos are of people doing the weaving and indigenous Art of the Americas Collection of Robert http://www.dupontbooks.com/african.htm

"Bedouin Encampment" A stunning photograph of a desert encampment. Mounted on board trimmed to the edges of the photo. Image size 10 5/8" x 8 1/2." Signed in the negative "Reiser." Although I can find no specific photographer by that name, I did come across a woman archaeologist named Reiser working in Egypt in the early 1900's. AFRICAN ART Adams, Monni. Designs for Living: Symbolic Communication in African Art African Art: Classic Style . DC: American Federation of Arts, 1953. in, The American Magazine of Art, Including 'Creative Art.' Volume XXVIII, No. 5. Wraps; pp271-278 Illustrated with photographs of 10 objects. Edgewear to the cover, o/w VG. #4090. $12.50 African Art from New Jersey Collections . Montclair, NJ: Montclair Art Museum, 1983. Soft Cover; a 6pp essay by Marshall W. Mount, followed by illustrations of 100 objects, each described. VG. #027668. $20 African Art: Permutations of Power African Art: The Spirit Manifest. Ann Arbor: U MI Museum of Art, 1981. Wraps; 68pp; an illustrated and annotated catalogue of 63 objects. Essay; bibliography. VG. #010359. $20 African Images : Art and Ornament . Ann Arbor, MI, U.S.A.: University of Michigan, Museum of Art, Alumni Memorial Hall, 1981. Wraps; 68pp; 1 color plate 1 text figure and an illustrated and annotated catalogue of 63 items. Essay and a lengthy bibliography. NF. #030317. $15

58. Richard Faletti Family Collection On Tribalarts.com to crosscultural approaches to indigenous arts as African Figures The Arman Collection; baule African Art and Symbols The Art of the Upper Voltaic peoples. http://www.tribalarts.com/people/previous/faletti/

TRIBAL ARTS HOME FORUM LETTERS CLASSIFIEDS ... GALLERIES The Richard Faletti Family Collection by Ryann Willis The art of Africa enjoyed a period of great popularity on the international art market in the 1980s. Of the important collections that were compiled during that decade, many have become well known, and the collectors who formed them have often become important supporters of public museum collections, contributing time, objects and financial support to institutions that might otherwise have less active resources. Among these is Richard Faletti, whose energy for collecting and institutional involvement seems almost boundless. Despite his new-found enthusiasm, his first attempt at collecting was less than successful. He discovered that a genial merchant near his hotel in Jos had apparent access to tribal artifacts, including two "old" bronze masks and two small stone figures, which he purchased. In Lagos, later in the trip, he purchased two small wooden figures, which he later learned were ibeji. In his words, "One was crudely carved (at this stage I reasoned that badly carved work was really very primitive, and therefore collectible). The other, however, was in my judgment a little masterpiece. This carver knew about volumes and negative space. I still have this ibeji."

59. CMA For Schools And Teachers : Presentation Outline be based on styles belonging to an indigenous population that The baule are one of the most important tribes living Queen Aba Pokou who led her people to the http://www.clevelandart.org/educef/art2go/html/4033988.html

For Schools and Teachers Art to Go Art To Go Art to Go Topics Masks: Let's Face It recommended for young audiences Masks: Let's Face It - Lesson Plan Contents Presentation Outline Presentation Outline The Noh mask in the presentation represents Hannya, a female demon. The designs of Noh masks were established hundreds of years ago, and new masks are copies. The oldest original masks are considered national treasures in Japan. With roots in Shinto dances and Buddhist traditions the Noh theater is purely Japanese and has enjoyed regular performances since the 1300s CE. Only males are allowed to perform, and can begin training as young as six or seven years of age. Young performers often start with masks less frightening and intense than those worn by adults. In addition to masks, the performers usually wear lavish robes and wigs that obscure much of their bodies. The plays are quite long and the action moves at a very slow pace, with very little talk or movement; the effort required to bring life to the wooden masks and create believable emotions is very strenuous for the actors. The stories in the Noh theater are serious and sad. Most of the characters in Noh plays are gods, dead warriors, ghosts, and demons. The Devil mask from Guatemala shows the influence of European cultures blended with ancient belief systems of indigenous people. During the 16th century, in order to maintain some of their own beliefs as Spanish missionaries sought to convert them to Christianity, indigenous people combined traditional celebrations with Christian holidays. For example, the Christian ceremonies marking All Souls and All Saints days (November 1-2) coincided with the indigenous festivals honoring ancestors. Devil masks depicted men with horns, painted red. The Diablado was a performance of masked dancers in which Lucifer and his band of devils try to conquer the earth, only to be driven back underground by the power of Christianity. Beating a devil in a ritual battle would be symbolic of defeating death, and of bringing an end to hardship. Even today, devil mask-making contests continue this artistic tradition in Mexico.

60. INDIGENOUS AFRICAN RELIGION > INTRODUCTION Bokoko, the Dogon, the Mandigo, the baule, the Akan of the ancient wisdom of the African people. all that stands for traditional or indigenous African religion http://www.hypertextile.net/BLAKHUD/ind-reli/ind00.htm

BLAKHUD Research Centre Lumosi Library WRITINGS of D. Massiasta INDIGENOUS AFRICAN RELIGION to FIANGOR BOKOR SALLAH HIGH PRIEST, KLIKOR and LEONARD S. K. DOGBATSE EDUCATIONIST, KLIKOR who spent several dawns of counselling to convince my parents to send me to a colonial formal school. INTRODUCTION A common definition has not been found for what constitutes religion. In his book, THE PSYCHOLOGY OF RELIGION, for instance, J. H. Leuba listed at least forty-eight definitions given by various writers on the subject. This may not suggest that religion is an illusion. Writers differ on a definition probably because of conceptual prejudices and the attempt to root the idea of a 'false' or 'true' religion. On indigenous African religion, for example, the controversy is not just over a common definition, but whether it deserves to be called a religion at all. Of all the definitions, theories and ideas expressed on the subject, however, those of the Scottish theologian W. Robertson Smith are quite relevant to the context in which African religion is understood by those who practise it. Smith, among other theologians of the same school of thought, thinks of religion as an instrument of social control, of building the structures of society and bringing it together.

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