81. TDS; Passports, Visas, Travel Documents PEOPLE Religions Islam 90%, indigenous 6%, Christian 4%. Languages French (official) and bambara (spoken by about 80% of the population). http://www.traveldocs.com/ml/people.htm

Mali Africa PEOPLE Historically, good inter-ethnic relations throughout the rest of the country were facilitated by easy mobility on the Niger River and across the country's vast savannahs. Each ethnic group was traditionally tied to a specific occupation, all working within close proximity. The Bambara, Malinke, Sarakole, and Dogon are farmers; the Fulani, Maur, and Tuareg are herders; while the Bozo are fishers. In recent years, this linkage has shifted as ethnic groups seek diverse, nontraditional sources of income. Although each ethnic group speaks a separate language, nearly 80% of Malians communicate in Bambara, the common language of the marketplace. Malians enjoy a relative harmony rare in African states. Nationality: Noun and adjectiveMalian(s). Population (2000 est.): 10.3 million. Annual growth rate: Ethnic groups: Manding (Bambara or Bamana, Malinke, Sarakole) 50%, Fulani 17%, enoufos/Mianka 12%, Songhai 6%, Tuareg and Maur 5%, other 10%.

82. African Music Links to West African Manding Music ; the bambara (see Hum 211 Solomon Murugu) is a resource for people around the styles of music from the indigenous cultures of http://www.cocc.edu/cagatucci/classes/hum211/linksmusic.htm

Humanities 211 (Historical Contexts, Oral Arts, Film) Prof. Cora Agatucci 6 October 1998: Learning Resources http://scout.wisc.edu/Reports/SocSci/1998/ss-981006.html African Music Links Africa Fete Tour '99 http://artsedge.kennedy-center.org/aoi/events/music/fete.html African Performances/Events in Depth: http://artsedge.kennedy-center.org/aoi/events/kcevents.html Africa on Roots World provides information about African musicians, as well as interviews and reviews of recordings: http://www.rootsworld.com/rw/africa.html The site includes Village Pulse Outpost: "Village Pulse is a recording label that was established to preserve recordings of traditional music. The first Village Pulse titles present styles of West African drum music that have been largely unavailable to the outside world": http://www.rootsworld.com/rw/villagepulse/ Africa South of the Sahara - Music (Stanford Univ Libraries): excellent annotated selection of internet resources: http://www-sul.stanford.edu/depts/ssrg/africa/music.html African Music Archive (Dr. Wolfgang Bender, Institute of Ethnology and African Studies, Johannes-Gutenberg Univ., Mainz, Germany) of African music and musicology opened in 1991:

83. FAO Agricultural Information Management Series Asia (Figure 12.8), all of India, the Lao People s Democratic Republic scope to achieve high yields of bambara groundnut (an indigenous African legume http://www.fao.org/DOCREP/003/Y0494E/Y0494e06.htm

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Outputs from BAMnut Model - Crop Biomass and POD Models The outputs of multiple simulations of the model for both biomass and pod yield have been classified into four representative ranges of suitability as shown in Table 2 . Although these categories are arbitrary, they help to simplify the analyses and provide some basis for comparisons between regions. The levels, defined as very suitable (VS), suitable (S), moderately suitable (MS) and unsuitable (US), are based on reported pod yields for bambara groundnut at different locations in Africa. For example, the VS category with pod yields greater than 3000 kg ha-1 corresponds with reported pod yields of up to 3870 kg ha-1 in Zimbabwe (Johnson, 1968). Similarly, the MS category corresponds with the typical farmers' yields of 650-850 kg ha in Africa reported by Stanton et al . (1966). Regions producing pod yields below 300 kg ha are defined as unsuitable (category US) for bambara groundnut cultivation. Crop failure has not been included as it obviously has the definition of no yield. Figures 10 and Figure 11 respectively show the predicted biomass and pod yield of bambara groundnut across the world. The different suitability ranges defined in

84. Vitalog.com - Search By Location other 5% Religion Muslim 90%, indigenous beliefs 9 Christian 1% Languages French (official), bambara 80%, numerous search people who Born Died Burial. http://www.vitalog.com/cgi-bin/exploring/country.cgi?cod=1152&ctype=birth&sort=n

85. IPGRI-SSA The Sub-Saharan Region The vast majority of these people depend directly it is being recognized that indigenous African farming finger, pearl), teff, fonio, bambara groundnut, cowpea http://www.ipgri.cgiar.org/regions/ssa/introduction/aboutssa.htm

myTitle = "ssatitle" The sub-Saharan region IPGRI activities in SSA About the Region IPGRI's programme in SSA History of IPGRI in SSA Modus operandi ... Documentation The sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) region comprises 48 sovereign states. These are grouped into five subregions, namely eastern Africa southern Africa West Africa central Africa and the islands of the eastern coast of the continent (i.e. Madagascar, Mauritius, the Comoros and the Seychelles). Africa’s topography is characterized by the Atlas mountains in the north, the Cape ranges in the south, and a series of basins and plateaus in between, divided in the east by the Rift Valley and its associated highlands. These include Mt Kilimanjaro, the highest point in the continent. Africa is home to the world’s largest desert, the Sahara, which stretches from the Atlantic Ocean to the Red Sea. As a result of this diversity of topography and climate, SSA has a wide range of vegetation types, ranging from deserts and alpine shrub land to mangrove swamps and tropical rainforests, with all possible intermediate types. Well over 600 million people live in Africa south of Sahara. The vast majority of these people depend directly on the land for their sustenance. In the rainforests of central Africa and in the dry lands of the Kalahari, communities live by hunting and gathering fruits, nuts, tubers and leaves. Elsewhere, in more favorable environments, a vast array of agricultural systems has evolved, ranging from nomadic and transhumant livestock production through to intensive small holder mixed crop–livestock systems. Wood accounts for almost 95% of fuel used in rural areas throughout the continent.

86. The Center For Global Tolerance & Engagement: World Fast Facts Ethnicities, 47% Malay, 32% Chinese, 12% indigenous tribes, 8% Indian, 1 Density, 10 people per square km. Languages, bambara, Fulani, Senufo, Soninke, French. http://www.mc.maricopa.edu/dept/d34/cgte/cgtemcty.html

MACEDONIA FAST FACTS Location Europe Capital Skopje Population 2.2 Million Density 86 people per square km Urban/Rural Split 60% Urban, 40% Rural Languages Macedonian, Serbo-Croatian Religions No statistics Ethnicities 67% Macedonian, 23% Albanian, 4% Turkish, 2% Serb, 2% Romany, 2% Other MADAGASCAR FAST FACTS Location Indian Ocean Capital Antananarivo Population 16.3 Million Density 28 people per square km Urban/Rural Split 27% Urban, 73% Rural Languages Malagasy, French Religions 52% Traditional beliefs, 41% Christian, 7% Muslim Ethnicities No statistics MALAWI FAST FACTS Location Southern Africa Capital Lilongwe Population 10.4 Million Density 111 people per square km Urban/Rural Split 14% Urban, 86% Rural Languages Chewa, Lomwe, Yao, Ngoni, English Religions 55% Protestant, 20% Roman Catholic, 20% Muslim, 5% Traditional beliefs Ethnicities No statistics MALAYSIA FAST FACTS Location Southeast Asia Capital Kuala Lumpur Population 21.5 Million Density 65 people per square km Urban/Rural Split 54% Urban, 46% Rural Languages Malay, Chinese, Tamil Religions 53% Muslim, 19% Buddhist, 12% Chinese faiths, 7% Christian, 7% Other, 2% Traditional beliefs

87. The Centre For Advanced Studies Of African Society the former colonial masters than the indigenous cultures from SothoTswana, Swahili, Amharic, Fulful, bambara, Igbo, Hausa the same book for 30 million people. http://www.casas.co.za/papers_language.htm

WELCOME SCOPE OF OUR OPERATIONS Khoisan Language Studentship Scholarship Scheme CASAS/IDRC Acacia Project PUBLICATIONS Tinabantu Book Series Monograph Series Occasional Papers ... CONTACT US Last updated: 25.02.2004 Language, NEO-COLONIALISM AND the African development challenge Kwesi Kwaa Prah The Centre for Advanced Studies of African Society (CASAS), Cape Town Published in TRIcontinental, Havana, Cuba, No. 150, 2002 It is indeed amazing that at the onset of a new millennium, Africa represents today the only major historical and cultural area of the world where despite their indigenous socio-cultural majorities, countries prefer to use the languages of their erstwhile masters in their attempts to develop and make social progress. The result of this neo-colonial approach to culture and democracy is that the scientific and technological culture of Africans is hardly advancing. Actually, Africa, by and large, is retrogressing or stagnating. Mass society and its culture is shut off, and condemned to cultural backwardness and alienation from the life of the elite. The elite in turn is bent on what many social critics regard as mindless imitation of the colonial and metropolitan cultures of the west. This is an orientation, which in effect integrates the elite more into the culture of the former colonial masters than the indigenous cultures from where this elite historically and socially derives.

88. Artshub.com.au | For Australian Arts Workers Zazu’ is a word meaning ‘Crazy’, belonging to the bambara language in Mali Eventually some people travel to West africa themselves, either alone or http://www.artshub.com.au/ahau1/news/news.asp?Id=61183&ct=feature

89. INDIGENOUS AFRICAN RELIGION > THE AFRICAN'S CONCEPT OF GOD Mendes of Sierra Leone, NGEWO; the bambara of Sudan to different religious concepts in indigenous African societies of God is found in the culture of the people. http://www.hypertextile.net/BLAKHUD/ind-reli/ind01.htm

BLAKHUD Research Centre Lumosi Library WRITINGS of D. Massiasta INDIGENOUS AFRICAN RELIGION CHAPTER ONE THE AFRICAN'S CONCEPT OF GOD To the one and only Supreme Being, various African societies have common attributes in different names. The Yoruba of Nigeria call him OLORUN; the Mendes of Sierra Leone, NGEWO; the Bambara of Sudan, FARO; the Ibo of Nigeria, CHUKWU; the Akan of Ghana, NYAME; and the West Camerounians, NIAMBE, to mention only a few. In essence one cannot actually differentiate JOK of the Central African people from SORO of the Nupe. To illustrate the point of differences further, one could use the example of a specific religious practice, which can be found in a number of African societies. This example is IFA, a popular divinatory science in West Africa. The name IFA is Yoruba. It is AFA in Ewe. And when the Yoruba, in the practice of giving spiritual explanations, call some of the secret codes ODI, IRETE, OGUNDA, IWORI and OSA, the Ewe are referring to the same codes when they say DI, LETE, GUDA, WOLI and SA. Even if the latter are copying a practice of the former, such differences will occur. On the other hand, similarities could be striking. For example the Lotuko of Central Africa perform rainmaking rituals. A rite of black goat offering is made to the sacred stones and these stones are washed with water from a sacred stream. Similar rites are performed to the rain-stones (TSINA) of the Ewe. In the same way both the Ewe and Jaba of Nigeria believe a witch could eat the 'egg' in a pregnant woman's womb. Therefore the Ewe and Jaba forbid children and pregnant women to eat eggs. It is even believed that a woman used to eating chicken eggs may be tempted to eat her own 'eggs'

90. WRITING ASSIGNMENTS COMPARE/CONTRAST indigenous culture with the new hybrid (Colonial Bamana (bambara) or Dogon of Mali. and literature for this group of people should include all http://faculty.uncfsu.edu/doyler/TCHNG/H490Write.htm

WRITING ASSIGNMENTS HIST 490 FALL 2002 I. INDIGENOUS LITERATURE: The Oral Tradition: Sundiata: An Epic of Old Mali Using this oral tradition recorded by D.T. Niane and TWO sources of your choice, DESCRIBE the culture of the Mande Speakers at the time of the founding of the Empire of Mali. Use the culture in which Sundiata was born, at Niani in the Kingdom of Kangaba looking for the following: Language, government, religion, education, maintaining any type of records of the past, environmental effects on culture, art, music, literature, and Moral Values that might include reverence for elders, truth, beauty, loyalty, bravery, sympathy, kindness, hospitality, and whatever else you see within the document. Use the two sources of your choice to try to VERIFY the cultural statements that you make based upon the oral tradition. Also include any observations you have on the accuracy of the oral tradition or comparisons to culture today in the area. II. MODERN LITERATURE: A. Literature in French: Dark Child: An Autobiography Camara Laye writes in French about life in Guinea at the time of colonization. Using the novel and TWO sources of your choice, DESCRIBE indigenous Culture of this ethnic group in terms of the following:

91. An A-Z Of African Studies On The Internet Nr3 languages, history, religion of Somali people) http//www ac.za/und/indic/press96.html indigenous publishing in featured Anywa Arabic bambara Bantu Languages http://www.lib.msu.edu/limb/a-z/az_nr3.html

An A-Z of African Studies on the Internet Part N-R3 Publishers-Refugees Back to: A-Z of African Studies comprehensive lists] http://www.hanszell.co.uk/aplink.htm http://www-sul.stanford.edu/depts/ssrg/africa/publish.html http://www.library.vanderbilt.edu/law/acqs/ Academy Science Publishers http://www.oneworld.org/aas/ Adalens Antikvariat (Sweden) antiquarian http://www.angelfire.com/pa/AdalensAntikvariat/afrika.html Adam Matthew Publications (microfilm collections, African studies) http://www.adam-matthew-publications.co.uk/ Adams Bookshop (University of Natal, Durban) http://durbanet.aztec.co.za/adamsbooks/index.htm Africa Book Centre (London) online catyalogue www.africabookcentre.com Africa Institute of South Africa (Pretoria) http://www.ai.org.za/ Africa World Press and The Red Sea Press http://www.africanworld.com AfricaWPress@nyo.com African Academy of Sciences asp@arcc.or.ke

92. Talk:Mali/CIA World Factbook 2002 Import - Wikitravel HIV/AIDS people living with HIV/AIDS Religions Muslim 90%, indigenous beliefs 9%, Christian 1%. Languages French (official), bambara 80%, numerous African http://wikitravel.org/en/article/Talk:Mali/CIA_World_Factbook_2002_import

Wikitravel Main Page About Help ... Log in The Free Travel Guide Printable version Talk:Mali/CIA World Factbook 2002 import From Wikitravel, the free travel guide. Talk:Mali Flag Quick Facts Capital Bamako Government republic Currency Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (XOF); note - responsible authority is the Central Bank of the West African States Area total: 1.24 million sq km water: 20,000 sq km land: 1.22 million sq km Population 11,340,480 (July 2002 est.) Language French (official), Bambara 80%, numerous African languages Religion Muslim 90%, indigenous beliefs 9%, Christian 1% This article is an import from the CIA World Factbook 2002. It's a starting point for creating a real Wikitravel country article according to our country article template . Please plunge forward and edit it. The Sudanese Republic and Senegal became independent of France in 1960 as the Mali Federation. When Senegal withdrew after only a few months, the Sudanese Republic was renamed Mali. Rule by dictatorship was brought to a close in 1991 with a transitional government, and in 1992 when Mali's first democratic presidential election was held. After his reelection in 1997, President Alpha KONARE continued to push through political and economic reforms and to fight corruption. In keeping with Mali's two-term constitutional limit, he stepped down in 2002 and was succeeded by Amadou TOURE. Table of contents showTocToggle("show","hide")

93. Typophile Forums: Foreign Languages Fonts official), Mali French (official), bambara 80%, numerous the white population, German 32%, indigenous languages Oshivambo first language of most people is one http://www.typophile.com/forums/messages/14800/18836.html?1072891891

94. AMU CHMA NEWSLETTER #11 (09/01/1994) the cognitive processes used by the bambara population of centre also gives bibliographic support to people conducting research on indigenous Knowledge http://www.math.buffalo.edu/mad/AMU/amu_chma_11.html

AMUCHMA-NEWSLETTER-11 Chairman: Paulus Gerdes (Mozambique) Secretary: Ahmed Djebbar (Algeria) TABLE OF CONTENTS NEWSLETTER #11 Objectives of AMUCHMA Meetings Current research interests Notes and queries ... back to AMUCHMA ONLINE Higher Pedagogical Institute (ISP), Maputo (Mozambique), 1.9.1993 2. MEETINGS 2.1 4th MaghrIbian Symposium on the History of Arabic Mathematics The 4th MaghrIbian Symposium on the History of Arabic Mathematics was held at the Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdallah University in Fez (Morocco), organized by Mohamed Aballagh, Mohamed Abattouy, and Mohamed Mesbahi. The following papers were presented in Arabic, English, or French dealing with the arabic mathematical sciences, their application and reception during the Middle Ages: * Ahmed Djebbar (Algiers, Algeria): Some aspects of mathematical activities in the extreme Maghreb from the XIIth to the XVIth centuries; * Mohamed Benchrifa (Rabat, Morocco): Presence of mathematics in some Andalusian literary writings; * Moustafa Mawaldi (Aleppo, Syria): Study of the manuscript 'Risala fi-l-Hisab-l-Hawa'i' of Najm ad-Din al-Katibi; * Rachid Bebbouchi (Bab-Ez-Zonar, Algeria): Redaction techniques in mathematics: Arabic heritage and actual reality in Algeria;

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