21. Tiede people of Baluchistan * bambara group living mixed-race inhabitants of South africa. Europe D * Dagestani peoples - indigenous groups of http://www.tiede.fi/keskustelut/vastaa.asp?lainaa=1271269&alue=1&id=1271212&aihe

22. Mali: Afropop Country -- West Africa, Berber Music, Wassoulou, Griot Music, Afri Bobo, Dogon, Tamascheck, Soninke, Songhoi, Tuareg and other peoples. of griot music and other indigenous Malian sounds sound of the south, to bambara, Bobo and http://www.afropop.org/explore/country_info/ID/2/Mali/

Love African music? Get our free e-Newsletter! Home Radio Explore Archives ... Back to Country Page Mali History runs deep in Mali. In the 13th century, long before French colonizers arrived, the peaceful and productive Malian Empire spread through much of today's West Africa, far beyond the country's present borders. Many different ethnic groups came together under a visionary Manding king, Sunjata Keita, to control the trans-Saharan trade of salt and gold. The empire enjoyed two centuries of peace and glory, and that golden era lives on today in songs and stories. Contemporary Mali is far poorer and more challenged than the Empire at its height, or indeed than the Songhai and Bambara kingdoms that followed Mali and preceded the French colonial era. The Manding now rub shoulders and share scant resources with Fulani (Peul), Bambara, Bobo, Dogon, Tamascheck, Soninke, Songhoi, Tuareg and other peoples. But recalling the inclusive vision of Sunjata, Malians mostly get along and show a respect for cultural diversity unusual in modern Africa. Each of these ethnic groups has its own rich musical tradition, and together, they form one of the most enchanting musical landscapes in the world. If Malians are more acutely in touch with their history than many other Africans, much credit goes to the

23. International Missions Emphasis 2003 - That All Peoples May Know Him - Offering At present we are involved in evangelistic radio programming, literacy, indigenous music development, pastoral bambara People Group Team. Mali, West africa. http://ime.imb.org/offering/thankyou11.asp

Subscribe About us Contact us Questions ... Offering Offering Missionary thank you notes Posted Nov. 23-29, 2003 Those Who Are Holding Our Ropes, I want to thank you for your efforts and energies you are pouring forth on our behalf! As we relate with other Great Commission Christians here in our country, I am constantly grateful for what the cooperative financial partnership means for us and our unreached people group here. My family and team thank you for your giving through Lottie Moon Offerings. Over the last three years of our service I personally have received practical and professional skill training to equip nationals here to share the gospel among Muslims. One Muslim-background believer, "Ahmed," has been so encouraged by our relationship and the material we have spent hours sharing with him, he is ready to reach back into the area near where his family resides. "Ahmed" came from a wealthy business family but due to his faith in Jesus, he was disowned and thrown out. I consider him my best friend. He is seeking God for inroads into the Muslim community. Not only is your giving aiding in expanding His kingdom in our country, it has impacted my family! All three of my children made commitments or salvation professions while we have been here. If we had to come to this side of the planet for God to work in their hearts, THANK YOU for supporting such an endeavor!

24. List Of Ethnic Groups Definition Meaning Information Explanation nomadic Muslim people of Baluchistan; bambara group living mixed-race inhabitants of South africa. Dagestani peoples - indigenous groups of northern Caucasus; http://www.free-definition.com/List-of-ethnic-groups.html

A B C D ... Contact Beta 0.71 powered by: akademie.de PHP PostgreSQL Google News about your search term List of ethnic groups This is a list of names of ethnic group s. A group can have several names (e.g., names in English language and in native language, obsolete names, versions of spelling, etc.) Inhaltsverzeichnis 1 A 2 B 3 C 4 D ... 27 Related topics A Abenaki Native American s once widespread in eastern North America Abkhaz - Minority in Georgia , Turkey and Russia Abkhazia Acadian - French-Canadians of the Canadian Maritimes Accohannock - Native American s of Maryland Achang Yunnan China Achomawai - Native American s of California Acoma - Native American s of the southwest United States and Mexico Adja - Minority in Benin Adyghe - Minority in Russia , in the north Caucasus region. Afar - Minority in Ethiopia Eritrea and Djibouti . Also known as Danakil African-American - Descendants of Africa n slaves brought to North America Afrikaner Dutch -descended settlers of southern Africa Agni - minority group in Cote d'Ivoire Aguls - Dagestan i minority group Ahtna - Native Alaska ns, along the Copper River

25. Creator Displays Eclectic Dance Form - February 22, 2000 of dance forms in Continental africa and the West african dances, including the Mandinka and bambara. of africans and other indigenous peoples, is sacred http://wildcat.arizona.edu/papers/93/103/10_1_m.html

document.write(''); classifieds news sports opinions ... discussion Search ARCHIVES CONTACT US WORLD NEWS Creator displays eclectic dance form By Rebecca Missel Arizona Daily Wildcat, February 22, 2000 Talk about this story The creator of Pan-African dance will give a lecture and performance on his art on Wednesday in the Education building. Eno Washington, who created the discipline 30 years ago, will make his first visit to the University of Arizona campus with a talk on "Pan-African Dance in the 21st Century" in the Kiva Auditorium at 4 p.m. "Pan-African dance is a concept that I came up with in the mid-70s," Washington said. "By 1977 it was used as a curriculum at the University of Massachusetts." Unlike other dance forms with well-defined roots such as ballet, Pan-African dance draws on many diverse influences. "It's a combination of dance forms in Continental Africa and the African Diaspora, including Jamaica, Cuba, Haiti, Brazil and the United States," Washington said. "Dance and music came together in the United States - blues, jazz, funk, fusion and mambo." Washington said that psychological components have also been incorporated into the work.

26. World Food Habits Bibliography: Africa nutrition; nutritional status; ethnography; africa; Mali; bambara. Eastern Food and Dietary Change of indigenous peoples. 12(3)3449. africa; Middle East http://lilt.ilstu.edu/rtdirks/AFRICA.html

FOOD AND CULTURE Africa Aborampah O. 1985. Determinants of Breast-feeding and Post-partum Sexual Abstinence: Analysis of a Sample of Yoruba Women, Western Nigeria. Journal of Biosocial Science . 17:461-9. [infant feeding; Africa] Aboud FE; Alemu T. 1995. Nutrition, Maternal Responsiveness and Mental Development of Ethopian Children. Social Science and Medicine [child nutrition; Africa] Acho-Chi C. 2002. The Mobile Street Food Service Practice in the Urban Economy of Kumba, Cameroon. Singpore Journal of Tropical Geography . 23(2):131-48. [food distribution; Africa] Almedom AM. 1991. Infant Feeding in Urban Low-income Households in Ethiopia. Ecology of Food and Nutrition . 25:97-109. [infant nutrition; Africa] Anigbo OA. 1987. Commensality and Human Relationship among the Igbo. University of Nigeria Press. [social relations; African; Nigeria; Igbo] Aunger R. 1994. Sources of Variation in Ethnographic Interview Data: Food Avoidances in the Ituri Forest. Ethnology . 33(1):65-99. [food proscriptions; Africa; Zaire] Aunger R. 1994. Are Food Avoidances Maladaptive in the Ituri Forest of Zaire?

27. African Studies — BU 2003/2004 Undergraduate Bulletin in Contemporary africa CAS AN 312 peoples and Cultures bambara CAS LD 214 FourthSemester Mandinka/bambara CAS RN 414 indigenous Religions of West africa CAS http://www.bu.edu/bulletins/und/item13d2.html

African Studies Minor Concentration in African Languages and Literatures Minor Concentration in African Studies (0305) Director James McCann African Studies Center TOP OF PAGE Minor Concentration in African Languages and Literatures The African languages and literatures minor concentration combines language and linguistic study with the study of written literature and oral traditions in the African context. In-depth knowledge of an African language of the student's choosing is applied in courses in cultural and linguistic anthropology, sociology of language, language in government and education, literature, and folklore and oral traditions. This minor concentration is made up of required and elective courses from the Department of Modern Foreign Languages and Literatures, as well as elective courses from other College of Arts and Sciences departments. Required Courses One year of 300-level study of an African language (two courses) is required together with the following two courses: CAS LL 280 Introduction to the Literatures of Africa (in English translation) CAS LL 453 Form and Function in African Oral Literature If either CAS LL 280 or LL 453 is not offered in a given year, an acceptable alternative may be selected in consultation with the student's advisor.

28. Films & Video Recordings On AFRICA Cisse An adaptation of a bambara oral epic communism, apartheid in South africa, discrimination in movement and the associations of indigenous peoples who seek http://www.info.library.yorku.ca/depts/smil/filmographies/africa.htm

AFRICA Last updated October 2001 The films and videorecordings listed below are owned by York University Libraries and available for academic use by the York University community. Requests for these materials can be made in writing, by telephone, or in person to the 125 Scott Library York University 4700 Keele Street North York, Ontario M3J 1P3 E-Mail: imagelib@yorku.ca Telephone:416-736-2100 ext.33324 Fax:416-736-5838 Fall/Winter Hours: Summer Hours: Please note the following abbreviations: MP : 16mm film VC : VHS videotape VC 3/4 : 3/4" videotape Table of Contents General Algeria Angola Benin ... Zimbabwe GENERAL AFRICA SERIES 52 min. each 1984 RM Arts Prod. 1. DIFFERENT BUT EQUAL VC #1206 and #4494 Traces the early history of the continent noting that some of the world's greatest prehistoric civilizations had their origins in Africa. 2. MASTERING A CONTINENT VC #1207 and #4494 Examines how African farmers created a viable way of life in an often hostile environment. 3. CARAVANS OF GOLD

29. African Timelines Part I the Vai, bambara, Benin, Bakongo, Peul, and Akan AND CULTUREAs Africas peoples established themselves and diversified Spoken African languages indigenous to the continent are http://www.cocc.edu/cagatucci/classes/hum211/timelines/htimeline.htm

Humanities 211 (Historical Contexts, Oral Arts, Film) Prof. Cora Agatucci 6 October 1998: Learning Resources http://scout.wisc.edu/Reports/SocSci/1998/ss-981006.html Part I: Ancient Africa from the beginnings BC / BCE With Brief Discussions: Problem of Sources Sacred Writing Ma'at African Orature ... Can We Generalize about a Common African Culture? African Timelines Table of Contents Contribute to African Timelines, add a link, or make a comment! New Submission Form 5 to 2.5 million BCE Fossils, rocks, ancient skeletal remains have been uncovered in the Rift Valley and surrounding areas Photo of an African rift (Univ. of Pennsylvania): http://www.sas.upenn.edu/African_Studies/Misc_GIFS/African_rift.gif Evidence points to a common human ancestry originating in Africa from the emergence of a humanlike species in eastern Africa some 5 million years ago. From Hadar, Ethiopia, the 3.18 million year-old remains of "Lucy" were unearthed in 1974. Resources for African Archeology (ArchNet-WWW Archeology) http://archnet.asu.edu/archnet/regions/africa.php3

30. Tribes Of The Niger bambara a Mandespeaking people of Mali are typically minority elements living among other peoples. established kingdoms by the conquest of indigenous peoples. http://schools.4j.lane.edu/spencerbutte/StudentProjects/Rivers/tribe.html

Tribes of the Niger River BAMBARA : a Mande-speaking people of Mali. Today sedentary farmers, they are divided inti many small chiefdoms, and known for their elaborate cosmology and religion. Earlier they had founded two important states at Seguo, on the Niger. Population 1.2 million. EDO : a Kwa-speaking people of southern Nigeria, the population of the kingdom of Benin; whose political and religious ruler, the , lives in Benin City. The ruling dynasty is historically closely linked with the Yoruba. They are famed for they carving, metal-casting and other arts. Population 1.3 million. FULANI ( FULBE, PEUL) : a people speaking a West Atlantic language, dispersed across the Sahel zone of West Africa from Senegal to Cameroon. They are predominantly Muslim, and coprise both transhumant cattle keepers and also sedentaery agricultural groups. Both are typically minority elements living among other peoples. The pastoralist groups are egalitarian, the sedentary ones having chiefs in some areas, such as northern Nigeria, where they overthrew the Hausa rulers of existing states in the early 19th century, established kingdoms by the conquest of indigenous peoples. population 7 million HAUSA : a Chadic-speaking people of Nigeria and Niger. They are intensive farmers

31. Joshua Project - Peoples By Country Profiles People Name General bambara. Language. Primary Language Bamanankan. indigenous Fellowship of 100+ http//www.2001pray.org/PeopleGroups/bambara.htm. http://www.joshuaproject.net/peopctry.php?rop3=100925&rog3=IV

32. Ceratopsian Of Central Africa CERATOPSIAN OF CENTRAL africa. There are numerous reports of a strange, horned creature along the west coast of central africa. highlypolished ivory. indigenous peoples near Lake Edward in http://www.genesispark.com/genpark/africa/africa.htm

CERATOPSIAN OF CENTRAL AFRICA There are numerous reports of a strange, horned creature along the west coast of central Africa. French zoologist Bernard Heuvelmans discusses some of them in his 1959 book On the Track of Unknown Animals under the category of "water elephant" and "forest rhinoceros." In December, 1919, the London Daily Mail published a letter from C.G. James, who had lived in what is now Zambia. He reported on an enormous beast with a single ivory horn living in the waters of Lakes Bangweulu and the surrounding lakes and swamps. James said this animal was called "Chipekwe" by the natives. The same creature is also mentioned in both Millais’ 1924 book Far Away Up the Nile , and Hughes’ 1933 volume Eighteen Years on Lake Bangweulu . The latter describes Wa-Ushi tribesmen actually killing such a creature along the Luapula River that leads to Lake Bangweulu. They detailed how its smooth body was armed with a single horn fixed like that of a rhinoceros, but composed of smooth white, highly-polished ivory. Indigenous peoples near Lake Edward in Zaire, call this same creature "Irizima" and refer to it as a "gigantic hippopotamus with the horns of a rhinoceros on its head." In Mali the Bambara people sculpture iron figurines of a three-horned creature with long points coming off the neck much like the ceratopsian dinosaur Chasmosaurus. In Cameroon the Baka pygmies identify pictures of a Triceratops with an animal they call the Ngoubu. They report it being big as an ox, possessing a neck frill, and sporting from one to four horns. Apparently the mature male has the largest frill. Perhaps this is the same species as the Emela-ntouka in the Congo and the observers there merely saw the single-horned variety or younger creatures. The Ngoubu is said to inhabit the savannas along the Boumba and Sanga river where it is known to fight with elephants.

33. SIRIS Image Gallary Asante Ashanti Asante, Bakota Bakota, bambara bambara. Basuto, South africa South africa, Swahili Swahili. of the earliest images of indigenous people worldwide; and http://sirismm.si.edu/siris/naaLot97africaculture.htm

Photograph Collection ca. 1860-1960 Africa Culture Groups: African Afrikander Boer Afrikanders Ambo Ovambo Angola Angolan Antandroy Antanosy Anyi-Baule Ashanti Asante Bakota Bambara Bamileke Bangi Bantu Bantu, Interlacustrine Bara Ibara Bateke Baule Boers Boki Nki Bolki Bushmen Cameroon Chagga Wadschagga Chokwe Comoros Congo Democratic Republic Dan Dogon Habe Edo Bini Equatorial Guinea Fang Fan Fang Mpangwe Fang Pahuin Fon Dahomean Gabon Ganda Baganda Gcaleka Ge Gio Gola Hausa (African People) Haya (African People)" Herero Hottentot HottentotGrigriqua HottentotKorana Hura Ibo Igbo Ivory Coast Kalanga Makalaka Kamba (African People) Kissi Kisi Koba Kuba Kongo Konkomba Kota Kru Kru (African People) Kuba Bakuba Kuba Bushongo Kwangare Li Bali Liberia Lika Walika Lori, Barotse Luhya Bantu Kavirondo Lumbo Balumbo" Malagasy Rebulic Malinke Mandingo Mangbetu (African People) Masaka Mbundu Mbweni Namba Ndebele Manala Ndebele Matabele Ngere Ngwaketse Bangwaketse Nigeria Nusani Sarwa Masarwa Owerri Ibo Pelle Pessi Pende Bapende Pondo Mpondo Pygmies Rega Rhodesia Rolong Baralong Ruanda Senufo Shaangan Shangama Shona Mashona Siena Sierra Leone Soho Soko Soko Basoko Sotho Basuto South Africa Swahili Swazi Swazi Amaswazi Syrian Teke Thonga Shangana Tonga Togo Transvaal Ndebele Transval Ndebele Tswana Tswana Bechuana Tuareg Vai Vili Loango Viye Bihe West (African People)s Xosa Kaffir Yaka Bayaka Yombe, Bayombe

34. Islam In Africa-Mail People People Population 10,108,569 (July 1998 est.). Religions Muslim 90%, indigenous beliefs 9%, Christian 1%. Languages French (official), bambara 80%, numerous http://www.islaminafrica.org/mali-p.htm

People: Population: 10,108,569 (July 1998 est.) Age structure: 0-14 years: 47% (male 2,405,624; female 2,383,728) 15-64 years: 49% (male 2,367,538; female 2,628,399) 65 years and over: 4% (male 152,999; female 170,281) (July 1998 est.) Population growth rate: 3.24% (1998 est.) Birth rate: 49.88 births/1,000 population (1998 est.) Death rate: 19.04 deaths/1,000 population (1998 est.) Net migration rate: 1.57 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1998 est.) Sex ratio: at birth: 1.03 male(s)/female under 15 years: 1 male(s)/female 15-64 years: 0.9 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 0.89 male(s)/female (1998 est.) Infant mortality rate: 121.72 deaths/1,000 live births (1998 est.) Life expectancy at birth: total population: 47.03 years male: 45.67 years female: 48.43 years (1998 est.) Total fertility rate: 7.02 children born/woman (1998 est.) Nationality: noun: Malian(s) adjective: Malian Ethnic groups: Mande 50% (Bambara, Malinke, Sarakole), Peul 17%, Voltaic 12%, Songhai 6%, Tuareg and Moor 10%, other 5%

35. Indigenous Peoples Workshops Cerebral Palsies among the tributes bambara, Bobo, and Inderjit Lal (India), The indigenous Disabled of India. Independent Living for People with Disabilities in http://www.dpi.org/summit2004/en/presentations/indigenous.htm

World Summit Indigenous Peoples Workshops Indigenous Issues - Developing Nations I Presenters Title Sonia Violeta Díaz Alonzo (Guatemala) Situation of Women with disabilities in Guatemala Eddy Giovanni Racancoj López (Guatemala) Disability and Indigenous Communities in Guatemala Indigenous Issues - Developing Nations II Presenters Title Robert Sampana (Ghana) Discrimination Disabled People in Ghana: Exclusion or lack of knowledge? Harouna M. Samura (Sierra Leone) The current disablity issues in Sierra Leone Indigenous Issues - Developing Nations III Presenters Title Seydou Sidibe (Mali) The Cerebral Palsies among the tributes Bambara, Bobo, and Miniakan Sam Okello (Uganda) Deaf culture in Africa and The Constitution and the status of Sign Language in Uganda and Deaf education and Technology Indigenous Issues - Developed Nations Presenters Title Doreen Demas (Canada) The inclusion and role of First Nations with Disabilities within First Nations self Government structures Lester Bostock (Australia) Double Disadvantage - Aborigines and Disability in Australia Indigenous Issues - Asian Content

36. Indigenous Plant Genetic Resources Of South Africa bambara ground nut. The indigenous flower industry supports 20,000 people and is an important job In the past, indigenous flowers were harvested in the natural http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/proceedings1999/v4-160.html

Index Search Home Indigenous Plant Genetic Resources of South Africa Cobus Coetzee, Elton Jefthas, and Emmy Reinten MEDICINAL AND CULTURAL USE OF INDIGENOUS PLANTS FOOD INDUSTRY ORNAMENTAL INDUSTRY ECONOMIC EXPLOITATION ... REFERENCES South Africa is considered to be a "hotspot" for biodiversity and more than 22,000 plant species occur within its boundaries. This represents 10% of the world's species, although the land surface of South Africa is less than 1% of the earth. The country is divided into seven biomes and into 68 vegetation types (Low and Rebelo 1996). The Savanna biome covers 33% of the surface of the country, but it is especially the Flora Capensis that is unique. This, the Cape Floral Kingdom, is the smallest of the world's six Floral Kingdoms. It contains 8,700 species of which 68% are endemic. Despite the enormous richness in plant species, relatively few of these plants are economically utilized. Business ventures that have developed from the use of indigenous plants is the trade in medicinal and cultural plants, food crops, and ornamental plants. Although indigenous wood has been previously used, the source is almost depleted and today these wood types are utilized on a limited scale. Dekriet ( Chondropetalum tectorum Pillans), and dekgras (

37. Map & Graph: Africa:Countries By People: Ethnic Groups had been slaves), Congo People 2.5% (descendants Mozambique, indigenous tribal groups 99.66% (Shangaan, Chokwe Mali, Mande 50% (bambara, Malinke, Soninke), Peul 17 http://www.nationmaster.com/graph-T/peo_eth_gro/AFR

Supporter Benefits Signup Login Sources ... Pies Factoid #42 Southern European women hugely outnumber their menfolk amongst the unemployed. Interesting Facts Make your own graph: Hold down Control and click on several. Compare All Top 5 Top 10 Top 20 Top 100 Bottom 100 Bottom 20 Bottom 10 Bottom 5 All (desc) in category: Select Category Agriculture Crime Currency Democracy Economy Education Energy Environment Food Geography Government Health Identification Immigration Internet Labor Language Manufacturing Media Military Mortality People Religion Sports Taxation Transportation Welfare with statistic: view: Correlations Printable graph / table Pie chart Scatterplot with ... * Asterisk means graphable. Added May 21 Mortality stats Multi-users ½ price Catholic stats Related Stats People who viewed "People - Ethnic groups" also viewed: Ethnic groups (note) Net migration rate Nationality (adjective) Persons per room ... People : Ethnic groups by country Scroll down for more information Show map full screen Country Description Sierra Leone 20 native African tribes 90% (Temne 30%, Mende 30%, other 30%), Creole (Krio) 10% (descendants of freed Jamaican slaves who were settled in the Freetown area in the late-18th century)

38. Map & Graph: Africa:Countries By Language: Languages Mali, French (official), bambara 80%, numerous African languages. Mozambique, Portuguese (official), indigenous dialects. the first language of most people is one http://www.nationmaster.com/graph-T/lan_lan/AFR

Supporter Benefits Signup Login Sources ... Pies Factoid #37 Kenyan women work 35% longer than their menfolk. Interesting Facts Make your own graph: Hold down Control and click on several. Compare All Top 5 Top 10 Top 20 Top 100 Bottom 100 Bottom 20 Bottom 10 Bottom 5 All (desc) in category: Select Category Agriculture Crime Currency Democracy Economy Education Energy Environment Food Geography Government Health Identification Immigration Internet Labor Language Manufacturing Media Military Mortality People Religion Sports Taxation Transportation Welfare with statistic: view: Correlations Printable graph / table Pie chart Scatterplot with ... * Asterisk means graphable. Added May 21 Mortality stats Multi-users ½ price Catholic stats Related Stats People who viewed "Language - Languages" also viewed: Main language Languages (note) English speakers School life expectancy (total) ... Language : Languages by country Scroll down for more information Show map full screen Country Description South Africa 11 official languages , including Afrikaans English , Ndebele, Pedi, Sotho, Swazi , Tsonga, Tswana , Venda, Xhosa Zulu Cameroon 24 major African language groups

39. Tostan News - Remaking Culture In Senegal of these the community of Ngerin bambara women who points, strikes a deeper chord in peoples lives than This report is from the indigenous Knowledge section http://www.tostan.org/news-remakingculture.htm

Click here to close this window Note: At IKNotes you can find these articles in French, English and Wolof. www.worldbank.org/afr/ik/iknotes.htm Senegalese Women Remake Their Culture Although for decades the capital of French West Africa, Senegal, like other countries of the Sahel, remains predominantly rural. and while 62 percent of the people reside in rural areas, more than 85 percent of the wealth is in urban centers. As in many countries, disadvantage accumulates at the level of women and girls. In 1995, female literacy countrywide was just over half the rate for men (23 percent compared to 44 percent), and the discrepancy was still greater in rural areas. Tostan, literally means "breaking out of the egg" in Wolof, the language spoken by the majority of Senegal's 7.9 million people and is among a number of innovative rural development and women's education initiatives that are addressing the problem at its source. It offers an 18-month learning program that combines basic education in national languages with practical development issues, and provides rural people with the resources to improve their standard of living while fostering increased confidence in their way of life.

40. Olmecs & Mother Africa of Spain took place from the confines of North africa. many observers, a CONNECTION with such peoples as the of the Olmec Writing Malinkebambara Loan Words http://www.carnaval.com/columbus/olmecs.htm

COUNTDOWN to 2012 The year 2012 will be 520 years after Columbus delivered the message of the promised land in 1492 The Birth of Olmec Culture Mesoamerica's mother culture The Olmecs were the first Mesoamerican people to fathom the concept of zero, maintain a calendar, and use a hieroglyphic writing system based on the Manding system of West Africa. These intellectual achievements, as well as Olmec myths and rituals, were influential in the subsequent Maya, Zapotec, and Aztec cultures. O nce we move beyond recognizing the African roots of Mesoamerica's mother culture we come to the more fascinating theories regarding the source of their culture and the cause of the trigger for an immigration representing so much knowledge and talent. T he Toltecs were never conquered and kept good records. Prof. Herman L. Hoeh in his exhaustive Compendium of World History explains the birth of the Olmec civilization by comparing dates with history before Christ. T he first seeds of Olmec culture began in the Americas as the result of Spain expelling the North Africans who had enslaved them in 1892 BC or 3 millenniums prior to 1492. The date has been kept by adding 520 years to the great flood and corresponds with the date of GIANTS arriving in Mesoamerica as recorded by the Toltec historian Ixtlilxochitl.

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