1. African Indigenous People Bamana ArtWorld africa Bamana (bambara) Bamana religious life and social structure is Mande culture, a large and powerful group of peoples in western africa. http://www.archaeolink.com/african_indigenous_people_bamana.htm

Bamana Home Africa, African Anthropology General Resources By peoples Akan Akuapem Akye Anyi ... Zulu ArtWorld AFRICA - Bamana (Bambara) "Bamana religious life and social structure is traditionally based upon fraternal groups or societies which regulate agricultural work, judge disputes and provide protection against evil spirits and sickness. They each have their own initiation rites and rituals, usually relating to some aspect of fertility. Bamana craftsmen fashion masks and figures for the observance of these societies' rituals." illustrated - From University of Durham - http://artworld.uea.ac.uk/teaching_modules/africa/cultural_groups_by_country/bamana/welcome.html Bamana People "The Bamana are members of the Mande culture, a large and powerful group of peoples in western Africa. Kaarta and Segou are Bamana city-states, which were established in the 17th century and continued to have political influence throughout the western Sudan states into the 19th century." You will find material related to history, political structure, religion, culture and more. - From University of Iowa - http://www.uiowa.edu/~africart/toc/people/Bamana.html

2. 100gogo Expedition Of Africa, Africa's Super Predators & Mammals Safari Mali and including the bambara, Malinke, and Soninke South africa with European and Asian admixtures. The other indigenous groups are all Bantuspeaking peoples, originally http://www.100gogo.com/africa

Africa - The Birthplace of Modern Humans You either love it or hate it . . . Africa Map Click here to see large map Introduction Features of Africa Africa is the second-largest continent , after Asia, covering 30,330,000 sq km; about 22% of the total land area of the Earth. It measures about 8,000 km from north to south and about 7,360 km from east to west. The highest point on the continent is Mt. Kilimanjaro - Uhuru Point - (5,963 m/19,340 ft) in Tanzania. The lowest is Lake 'Asal (153 m/502 ft below sea level) in Djibouti. The Forests cover about one-fifth of the total land area of the continent. The Woodlands, bush lands, grasslands and thickets occupy about two-fifth. And the Deserts and their extended margins have the remaining two-fifths of African land. World's longest river : The River Nile drains north-eastern Africa, and, at 6,650 km (4,132 mi), is the longest river in the world. It is formed from the Blue Nile, which originates at Lake Tana in Ethiopia, and the White Nile, which originates at Lake Victoria. World's second largest lake : Lake Victoria is the largest lake in Africa and the is the world's second-largest freshwater lake - covering an area of 69,490 sq km (26,830 sq mi) and lies 1,130 m (3,720 ft) above sea level. Its greatest known depth is 82 m (270 ft).

3. African Timelines Part II the Mande peoples (especially Malinke, bambara, and Soninke speakers) who today occupy large parts of West africa. but scholars argue that indigenous slavery was relatively a http://www.cocc.edu/cagatucci/classes/hum211/timelines/htimeline2.htm

Humanities 211 (Historical Contexts, Oral Arts, Film) Prof. Cora Agatucci 6 October 1998: Learning Resources http://scout.wisc.edu/Reports/SocSci/1998/ss-981006.html Part II: African Empires AD / CE 1st - 15th centuries With Brief Discussions: Axum Advent of Islam Mali Empire Sundjata Keita, Griots ... Timbuktu African Timelines Table of Contents Contribute to African Timelines, add a link, or make a comment! New Submission Form "Let's face it think of Africa, and the first images that come to mind are of war, poverty, famine and flies. How many of us really know anything at all about the truly great ancient African civilizations, which in their day, were just as splendid and glorious as any on the face of the earth?" Henry Louis Gates, Jr., Wonders of the African World (PBS Online,1999): http://www.pbs.org/wonders/BehindSc/inter.htm#5 ca. 300 (to 700) Rise of Axum or Aksum (Ethiopia) and conversion to Christianity. (By CE 1 st century, Rome had conquered Egypt, Carthage, and other North African areas; which became the granaries of the Roman Empire, and the majority of the population converted to Christianity). Axum spent its religious zeal carving out churches from rocks

4. Untitled Values on indigenous peoples Are Nonmarket Valuation Water Management in East africa." In Water Conservation of bambara Groundnut A Survey of indigenous Agricultural Knowledge http://www.indiana.edu/~workshop/wsl/indig2003.html

WORKSHOP RESEARCH LIBRARY Indigenous Knowledge and Institutions (3882 citations) Compiled by Charlotte Hess Jun. 4, 2003 Abay, Fetien, Mitiku Haile, and Ann Waters-Bayer 1999. "Dynamics in IK: Innovation in Land Husbandry in Ethiopia ." Indigenous Knowledge and Development Monitor Abbink, John. 1993. "Ethnic Conflict in the 'Tribal Zone': the Dizi and Suri in Southern Sudan ." The Journal of Modern African Studies Abbink, John. 1993. "Famine, Gold and Guns: The Suri of Southwestern Ethiopia , 1985-91." Disasters Abdoellah, Oekan S., and Gerald G. Marten 1986. "The Complementary Roles of Homegardens, Upland Fields, and Rice Fields for Meeting Nutritional Needs in West Java ." In Traditional Agriculture in Southeast Asia : A Human Ecology Perspective . G. Marten, ed. Boulder CO : Westview. Abdullah, Ali, Ali Said Hamad, Ali Mbarouk Ali, and Robert G. Wild 2000. " Misali Island Tanzania : An Open Access Resource Redefined." Presented at "Constituting the Commons: Crafting Sustainable Commons in the New Millennium," the Eighth Conference of the International Association for the Study of Common Property, Bloomington, Indiana, USA, May 31-June 4, 2000. Abraham, Anita, and Jean-Philippe Platteau 1995. "Mutual Insurance as a Problematic Concept in Traditional Risk-Prone Societies: Towards Resolving the Paradox." Faculté des Sciences économiques et sociales, Facultés Universitaires Notre-Dame de la Paix

5. Indigenous American Mathematics - Mathematics And The Liberal Arts astronomy in africa, but the Mursi of Ethiopia appear to corroborate the author's thesis, as may the bambara of Sudan examples from the indigenous peoples of North and South http://math.truman.edu/~thammond/history/IndigenousAmericas.html

Indigenous American Mathematics - Mathematics and the Liberal Arts To refine search, see subtopics Indigenous Mathematics of North America and Indigenous Mathematics of Central and South America . To expand search, see The Americas . Laterally related topics: North America and Central and South America The Mathematics and the Liberal Arts pages are intended to be a resource for student research projects and for teachers interested in using the history of mathematics in their courses. Many pages focus on ethnomathematics and in the connections between mathematics and other disciplines. The notes in these pages are intended as much to evoke ideas as to indicate what the books and articles are about. They are not intended as reviews. However, some items have been reviewed in Mathematical Reviews , published by The American Mathematical Society. When the mathematical review (MR) number and reviewer are known to the author of these pages, they are given as part of the bibliographic citation. Subscribing institutions can access the more recent MR reviews online through MathSciNet Ascher, Marcia. Before the conquest.

6. World Food Habits Bibliography: Africa for the anthropological study of food, eating habits, and nutrition in africa nutrition; nutritional status; ethnography; africa; Mali; bambara Change of indigenous peoples. Asian Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 12(3)3449. africa; Middle East http://www.lilt.ilstu.edu/rtdirks/AFRICA.html

FOOD AND CULTURE Africa Aborampah O. 1985. Determinants of Breast-feeding and Post-partum Sexual Abstinence: Analysis of a Sample of Yoruba Women, Western Nigeria. Journal of Biosocial Science . 17:461-9. [infant feeding; Africa] Aboud FE; Alemu T. 1995. Nutrition, Maternal Responsiveness and Mental Development of Ethopian Children. Social Science and Medicine [child nutrition; Africa] Acho-Chi C. 2002. The Mobile Street Food Service Practice in the Urban Economy of Kumba, Cameroon. Singpore Journal of Tropical Geography . 23(2):131-48. [food distribution; Africa] Almedom AM. 1991. Infant Feeding in Urban Low-income Households in Ethiopia. Ecology of Food and Nutrition . 25:97-109. [infant nutrition; Africa] Anigbo OA. 1987. Commensality and Human Relationship among the Igbo. University of Nigeria Press. [social relations; African; Nigeria; Igbo] Aunger R. 1994. Sources of Variation in Ethnographic Interview Data: Food Avoidances in the Ituri Forest. Ethnology . 33(1):65-99. [food proscriptions; Africa; Zaire] Aunger R. 1994. Are Food Avoidances Maladaptive in the Ituri Forest of Zaire?

7. Probert Encyclopaedia: People And Peoples (B-Bd) The bambara are a Negroid people of west africa Kaffirs (unbelievers) by Islamic traders to south africa. The Banyarwanda are an indigenous people of Rwanda. http://www.probertencyclopaedia.com/C2.HTM

Browse: General Information Actors People Gazetteer ... Dictionary People and Peoples (B-Bd) (Translations provided by freetranslation.com B. GRATZ BROWN B Gratz Brown was an American politician. He was a Liberal Republican governor of Missouri from 1871 until 1873. B. K. HENAGAN B K Henagan was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of South Carolina during 1840. BABER Baber was the founder of the Mogul dynasty which ruled northern India for 300 years. He was born in 1483, dying in 1530. BABI The Babi are a Persian religious sect formed in 1843 by Bab Ed Din BABUR Babur was the first Mogul Emperor of India . He was born in 1483 at Ferghana, Central Asia and died in 1530. He was born into a princely family of mixed Mongol and Turkish blood . Failure to recover his father's lands caused him to turn reluctantly south-east, for India seemed to present the last hope for his ambitions. Defeat of Ibrahim Lodi , the Afghan ruler of Delhi , at the battle of Panipat in 1526 initiated 200 years of strong Mogul rule in India. Having conquered much of northern India, Babur ruled by force, lacking any civil administration. In addition to his military genius, he possessed a love of learning and wrote his own memoirs. BADEN-POWELL See " Robert Baden-Powell BAGANDA The Baganda are a group of settled farmers in Uganda . They constituted a kingdom in the 19th century, in which the king was seen as the supreme ruler who exercised his power through a system of district chiefs. The Baganda consist of fifty exogamous clans, each distinguished by totemic symbols. Originally practitioners of a form of ancestor worship, they are now predominantly Christian.

8. FPP Web Page2 of the impact of protected areas on indigenous peoples in africa of London, and started working in africa in the He speaks English, French, and bambara, and is http://forestpeoples.gn.apc.org/Briefings/Landrights/fao_land_tenure_report_dec0

REF: RA 42/1 PE 4/173 A SURVEY OF INDIGENOUS LAND TENURE A REPORT FOR THE LAND TENURE SERVICE OF THE FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANISATION DECEMBER 2001 Marcus Colchester (editor) Marcus Colchester, Fergus MacKay, Tom Griffiths and John Nelson Forest Peoples Programme This paper was prepared under contract with the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). The positions and opinions presented are those of the authors alone, and are not intended to represent the views of FAO. FAO About the authors: Marcus Colchester received his doctorate in anthropology at University of Oxford on the Social Ecology of the Sanema (N. Yanomami) of South Venezuela. He has subsequently worked extensively throughout the tropics. His work has focused on the rights of indigenous peoples, forest policy and standard-setting for conservation and development. In 1994 he was awarded a Pew Conservation Fellowship in recognition of his work in this field. He has acted as a consultant for the International Commission on International Humanitarian Issues, the United Nations Research Institute on Social Development, the World Bank, the World Commission on Dams, the International Centre for Research in Agroforestry, the Centre for International Forestry Research and the Biodiversity Support Programme. He has published extensively in academic and NGO journals and is the author and editor of numerous books including ‘The Struggle for Land and the Fate of the Forests’ (1993) with Larry Lohmann and ‘Guyana: Fragile Frontier - Loggers, Miners and Forest Peoples’

9. Liaison Language Center | The Languages Of Africa It is divided into the Kordofanian (several dialects in the Sudan), Mande (bambara and Mandinka in Mali As the many indigenous peoples of africa, such as the Egyptians, Berbers and http://liaisonlanguage.com/page13.htm

The Languages of Africa Within the African continent, there exists a great variety of languages and ethnicities with thousands of years of history and culture. Of the languages spoken in Africa , the majority are native to the land. The clear exceptions are Arabic and European languages such as French, English, and Portuguese. However, these languages too have become an integral part of African culture and identity. Arabic itself is part of the Afro-Asiatic family of languages, that include other Semitic languages spoken in East Africa such as Amharic (official language of Ethiopia), Gurage Tigrina Tigré (sometimes known as Ge’ez). Other groups within the Afro-Asiatic family include Camitic (Berber languages such as Tuareg and Tamazight), Cushitic Somali Oromo ) and Chadic (Hausa). Virtually all of these languages are found throughout the northern half of the continent, that is, the Sahara , the Sahel , and East Africa . In the Nile River Valley we also find several languages of the Nilo-Saharan family . These include such spoken languages as Nuer and Dinka as well as many other languages and dialects in the Sudan Ethiopia and Chad By far the most diverse language family in Africa is the N iger-Congo family . It is divided into the Kordofanian (several dialects in the Sudan Mande (Bambara and Mandinka in Mali ), and the

10. FPP Web Page2 a participatory project on indigenous peoples and Protected Areas in africa and researching and institutions (Languages English, French, bambara). http://forestpeoples.gn.apc.org/FPP/fpp_ann_rep_2001.htm

ANNUAL REPORT FOR 2001 Report to Funders Forest Peoples Programme 1c Fosseway Business Centre, Stratford Road, Moreton-in-Marsh, GL56 9NQ, England Tel: + 44 1608 652 893 Fax: + 44 1608 652 878 Email: info@fppwrm.gn.apc.org Registered in the Netherlands as a non-profit organisation as Stichting Forest Peoples Programme The Northern Office of the World Rainforest Movement What is the Forest Peoples Programme? The Forest Peoples Programme exists to support the response of forest peoples to the global forest crisis. It aims to secure the rights of peoples, who live in the forests and depend on them for their livelihoods, to control their lands and destinies. The programme seeks to create political space for forest peoples to exercise their right to self-determination and to practise sustainable forest management. The Programme has five main goals: to support an effective global movement of forest peoples. to promote coordinated action on forests by NGOs of North and South in line with forest peoples’ visions and concerns. to promote the rights and interests of forest peoples in international forest policy and human rights fora.

11. Adherents.com: By Location Nilotes or Nilotic peoples of africa consist of several culturally in africa 10 000. primalindigenous. africa. 72 777 000 as the Hausa, Fulani, and bambara. " Songhay. africa http://www.adherents.com/adhloc/Wh_4.html

Adherents.com - Religion by Location Over 42,000 religious geography and religion statistics citations (membership statistics for over 4,000 different religions, denominations, tribes, etc.) for every country in the world. To Index back to Africa, Lutheran - non-LWF Africa, continued... Group Where Number of Adherents % of total pop. Number of congreg./ churches/ units Number of countries Year Source Quote/ Notes Lutheran World Federation Africa *LINK* Evangelical Lutheran Church in America web site; web page: "January 25, 1996 News Releases " (viewed 9 July 1999). Story: "More than 60 Million Lutherans Worldwide " [96-01-003-FI] Table: "Lutheran World Federation 1995 Membership Figures Summary " Lutheran World Federation Africa *LINK* Evangelical Lutheran Church in America web site; web page: "January 25, 1996 News Releases " (viewed 9 July 1999). Story: "More than 60 Million Lutherans Worldwide " [96-01-003-FI] "Almost all of Africa's 7.9 million Lutherans are members of the [LWF] federation. " Lutheran World Federation Africa Lutheran World Federation "The African membership of the World Lutheran Federation, for example, has grown by 65 percent in just seven years, to 9.1 million people. "

12. Ceratopsian Of Central Africa creature along the west coast of central africa. indigenous peoples near Lake Edward in Zaire, call this its head. In Mali the bambara people sculpture iron http://www.genesispark.org/genpark/africa/africa.htm

CERATOPSIAN OF CENTRAL AFRICA There are numerous reports of a strange, horned creature along the west coast of central Africa. French zoologist Bernard Heuvelmans discusses some of them in his 1959 book On the Track of Unknown Animals under the category of "water elephant" and "forest rhinoceros." In December, 1919, the London Daily Mail published a letter from C.G. James, who had lived in what is now Zambia. He reported on an enormous beast with a single ivory horn living in the waters of Lakes Bangweulu and the surrounding lakes and swamps. James said this animal was called "Chipekwe" by the natives. The same creature is also mentioned in both Millais’ 1924 book Far Away Up the Nile , and Hughes’ 1933 volume Eighteen Years on Lake Bangweulu . The latter describes Wa-Ushi tribesmen actually killing such a creature along the Luapula River that leads to Lake Bangweulu. They detailed how its smooth body was armed with a single horn fixed like that of a rhinoceros, but composed of smooth white, highly-polished ivory. Indigenous peoples near Lake Edward in Zaire, call this same creature "Irizima" and refer to it as a "gigantic hippopotamus with the horns of a rhinoceros on its head." In Mali the Bambara people sculpture iron figurines of a three-horned creature with long points coming off the neck much like the ceratopsian dinosaur Chasmosaurus. In Cameroon the Baka pygmies identify pictures of a Triceratops with an animal they call the Ngoubu. They report it being big as an ox, possessing a neck frill, and sporting from one to four horns. Apparently the mature male has the largest frill. Perhaps this is the same species as the Emela-ntouka in the Congo and the observers there merely saw the single-horned variety or younger creatures. The Ngoubu is said to inhabit the savannas along the Boumba and Sanga river where it is known to fight with elephants.

13. List Of Ethnic Groups Baka; Bakongo; Baloch; bambara; Bamileke; Banawa; Banda; Bandjabi; Zhuang; Zulu of southern africa; Zuni - of the groups in Laos; Northern indigenous peoples of Russia. http://www.fact-index.com/l/li/list_of_ethnic_groups.html

Main Page See live article Alphabetical index List of ethnic groups This is a list of names of ethnic groupss . A group can have several names (e.g., names in English language and in native language, obsolete names, versions of spelling, etc.) A B C D ... Z A Abenaki Native Americans once widespread in eastern North America Abkhaz - Minority in Georgia Turkey and Russia Abkhazia Acadian French-Canadians of the Canadian Maritimes Accohannock - Native Americans of Maryland Achang Yunnan China Achomawai - Native Americans of California Acoma - Native Americans of the southwest United States and Mexico Adja Afar Ethiopia ... African-American - Descendants of African slaves brought to North America Afrikaan - Dutch -descended settlers of southern Africa Agni Ahtna - Native Alaskans, along the Copper River Aimaks - Minority group in Afghanistan Aimaq - Minority group in Afghanistan Ainu - Natives of Japan and Sakhalin Aja Ak Chin Akan Akha Alabama-Coushatta Alak Albanian - from the Balkans Aleut - natives of Alaska, and the Yukon Nunavut and Northwest Territories Algonquian Native Americans of the eastern United States and Canada Altay - of Siberian Russia Americo-Liberians - descendants of African slaves repatriated to Liberia Amhara Ethiopia Amish ... North American religious minority, of

14. Ethnic Groups particularly south of Mali (where bambara is the of information about the peoples of africa concerning Native, Aboriginal, and indigenous internet resources on http://web.uflib.ufl.edu/cm/africana/ethnicit.htm

Library Catalog African Ethnicities Please note that I have a separate page available on African languages A number of Web pages have been produced by members of indigenous minority and majority ethnic groups world-wide. Rather than primarily serving as academic, encyclopedic, or anthropological resources, they are often self-promotional, but several provide excellent information and rigorous documentation. This is a small collection of such pages produced primarily by Africans, along with some material produced by others. Most often, these African ethnic group home pages are a direct expression of individual members of the group, but in several cases represent an academic, official, or institutional point of view. If you are looking for an "objective" presentation, these links may not be the best sources for your work. Nevertheless, most have very good cultural, historical, and other background information, and many provide links to related sites that you may also find useful. Below the list, there is a collection of Other sites with information on African ethnic groups with different kinds of resources, for example, with a national, cultural anthropological, or linguistic focus. Finally, because this is an area that is not well represented on the web, a

15. The Languages And Writing Systems Of Africa language, but most of the population speaks bambara, Latin. Yoruba, Ibo and a number of indigenous languages are in the south and Voltaicspeaking peoples in the http://www.intersolinc.com/newsletters/africa.htm

English Deutsch Español Français ... Português Three Pointe Dr. Suite 301 Brea, California 92821 U.S.A. Tel.: Fax: Toll Free (U.S.) With a global network of experienced resources, InterSol provides customized, cost-effective solutions to the challenges of international communications. Other Editions Africa The Languages and Writing Systems of Africa Country Language Script Algeria, Al Djazair, Algérie, (Democratic and Popular Republic of) Arabic, French and a Berber language. Arabic, Latin, Berber Angola, (Republic of) Portuguese is the official language, but a Bantu language is widely spoken. Latin, Bantu Benin, former kingdom, situated in present-day SW Nigeria French and Fon Latin, Fon Botswana, ( Republic of) English is the official language, but the population is mainly Tswana, who speak a Bantu language. Latin, Bantu Burkina Faso or Burkina, formerly Upper Volta French is the official language. Latin Burundi, Republic of Official languages are French and Kurundi (a Bantu language) Swahili is also spoken Latin, Bantu

16. Mali: Educational Resources economic bases emerged, and new bambara civilization was overview of the geography and indigenous peoples of the of the opulence of West africa during Middle http://www.vmfa.state.va.us/mali_ed_res1.html

Educational Resources T his first section of video, film, and slides are available to educational partners of the Virginia Museum of Fine Arts' Office of Statewide Partnerships Africa Africa-2 Volume 2: Caravans of Gold 57 minutes/color/1984/FI/VHS Middle school through adult Series host Basil Davidson traces the routes of the medieval gold trade, which reached from Africa to India, China, and the city-states of Italy. African kings grew rich and powerful as a result. This episode traces the African gold trade from its beginning in the early Middle Ages through its end in late fifteenth century. African Carving: A Dogon Kanaga Mask AT-19 19 minutes/color/1975/PFI/16mm, VHS Middle school through adult This film documents the process that a Dogon carver uses to create a Kanaga mask. The carver must find a proper Tagoda tree from which to make the mask; he must also pray and make offerings to the tree-spirit in order to be allowed to use the sacred wood. The Kanaga mask that he makes is one of the most characteristic emblems of Mali and it will be used in sacred ceremonies of the Dogon people. African Sculpture from Private Collections PS-29 42 slides / color / script This kit shows examples of 19th century art from the private collections of Merton Simpson and Peter Pollack. The works illustrate the interrelationship of symbol, function, and style in African art. African sculpture expresses the values and attitudes of the society from which it came, and this fact is developed in the script that accompanies this slide kit.

17. IConnect Africa - Vol. 1, No. 5 promote interest in the official indigenous languages of 20 African languages, such as bambara, Ewondo, Fulfuldé the greatest numbers of our peoples in Nigeria http://www.uneca.org/aisi/iconnectafrica/v1n5.htm

iConnect Africa About AISI ICT Policies Outreach Links iConnect Africa Nav: Home Outreach iConnect Africa Volume 1, Issue 5, July 2003 Contributors to this issue: Francis Egbokhare Akin Adubifa Etienne Tassé Aida Opoku-Mensah, Afework Temtime Download PDF version: [ English ] [French] In this issue: Local content and the African information society Interview with Francis Egbokhare, African Languages Technology initiative (ALTI) of Nigeria WOUGNET Wins ! NEWS IN BRIEF First African to win World Technology Network Award! African Academics Dream ePolicy Resource Centre for Africa! ... First on-line counselling in Uganda SPOTLIGHT: Academia and the information society Ageing of African Academics THE QUARTERLY STORY The first steps of African Languages on the Internet iConnect Africa - Media AISI 2003 Media Awards in Focus! Media and ICT FORTHCOMING EVENTS: August - October 2003 Local content and the African information society Interview with Francis Egbokhare, African Languages Technology initiative (ALTI) of Nigeria ALTI won second place in the 2003 AISI IICD Local Content Applications Award. This prize recognizes innovative features that apply ICT to the local context. iConnect Africa talked to

18. Investigation Results include africa Ecology and Development, indigenous african Religions as Zulu, Swahili, Yoruba, bambara, Hausa, Amharic that will face african peoples in the http://members.tripod.com/~Aquabrat/investigation.html

var cm_role = "live" var cm_host = "tripod.lycos.com" var cm_taxid = "/memberembedded" Check out the NEW Hotbot Tell me when this page is updated University Programs Antioch College: Cultural and Interdisciplinary Majors: African/African-American Studies Antioch's program focuses on the full range of experiences of people of African descent. It entails a rigorous attempt to outline the parameters of those experiences, first by investigating the foundations of African ways of knowing and the social construction of knowledge in the African context. They offer a decent selection of courses such as Introduction to Drum and Dance of West Africa and the Caribbean and African Philosophy . Most of their classes focus on African American culture. Boston College: History Department While this college supposedly has an Africa/African Diaspora field, it is virtually non-existent. It is extremely difficult to find any classes on Africa. A big disappointment. Brown University: Africana Studies Program Much of this program's course deals with African-American history as well as Caribbean History. There is still, however, much offered in African history and culture. This program focuses on theoretical, historical, and artistic exploration of the culture, philosophy, and literature of Africa and the African Diaspora, embracing North, Central, and South America and the Caribbean and their historic and present linkages to continental Africa. Brown University: Department of Anthropology This is worth checking out to see what is offered for those students interested in Africa but not necessarily majoring in African studies. The same goes for the

19. Articles both the Tuareg and the bambara of Segu. seeking maximum accommodation with the indigenous tradition and relations of Islam with West africa s Sudanic peoples. http://www.marcusgarvey.com/tocentury.htm

Religion and Empire in the Western and Central Sudan PRELUDE TO THE GREAT JIHADS OF THE NINETEENTH CENTURY The loss of political influence suffered by Muslims following the fall of Songhal was less serious in the eyes of true believers than the spirit of accommodation which had long characterized the relations of Islam with West Africa's Sudanic peoples. Perhaps this was the force of necessity, for African culture had never been receptive to the demands of Islamic doctrine which was consequently obliged for survival to give ground to indigenous customs and thought. The Dyula traders were a good case in point. They lived peaceably side by side with pagans to whom they sold great quantities of Muslim amulets and by whom they were thoroughly accepted as part of the pagan African scene. Although they were a factor in spreading Islamic culture throughout West Africa, they were but a minor influence for mass conversion. The frustration of hard-shell reformers like the Torodbe was poised against the resentment harbored by the pagan or nominally Muslim chief against the religious dogmatists in his realm. Their ill-concealed air of superiority was all the more vexing because their assistance was so often necessary in the affairs of state. Moreover, their religious exclusiveness was frequently accompanied by linguistic and cultural differences which made them unassimilated islands of foreigners in their adopted land. Finally, there was always the danger that advisers might develop excessive influence and arrogate authority, using it to subvert the state on behalf of an alien religion and way of life.

20. List Of Ethnic Groups - InformationBlast nomadic Muslim people of Baluchistan; bambara group living Zhuang; Zulu - of southern africa; Zuni - of the groups in Laos; Northern indigenous peoples of Russia. http://www.informationblast.com/List_of_ethnic_groups.html

List of ethnic groups This is a list of names of ethnic groups . A group can have several names (e.g., names in English language and in native language, obsolete names, versions of spelling, etc.) A Abenaki Native Americans once widespread in eastern North America Abkhaz - Minority in Georgia Turkey and Russia Abkhazia Acadian French-Canadians of the Canadian Maritimes Accohannock - Native Americans of Maryland Achang Yunnan China Achomawai - Native Americans of California Acoma Native Americans of the southwest United States and Mexico Adja - Minority in Benin Adyghe - Minority in Russia , in the north Caucasus region. Afar - Minority in Ethiopia Eritrea and Djibouti . Also known as Danakil African-American - Descendants of African slaves brought to North America Afrikaners - Descendents of Dutch settlers / French Huguenot Africa Agni - minority group in Côte d'Ivoire Aguls - Dagestani minority group Ahtna - Native Alaskans , along the Copper River Aimaks - Minority group in Afghanistan Aimaq - Minority group in Afghanistan Ainu - Natives of Hokkaido , much of Sakhalin , the Kuriles , and at one time northern Honshu , the Kamchatska Penninsula, and the Amur River basin Aja - Minority group in Benin Ak Chin - Native American group now resident in Pinal County, Arizona

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