61. Photo Binbook: "Mali" 3. bamana Empire by the Niger Kingdom, Jihad From The CriticsBooknews Draws on indigenous Arabic manuscripts the goldfields, the mosaic of peoples along the http://www.binbooks.com/books/photo/i/l/74F56ADFF4

Photo Binbook Top folder Books History Africa ... Mali Author: Gregory Popovitch Subject: Mali Sort by date Previous Next Adventures in Africa Gianni Celati Adria Bernardi (Translator) Published by University of Chicago Press Format: Hardcover ISBN: Pub. Date: November 2000 $15.00 at ecampus.com $20.00 at Amazon.com $20.00 at Powell's Books $20.28 at Amazon.co.uk ... check used book prices Ancient Ghana and Mali Nehemia Levtzion Published by Format: Hardcover ISBN: Pub. Date: April 1980 check used book prices Bamana Empire by the Niger: Kingdom, Jihad and Colonization, 1712-1920 Djata Sundiata A. K. Published by Markus Wiener Publisher Format: Paperback ISBN: Pub. Date: November 1996 $18.95 at Amazon.com $24.53 at Amazon.co.uk check used book prices Democracy and Development in Mali R. James Bingen (Editor) David Robinson (Editor) John M. Staatz (Editor) Published by Michigan State University Press Format: Paperback ISBN: Pub. Date: October 2000 $27.44 at Amazon.com $29.95 at Powell's Books $30.05 at Amazon.co.uk check used book prices Excavations at Jenne-Jeno, Hambarketolo and Kaniana (Inland Niger Delta, Mali), the 1981 Season Susan Keech McIntosh (Editor) Published by University of California Press Format: Paperback ISBN: Pub. Date:

62. Photo Binbook: "Niger" 1. bamana Empire by the Niger Kingdom, Jihad and cases demonstrating the rise of indigenous urbanism in from the goldfields, the mosaic of peoples along the http://www.binbooks.com/books/photo/i/l/74F86ADFFF

Photo Binbook Top folder Books History Africa ... Niger Author: Gregory Popovitch Subject: Niger Sort by date Previous Next Bamana Empire by the Niger: Kingdom, Jihad and Colonization, 1712-1920 Djata Sundiata A. K. Published by Markus Wiener Publisher Format: Paperback ISBN: Pub. Date: November 1996 $18.95 at Amazon.com $24.53 at Amazon.co.uk check used book prices Bridge Over Niger: The True Story of the J. F. Kennedy Bridge The United States is financing and building a bridge named after J.F. Kennedy that will span the Niger River in Niamey, Niger, West Africa. The time is between 1965 and 1970, during the Cold War. The bridge has to be completed by December 18, 1970, the XII Anniversary of the Republic of Niger. This will help the election of the incumbent President who is on the American side. Niger is at this point a very strategic point in West Africa. In addition, a huge deposit of uranium at Arlit, halfway to the Libyan border, has been discovered and it has great attraction also for other countries. During the construction of the bridge, there have been many delays, and the bridge might not be completed by December 18 in favor of the left wing forces that are against the election of the incumbent President and any association with France and the West. Thus, a trouble-shooter is sent from the U.S. to make sure the bridge is completed by that critical date... Remo Capra Bloise Patricia Fahey Pat Fahey Published by iUniverse, Incorporated

63. Have You Seen of Writing a Study of indigenous peoples and Schooling Eglash, R. bamana Sand Divination recursion in with it the destruction of peoples and civilizations http://web.nmsu.edu/~pscott/isgem122.htm

Volume 12 Number 2 May 1997 Minutes of the ISGEm Meeting Minneapolis, MN, USA, April 19, 1997 Ubi D'Ambrosio calls session to order, and turns meeting over to Joanna Masingila, chair of the ad-hoc organizing committee. Joanna asks for officers' reports: Jim Barta give's treasury report we are well in the black. Larry Shirley gives delegate report Our resolution for an NCTM committee on international affairs was defeated last year, but we may re-present it again next year depending on the NCTM's sub-committee discussion. Rick Scott gives newsletter report newsletter is now available on-line at web.nmsu.edu/~pscott/isgem.htm Ron Eglash gives web site report location is www.cohums.ohio-state.edu/comp/isgem.htm Luis Ortiz-Franco gives constitutional report last year's amendment allows for the creation of regional chapters. Joanna asks for New Business: A suggestion to put a list of members' activities on the web is discussed and found agreeable by all. Meeting is adjourned. Minutes of North American Chapter of ISGEm Minneapolis, MN, USA, April 19, 1997

64. Joshua Project - Peoples By Country Profiles Step 2 Select a People Arab, Saharan People Name General Idaksahak, Dausahaq. indigenous Fellowship of 100+ http://www.joshuaproject.net/peopctry.php?rop3=103948&rog3=ML

65. The People Of Mali often known only to the people who produce has done extensive studies of indigenous cultures) has Initiation societies integrate the bamana beyond the village http://www.princetonol.com/groups/iad/lessons/middle/p-ofmali.htm

ART HOME Program Goals Lesson Plans Year Plan ... Art Home The People of Mali Bibliography Art of Mali Art of Africa Artist of Africa ... Songhai Empire What do the people think about art What are their beliefs What are some masking trends today? Today, most of the population of Mali (estimated at 10,878,000 in 1995) is African. The major groups are the Bambara (the linguistic name for the Bamana and Bamakan people), Fulani (the English name for the Fulfulde or Peul groups), Soninka (which includes the Marka), Senoufo (the linguistic name for groups also referred to as "Senufo"), Songhai, Maninke (includes the Malinka and the Maninka), and the Dogon. Nomadic Tuaregs and other Berbers roam the Sahel and parts of the Sahara. In all, there are thirty-two languages listed for Mali, but French is the official language and Bambara is widely used. The Bambara are the largest cultural segment, but the Dogon (roughly 5% of the population) are world-renowned for their artwork and dance festivals (Grimes 1996; "Mali, Republic" 1998). The influence of the Bambara extends far beyond the areas that they inhabit. Art historians often include in discussion of the Bambara style the works of the Khassonke (of the Kassonke linguistic group- about 1% of the population of Mali), Malinke, Marka (of the Soninke group) and Minianka (the Minianka are of the Senoufo Mamara). Different variants of style cannot be easily identified from pieces that have been collected (Luezinger 1960, p. 76). While there are some distinctive differences, their sculpture was all in the hands of the Nuni (today called

66. Misconceptions Today part of what is happening in africa today In recent years, the people have expressed their discontent notice of the ability of these indigenous people to create http://www.princetonol.com/groups/iad/lessons/middle/misconc.htm

ART HOME Program Goals Lesson Plans Year Plan ... To top of page Today's Misconceptions Home Bwa Mask Weaving of Mali What is Art? ... Test Your Knowledge [ Misconceptions Today ] Art of Mali Songhai Empire Senufo Ancestor Dogon Ancestor ... Preservation of Art Background information on Africa Africa . Third Edition. Indiana: Indiana University Press. Martin and O'Meara (1995) dispel any misconceptions one might have about Africa today. They present the reader with an objective perspective on the problems facing Africans today: the diversity, the conflicts, and the changesall a result of Western interference. Africa, more that three times the size of the United States, includes fifty- three very diverse countries and a population of about 700 million people. Africans are divided not only by boundaries, which did not exist prior to colonization, but also by ethnic identities, class distinctions, urban and rural experiences, geographic barriers, and vast distances. Population varies widely (Gabon- one million; Nigeria- 115 million). Ways of life vary dramatically. Some live in cities and work in offices or skyscrapers, buy clothes from department stores and have all of the modern conveniences- yet may travel to the rural areas for traditional festivals, to see healers or to visit extended families. Rural community members may seldom visit the cities, may walk miles for water in the dry season, and listen to transistor radios as they welcome a relative back from graduate studies overseas.

67. People And Culture Of Senegal Music Musical Instruments Art Craft PEOPLE The population RELIGION Muslim 92%, indigenous beliefs 6%, Christian 2 It probably came from the bamana of Mali http://www.africaguide.com/country/senegal/culture.htm

HOME NEWS LETTER CONTACT US LINK TO US ... CHARITIES Jump to a Country Algeria Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Congo Dem.Rep. Congo (Zaire) Djibouti Egypt Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Ethiopia Gabon Gambia Ghana Guinea Bissau Guinea Ivory Coast Kenya Lesotho Liberia Libya Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Mauritius Morocco Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Reunion Rwanda Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Somalia South Africa Sudan Swaziland Tanzania Togo Tunisia Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe Senegal Country Info INTRODUCTION VISITOR INFORMATION ACCOMMODATION CAR HIRE ... FAVOURITE LINKS Shopping BOOKS AND MAPS MUSIC People Languages ... Religion PEOPLE The population was estimated in 2002 at about 9,8 millions , of which a quarter live in the agglomeration of Dakar, it is composed of many ethnics. The Wolofs, are the most represented (35%), they make up the majority in all the regions, especially in the centre, the north and the coast of Dakar and Saint Louis. The farmers and the merchants, of Muslim faith for the majority, there importance is certain in the nations economy. The Lebous, established in fishing communities in the peninsula of Cap-Vert and in Saint Louis are related. The Pulaar (20%), is composed of the Foulbes, Peuls and Toucouleurs, in the northern Senegal, the Fouta Toro, historical source for the propagation of Islam in Senegal, make up the cultural birthplace, they are very active in the commercial domain, as well as breeding and irrigated farming. they populate the Senegalese river valley and the Ferlo region.

68. Nations Online :: Mali People Nationality Noun and adjectiveMalian(s Manding, Mande (Bambara or bamana, Malinke, Sarakole Religions Islam 90%, indigenous beliefs 9%, Christian 1 http://www.nationsonline.org/oneworld/mali.htm

advertise with us This page is part of One World - Nations Online the countries of the world Home Continents Africa Mali One World - Nations Online Countries and Nations keywords: Mali information, Mali facts, Mali geography, Mali news papers, travel Mali, tourist information for Mali, Mali map Note: External links will open in a new browser window. Official Sites Map News Culture ... Additional Links Mali Country Profile Flag of Mali Background: The Sudanese Republic and Senegal became independent of France in 1960 as the Mali Federation. When Senegal withdrew after only a few months, the Sudanese Republic was renamed Mali. Rule by dictatorship was brought to a close in 1991 with a transitional government, and in 1992 when Mali's first democratic presidential election was held. Since his reelection in 1997, President KONARE has continued to push through political and economic reforms and to fight corruption. In 1999 he indicated he would not run for a third term. (Source: CIA - The World Factbook) related countries: France border countries: Algeria Burkina Faso Guinea Cote d'Ivoire ... Senegal Official Name: Republic of Mali local long form: Republique de Mali former: French Sudan and Sudanese Republic ISO Country Code: ml Actual Time: Mon-June-7 09:31 Local Time = UTC Capital City: Bamako (pop. 1 million)

69. UN Chronicle: Essay: Languages As Historical Archives: Implications For Agricult Mende in Sierra Leone, and bamana, Malinke and third millennium BCE, the protoMande people greatly enhanced by domesticating African rice, indigenous to the http://articles.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1309/is_4_40/ai_114007108

@import url(/css/us/style.css); @import url(/css/us/searchResult1.css); @import url(/css/us/articles.css); Advanced Search Home Help IN all publications this publication Reference Automotive Business Computing Entertainment Health News Reference Sports YOU ARE HERE Articles UN Chronicle Dec, 2003 Content provided in partnership with Print friendly Tell a friend Find subscription deals Essay: languages as historical archives: implications for agriculture and development UN Chronicle Dec, 2003 by Christopher Ehret In the eighteenth century, the British New World colony of South Carolina prospered from the raising and exporting of rice. What does this have to do with linguistics, agriculture and development in the modern day? The answer is a salutary warning against unexamined assumptions: African agricultural technology created the prosperity of colonial Carolina. Many centuries before, peoples of the Guinea Coast of Africa evolved a sophisticated and highly efficient technology for growing abundant crops of African rice, Oryza glaberima. Taking advantage of the tidal estuaries of rivers flowing into the Atlantic, they built levees and channels to redirect the ebb and flow of the tides onto their fields. Before the planting season, African farmers channeled to their fields salty seawater flowing into the estuaries at high tide. Some days or weeks later, they let fresh water flow onto the plots: the salty water had killed the weeds and seeds, and then the fresh water washed away the salty water and leached the salt from the soil. At the same time, it deposited a fresh layer of silt, enriching the soil for the rice crop to be planted.

70. WRITING ASSIGNMENTS COMPARE/CONTRAST indigenous culture with the new hybrid (Colonial bamana (Bambara) or Dogon of Mali. and literature for this group of people should include all http://faculty.uncfsu.edu/doyler/TCHNG/H490Write.htm

WRITING ASSIGNMENTS HIST 490 FALL 2002 I. INDIGENOUS LITERATURE: The Oral Tradition: Sundiata: An Epic of Old Mali Using this oral tradition recorded by D.T. Niane and TWO sources of your choice, DESCRIBE the culture of the Mande Speakers at the time of the founding of the Empire of Mali. Use the culture in which Sundiata was born, at Niani in the Kingdom of Kangaba looking for the following: Language, government, religion, education, maintaining any type of records of the past, environmental effects on culture, art, music, literature, and Moral Values that might include reverence for elders, truth, beauty, loyalty, bravery, sympathy, kindness, hospitality, and whatever else you see within the document. Use the two sources of your choice to try to VERIFY the cultural statements that you make based upon the oral tradition. Also include any observations you have on the accuracy of the oral tradition or comparisons to culture today in the area. II. MODERN LITERATURE: A. Literature in French: Dark Child: An Autobiography Camara Laye writes in French about life in Guinea at the time of colonization. Using the novel and TWO sources of your choice, DESCRIBE indigenous Culture of this ethnic group in terms of the following:

71. POME 11 shared origin of both the bamana divination and African Resource Centre for indigenous Knowledge alwyn mathematicians, and other interested people to discuss http://www.ex.ac.uk/~PErnest/pome11/art14.htm

PHILOSOPHY OF MATHEMATICS EDUCATION JOURNAL 11 (1999) AMUCHMA-NEWSLETTER-20 Chairman: Paulus Gerdes (Mozambique) Secretary: Ahmed Djebbar (Algeria) Treasurer: Salimata Doumbia (Côte d'Ivoire) Members: Kgomotso Garegae-Garekwe (Botswana), Maassouma Kazim (Egypt), Cornelio Abungu (Kenya), Ahmedou Haouba (Mauritania), Mohamed Aballagh (Morocco), Ruben Ayeni (Nigeria), Abdoulaye Kane (Senegal), David Mosimege (South Africa), Mohamed Souissi (Tunisia), David Mtwetwa (Zimbabwe) Universidade Pedagógica (UP), Maputo (Mozambique), 25.08.1998 1. OBJECTIVES The African Mathematical Union Commission on the History of Mathematics in Africa (AMUCHMA), formed in 1986, has the following objectives: a. to improve communication among those interested in the history of mathematics in Africa; b. to promote active cooperation between historians, mathematicians, archaeologists, ethnographers, sociologists, etc., doing research in, or related to, the history of mathematics in Africa; c. to promote research in the history of mathematics in Africa, and the publication of its results, in order to contribute to the demystification of the still-dominant Eurocentric bias in the historiography of mathematics;

72. Kicking Up A Storm To Keep Chaos And Evil At Bay it overlays and mingles with indigenous animistic religions As with other aspects of bamana culture, Ci provoking its audience, it stimulates people’s complex http://www.webzinemaker.net/africans-art/index.php3?action=page&id_art=385

73. Book Review The American Historical Review, 105.2 The Mali, especially among the bamana people, with particular the changing social identities of people with the seek treatment, usually from indigenous healers and http://www.historycooperative.org/journals/ahr/105.2/br_156.html

You have not been recognized as a subscriber to the AHR online. About 211 words from this article are provided below; about 496 words remain. If you are a individual member of the American Historical Association, you may: login here if you have already registered for online access. Set up your online account for the first time. AHA members can go to the AHA individual membership section to locate their member numbers. If you are not a member of the American Historical Association, you can: Join the AHA and receive many member benefits including print and electronic issues of the American Historical Review. Purchase a research pass to gain two hour access to the entire History Cooperative web site. You will have full access to current issues of the American Historical Review (104.3-present). Note: the Research Pass does not provide access to JSTOR's holdings of the American Historical Review. Instititutions can: Subscribe to this journal and receive print and electronic issues. Activate your existing subscription so that we recognize your IP number ranges. Book Review Sub-Saharan Africa Eric Silla People are not the Same: Leprosy and Identity in Twentieth-Century Mali . (Social History of Africa.) Portsmouth: Heinemann. 1998. Pp. xi, 220. Cloth $60.00, paper $26.00.

74. The Oral Tradition - Drumming name south of Bamako in Mali, and the people inhabiting it They speak a dialect of bamana, but have maintained The addition of the indigenous tama drum with its http://www.si.umich.edu/chico/UMS/Drummers/drumming.html

Drumming Introduction Storytelling Doudou N'Diaye Rose The Mandinka Epic ... The Mandinka Story "For African people, dancing is as natural as breathing and the music is always around, as essential as the air. " - Eric Serra (after arriving in Africa for the first time to meet Doudou N'diaye Rose) Styles of playing The styles described here are divided into several groups: Manding and Mbalax, based on the traditional music of the Manding and Wolof peoples and modern African and contemporary Western music. African drumming has heavily influenced by Cuban dance music and western pop. Manding Manding music is the music of the Manding (Mande) group of peoples, who were the inhabitants of the vast Manding empire 13th to 15th century. It stretched from the south of what is now Senegal and Gambia, and included Mali and the west of Guinea as well. Music used to be the exclusive domain of a caste of musicians, the Jalis or griots . Though this is now starting to change, this is still obvious nowadays. There are three main styles, related to a language and people of the same name: Maninka, Bamana (or Bambara) and Mandinka. The last few years, the Wassoulou style from the region of the same name is gaining popularity.

75. TDS; Passports, Visas, Travel Documents PEOPLE Ethnic groups Manding (Bambara or bamana, Malinke, Sarakole) 50%, Fulani Religions Islam 90%, indigenous 6%, Christian 4%. Languages French (official http://www.traveldocs.com/ml/people.htm

Mali Africa PEOPLE Historically, good inter-ethnic relations throughout the rest of the country were facilitated by easy mobility on the Niger River and across the country's vast savannahs. Each ethnic group was traditionally tied to a specific occupation, all working within close proximity. The Bambara, Malinke, Sarakole, and Dogon are farmers; the Fulani, Maur, and Tuareg are herders; while the Bozo are fishers. In recent years, this linkage has shifted as ethnic groups seek diverse, nontraditional sources of income. Although each ethnic group speaks a separate language, nearly 80% of Malians communicate in Bambara, the common language of the marketplace. Malians enjoy a relative harmony rare in African states. Nationality: Noun and adjectiveMalian(s). Population (2000 est.): 10.3 million. Annual growth rate: Ethnic groups: Manding (Bambara or Bamana, Malinke, Sarakole) 50%, Fulani 17%, enoufos/Mianka 12%, Songhai 6%, Tuareg and Maur 5%, other 10%.

76. Eglash's African Fractals simply looked good to the people who used In traditional bamana fortunetelling, a divination priest numerical feedback loop, which is indigenous, said Eglash http://www.math.buffalo.edu/mad/special/eglash.african.fractals.html

African Fractals: Modern Computing and Indigenous Design by Dr. Ron Eglash http://www.rpi.edu/~eglash/eglash.htm The mathematical operation is called addition modulo 2, which simply gives the remainder after division by two. But in this case, the two "words" produced by the priest, each consisting of four odd or even strokes, become the input for a new round of addition modulo 2. In other words, it's a pseudo random-number generator, the same thing computers do when they produce random numbers. It's also a numerical feedback loop, just as fractals are generated by a geometric feedback loop. "Here is this absolutely astonishing numerical feedback loop, which is indigenous," said Eglash. "So you can see the concepts of fractal geometry resonate throughout many facets of African culture." Lawrence Shirley, chairman of the mathematics department at Towson (Md.) University, lived in Nigeria for 15 years and taught at Ahmadu Bello University in Zaria, Nigeria. He said he's impressed with Eglash's observations of fractal geometry in Africa. "When Europeans first came to Africa, they considered the architecture very disorganized and thus primitive. It never occurred to them that the Africans might have been using a form of mathematics that they hadn't even discovered yet." Eglash said educators also need to rethink the way in which disciplines like African studies have tended to skip over mathematics and related areas.

77. Ng Niger Factors And Information That Counts Religions Muslim 80%, remainder indigenous beliefs and Christians. by Sundiata A. Djata The bamana Empire by of the Upper Niger River People, Charismatic Bards http://www.llpoh.org/facts/ng_Niger.html

ng Niger Factors and Information that Counts. Factors Niger Introduction Geography People Government ... Print This Frame Niger Introduction Top of Page Background: Not until 1993, 33 years after independence from France, did Niger hold its first free and open elections. A 1995 peace accord ended a five-year Tuareg insurgency in the north. Coups in 1996 and 1999 were followed by the creation of a National Reconciliation Council that effected a transition to civilian rule in December 1999. Niger Geography Top of Page Location: Western Africa, southeast of Algeria Geographic coordinates: 16 00 N, 8 00 E Map references: Africa Area: total: 1.267 million sq km land: 1,266,700 sq km water: 300 sq km Area - comparative: slightly less than twice the size of Texas Land boundaries: total: 5,697 km border countries: Algeria 956 km, Benin 266 km, Burkina Faso 628 km, Chad 1,175 km, Libya 354 km, Mali 821 km, Nigeria 1,497 km Coastline: km (landlocked) Maritime claims: none (landlocked) Climate: desert; mostly hot, dry, dusty; tropical in extreme south Terrain: predominately desert plains and sand dunes; flat to rolling plains in south; hills in north

78. Adherents.com There they found an indigenous body of beliefs and there are perhaps half as many people again who, though bamana, Mali, 3,500,000, , -, -, 1998, Gall, Timothy L. (ed http://www.adherents.com/Na/Na_60.html

Adherents.com 42,669 adherent statistic citations : membership and geography data for 4,000+ religions, churches, tribes, etc. Index back to Bahai Faith, world Bahai Faith, continued... Group Where Number of Adherents % of total pop. Number of congreg./ churches/ units Number of countries Year Source Quote/ Notes Bahai Faith world *LINK* web site: "New Religious Movements " (University of Virginia); web page: "The Baha'i Faith " (viewed 31 Jan. 1999); "Created by Adele Skaff for Sociology 257, Fall, 1998. An earlier version of this page was created by: Elizabeth Williams, Spring Term, 1996. " "According to J. Gordon Melton, 1995 statistics, there are 127,000 Baha'is living in the United States and there are over 2 million worldwide. (Melton, 1996A:838) " Bahai Faith world (K-111 Reference Corp.: Mahwah, NJ), [Source: 1997 Encyc. Britannica Book of the Year ]; pg. 654. Table: "Adherents of All Religions by Six Continental Areas, Mid-1996 " Bahai Faith world Occhiogrosso, Peter. The Joy of Sects: A Spirited Guide to the World's Religious Traditions . New York: Doubleday (1996); pg. 454.

79. Adherents.com: By Location part of the colonial period, many bamana became Muslims 1998), Muslim 90%, indigenous beliefs 9%, Christian 1 of their history, many of the people adopted Muslim http://www.adherents.com/adhloc/Wh_194.html

Adherents.com - Religion by Location Over 42,000 religious geography and religion statistics citations (membership statistics for over 4,000 different religions, denominations, tribes, etc.) for every country in the world. To Index back to Malaysia - Peninsular, Assemblies of God Malaysia - Peninsular, continued... Group Where Number of Adherents % of total pop. Number of congreg./ churches/ units Number of countries Year Source Quote/ Notes Baptist Malaysia - Peninsular *LINK* Nance Profiles web site (orig. source: OPERATION WORLD, 1979); (viewed Aug. 1998; now restricted There are 51,000 Protestant adherents (largest of the 12 denominations - Anglican 7,500; Baptists 2,000; Brethren 3,200; Presbyterian 6,000; Lutherans (2) 4,300; Methodists 15,000; Assemblies of God 3,000) Brethren Malaysia - Peninsular *LINK* Nance Profiles web site (orig. source: OPERATION WORLD, 1979); (viewed Aug. 1998; now restricted There are 51,000 Protestant adherents (largest of the 12 denominations - Anglican 7,500; Baptists 2,000; Brethren 3,200; Presbyterian 6,000; Lutherans (2) 4,300; Methodists 15,000; Assemblies of God 3,000) Lutheran Malaysia - Peninsular *LINK* Nance Profiles web site (orig. source: OPERATION WORLD, 1979); (viewed Aug. 1998; now

80. SA7: Transmission by the Cape Malays , a Muslim people of Indonesian Bambara, Dioula or Dyula, bamana, Koranko, Wasulunka 1952) bemoaned the lack of indigenous African literature http://www.hf.uib.no/smi/sa/7Knappert.html

Sudanic Africa 7, 1996. The Transmission of Knowledge: A Note on the Islamic Literatures of Africa Jan Knappert The following pages contain a summary of data collected during many years of research on Islam in Africa. The material is already amply sufficient for a book, but so far no publisher has been found. Eight books and a dozen collections of songs may give an idea of the Swahili material. While collecting texts for my Islamic Poetry of Africa and for my article 'The use of Arabic Script for the Languages of Africa', it became clear that there are many lacunae in our knowledge since no systematic research had been conducted and/or published, whereas all the while new material is coming to light in the form of manuscripts in languages which were hitherto believed to possess no literature at all, let alone Islamic literature in Arabic script. What is an Islamic literature? Literatures written in Arabic script are normally Islamic literatures, but not all Islamic literatures are so written. In Amharic and in Zulu there is Islamic literature but not in Arabic script. Islamic literature is normally the work of an Islamic people, but not all Islamic peoples have created Islamic literatures. For instance, the epic poetry in Mandinka is recited by bards who are Muslims, but their epic songs are not Islamic. The explanation is that these epics continue to be recited by and for people who have become Islamicised in a period of history subsequent to the creation of the epic. The reverence for this national poetry has survived the Islamisation process. A similar situation seems to exist in Iran where the epic of the heathen kings, the

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