41. Serbian Epic Poetry For those still interested in early Serbian history, I recommend John VA Fine Jr. s The Late Medieval balkans (which, incidentally, is my primary source for http://home.earthlink.net/~markdlew/OldSerb/

Serbian Epic Poetry (The poems were published in 1920. The author is Helen Rootham. I don't know what year she died.) Table of Contents Introduction The Epic Poems The Fall of the Serbian Empire (Propast Carstva Srpskoga) Tsar Lazar and Tsaritsa Militsa (Car Lazar i Carica Milica) The Banquet on the Eve of the Battle (Vec^era u Krus^evcu), fragment Kossanschitch and Milosh (Kosanc^ic' i Milos^), fragment Musitch Stefan (Music' Stevan) Tsaritsa Militsa and the Voyvoda Vladeta (Carica Milica i Vladeta Vojvoda) The Maiden of Kossovo (Kosovka Djevojka) The Death of the Mother of the Jugovitch (Smrt Majke Jugovic'a) The Miracle of Tsar Lazar Note on Spelling Historical Notes Glossary ... Footnotes Introduction With Kosovo being so much in the news, many people are scrambling to learn something about the history of the region. Many have heard something about the earlier battle of Kosovo in 1389 in which (we are told) the "Serbian nation" was defeated by "the Turks". Alas, in the field of Balkan history, misinformation is more plentiful than information, and anything one is likely to read about the battle of Kosovo Polje is likely to be misleading. Still, the myth of Kosovo is too overwhelming (not least in the minds of the Serbs) to be ignored, and any exploration of the real history of Serbia has to begin with an understanding of the national mythology. To that end, I'm offering some of the traditional stories here. But whereas many newspapers and newsmagazines tend to represent the tales as a summary of historical fact, I offer them in their original form epic poetry in the hopes that seeing the poetry will help people to appreciate the Serbian national mythology for what it is. In terms of historical accuracy, the tales are comparable to those of the

42. Bosnia And Balkans Links 1815 to present; Balkan history 1900 s beginning with the Breakup of the Ottoman Empire 1907-1914; Balkan history; balkan mission; http://killeenroos.com/link/bosnbalk.htm

Balkans back to social studies link index **Note: due to the current crisis in the Balkans some of the sites have been shut down and are unavailable at this time How to help Updates "WUSAustria" Bosnia Link for culture ABC World Report on the Balkans - What do you know about the situation in the Balkans? Perhaps you've been following news in the region from afar, hearing about the latest developments in Kosovo, or about the U.N. activities in Bosnia. If you've always wanted a behind-the-scenes overview of the situation, something that puts it all into context, then head on over to this ABC News special report. Click on an interactive map for a brief lesson on each of the region's countries, follow a timeline that begins in 7000 B.C., peruse a list of Who's Who (everyone from Slobodan Milosevic to Richard Holbrooke), and much more at this fascinating introductory site. Albanian Resource Center - history and current ethnic cleansing Albania's Golgotha - the documentation of Serbian agression in Kosova since the late 1800's beginning with the Treaty of San Stefano Austro-Hungarian maps of 1882 Balkan maps of 1882 Bosnia, Romania, Serbia, Bulgaria

43. The Balkans 1804-1999; The Balkans (Misha Glenny, Mark Mazower) Misha Glenny and Mark Mazower take very different approaches to the modern history of the balkans http://dannyreviews.com/h/Balkans.html

Danny Yee's Book Reviews Subjects Titles Authors ... Latest The Balkans 1804-1999: Nationalism, War and the Great Powers Misha Glenny Granta Books 1999 Amazon The Balkans Mark Mazower Phoenix 2001 Amazon A book review by Danny Yee Misha Glenny and Mark Mazower take very different approaches to the modern history of the Balkans. Glenny, a journalist, offers a long but lively narrative of war, politics and people, with generalisations used to help make sense of that. Mazower, a historian, offers a short but insightful account of long-term processes and trends, with details used to illustrate those. Both seem reasonably objective neither is himself in the grip of any nationalist fervour and both provide references, an index, and an excellent selection of maps (essential for following the complexities of border changes). Which you prefer will depend on what you are looking for; I found reading one after the other rather instructive. In The Balkans 1804-1999 Glenny provides a lively narrative account of the last two centuries of Balkan history. The focus is on wars and political conflicts, but he also includes biographical material, with portraits of key individuals, and he quotes from contemporary documents and sources to give the reader some idea how people thought and felt at the time. The approach is chronological, with Glenny trying "to avoid reading or refracting Balkan history through the prism of the 1990s", and covers separate episodes in often largely self-contained sections. The following is a selection of highlights rather than a comprehensive summary.

44. Balkans, History On Geographic Warfare Essay Mega Essays .com - Over 100,000 Ess balkans, history on geographic Warfare. The Balkan Peninsula has many physical features, but there are three main ones, they are the fact that it is a peninsula http://www.megaessays.com/viewpaper/13005.html

Acceptance Essays Arts Custom Papers English ... Join Now! This is a short summary of this paper! Already a member? Go here to log in and view the entire paper! Balkans, History on geographic Warfare The Balkan Peninsula has many physical features, but there are three main ones, they are the fact that it is a peninsula, its mountains, and its rivers. Within the Balkan Peninsula there are a good majority of ethnicities. There will be a majority of instances that the geography has helped or hin Approximate Word count = 798 Approximate Pages = 3 (250 words per page double spaced) Want to view this paper along with other term papers, essays, and book reports? Instant access , single user memberships can be purchased online with a credit card or online check! Membership Plans Credit Card Check Phone 30 day membership (recurring billing) 30 day membership (non-recurring billing) 90 day membership (recurring billing) 180 day membership (non-recurring billing) Once you have registered for an Account, No refunds can be issued.

45. Rant: Ignoramus The rest of this article is a summary exposition of the history of the balkans, such as I ve been able to discover on the Internet and elsewhere, for anyone http://home.hiwaay.net/~craigg/g4c/rant-Ignoramus.htm

Morituri te Ignoramus ("We are about to die, you idiot!") Craig Goodrich April 4, 1999 The reason History has to keep repeating itself is that nobody ever listens. Anon. Stupidity is the basic building block of the universe. Frank Zappa In the week since my piece Deus ex B52 appeared in the LF City Times , I've received a great deal of feedback about it, mostly positive. Some, though, either accused me of making light of the very real human suffering in Kosovo or asked me straightforwardly enough, "OK, smart alec, what should we do?" My short answers to these correspondents are, respectively: "I'm as sensitive as anyone else to human tragedy, but my daddy taught me not to cry in public. The utter ludicrousness, cynicism, and counterproductiveness of what the politicians are doing there, though, needs to be made obvious." "You should do whatever you think best to relieve the suffering, whether support for private humanitarian aid, church-sponsored exhortation of the political leaders involved, or whatever. But military intervention in the Balkans by outside powers has only made matters worse for the last 600 years, and it sure doesn't seem to be helping now." Deus is, as nearly everybody realized, essentially a political cartoon in verbal form. As such it makes use of oversimplification and stereotypes; I'll say no more about it here, since nothing ruins a good joke more than trying to explain it.

46. Eastern Europe: The Balkans (Albania, Bosnia, Bulgaria, Croatia, Kosovo, Macedon their histories. Of special interest is a chilling and engrossing timeline of Balkan history dating back to 7,000 BCE. The site http://www.mythinglinks.org/euro~east~balkans.html

MYTHING LINKS Kathleen Jenks, Ph.D. GEOGRAPHICAL REGIONS: EUROPE EASTERN EUROPE For two pages (includng links) on Kosovo/Serbia, beginning with Judith Brownlee's Pagan/Christian/Moslem Peace Invocation, please click here Map by B. C. Biega for About.com Author's Note The Balkan Peninsula takes its name from Bulgaria's Balkan Mountains, running westward from the Black Sea. The peninsula as a whole possesses scattered fertile valleys separated by chains of rugged mountain ranges. Intense ethnic feelings come naturally to communities which are isolated from one another by these mountainous mazes. World War I started in this region; hatreds simmering in that war's aftermath led to World War II; on the eve of a new millenium, hatreds still boiling over from the 1940's are erupting anew in this region. These are lands rich in ancient myth - the harpist/mystic, Orpheus, came from the mountains of Bulgaria near the Black Sea. Dionysus was no stranger to these wildernesses. Marija Gimbutas' " Old Europe " encompasses this region and her discoveries point to a time when these lands knew peace and cooperation, when early non-Indo-European peoples worshipped life-loving deities who appreciated beauty, joy, and inspired a wide range of sacred arts. Long suppressed by later monotheisms, those ancient deities nevertheless are still wedded to the Balkan lands. I created my MythingLinks website to focus on worldwide sacred lore and traditions. In some parts of the world, "sacred traditions" have deep, tormented roots in the distant past; when these explode violently in the immediate present and threaten to drag many peoples into ruin, it is crucial to examine both the ancient roots, their paths of transmission, and their contemporary manifestations. This is not to focus blame on the Balkans, nor to "demonize" the monotheistic and patriarchal Catholic, Orthodox, and Moslem traditions of the peoples now inhabiting that peninsula. It is, rather, to see the Balkans as a mirror of hatreds running rampant throughout the West, and to see where countries far distant from this small peninsula nevertheless bear much of the responsibility for exacerbating and manipulating old hatreds.

47. Mythinglinks: Eastern Europe / The Balkans: Bulgaria, Page 1 One ethnic group, the Jews, reached the balkans in the 2nd century AD. This engrossing website, also from omda, surveys the history of Bulgarian Jews from http://www.mythinglinks.org/euro~east~balkans~bulgaria.html

MYTHING LINKS Kathleen Jenks, Ph.D. GEOGRAPHICAL REGIONS: EUROPE EASTERN EUROPE BULGARIA The Balkan Mountain Range (from which the Balkans take their name) is the long, upper brown swath that looks like a half-moon lying on its side. A photo of the region is directly below.) [This map comes from "travel-bulgaria.com." For one of their larger, much more detailed maps, please click HERE . Then hit your "Back" button to return to this page.] Paradise Waterfall in Bulgaria's Balkan Mountains (From bgtv.com When I began this new section on the Balkans, I wondered why the region was called the Balkans. I checked an old dictionary and discovered that the name comes from a chain of mountains crossing Bulgaria from east to west. Prior to that, all I knew about Bulgaria was that an eerie music born in her mountains had recently become quite popular in the West. I could not have found the country on a map. I now know more about this country. What interests me most, given my focus on myth and ancient traditions, is that Orpheus is said to have come from Bulgaria's southern Rhodope Mountains (see below);

48. Revolutionary History Homepage Also! A submenu of further material relating to the attitude of socialists to the balkans, omitted from Revolutionary history Vol 8 No 3. Also available! http://www.revolutionary-history.co.uk/main.htm

This website was transferred to its new domain on 4th October 1999, and was last updated on 6th March 2004 This is the homepage for Revolutionary History New issue now available! The Balkan Socialist Tradition- Balkan Socialism and the Balkan Federation, 1871-1915. Click here for details Also! A submenu of further material relating to the attitude of socialists to the Balkans, omitted from Revolutionary History Vol 8 No 3. Also available! The Asturian Uprising Fifteen Days of Socialist Revolution, by Manuel Grossi The Asturian Uprising of 1934 is one of the forgotten episodes In the history of the working class. A l armed at what they considered to be a fascist threat, the working class in Asturias seized power, and staved off the centra l government's attempts to crush the revolution for 15 days. Manuel Grossi, a member of the Workers and Peasants Bloc and a leading participant in the revolution, gives a vivid description of these events. He shows how the militant workers organised industry and food distribution, attempted to arm themselves, dealt with the middle class and with lumpen elements, and otherwise ran the areas under their control. It is not a glamorised account, and Grossi points to the problems that the work i ng class encountered, as well as to its successes.

49. Links on nationalism studies (I work on a national movement in the balkans, so thus my with case studies; there s a mix of political science and history, though I http://www.aubg.bg/home/faculty/jfrusetta/links.htm

The web is large enough, there are plenty of good sites I don't note here. If you have one you think should be added as of interest to other AUBG students, e-mail me and I'll add it here. General History Links A number of links provide good overviews for the historical professional, or for broad aspects of history. Some suggested sites include: The History News Network HNN provides links to media articles referring to history, as well as articles hosted on the site by historians on current affairs, issues within the profession, and past events. Very useful, and possibly of interest to journalism majors. Best History Sites is a reasonable list of good sites on specific topics. The National Archives and Records Association (NARA) isone of the world's largest archives, located in several facilities around Washington D.C. A small amount of documents has been put online; much more information about the holdings are available. The site is chiefly of interest for AUBG students in terms of the way the site is being structure, and what it suggests is the future for archival web resources in other parts of the world. The Library of Congress Catalog This U.S. site is one of the largest on-line catalogs with listings for the LoC's immense holdings (the Harvard, Columbia, UCLA and British Library on-line catalogs are also quite useful). Very useful in terms of seeing what books have been written on a subject (though the non-English holdings are often weak). Yes, see the books you can't find at AUBG!

50. History 3900 The Balkans: Ethnic Conflict And Genocide In The Modern Age history 3900 The balkans Ethnic Conflict and Genocide in the Modern Age. Dr. Thomas A. Emmert University of Minnesota Fall, 2001 COURSE DESCRIPTION. http://www.chgs.umn.edu/Educational_Resources/Curriculum/Courses/HIST_3900/hist_

History 3900 The Balkans: Ethnic Conflict and Genocide in the Modern Age Dr. Thomas A. Emmert University of Minnesota Fall, 2001 COURSE DESCRIPTION Ethnic conflict and ethnic cleansing have been the most tragic elements of life in the Balkans ever since the rapid demise of the Ottoman Empire and the rise of nationalism in the nineteenth century. Certainly the most intense periods of such conflict came during World War II and again in the decade since 1991; and the devastating policy of ethnic cleansing which accompanied the conflict was arguably genocidal in its intent, scope, and results. This course will examine the history of ethnic relations and conflict in the Balkans in the last two centuries with a particular emphasis on the more recent episodes cited above. A central focus will be the role of Serbia in the wars of the last ten years and the continuing controversy over the genocidal character of its actions. The course is structured as a seminar with common readings and lively discussion. COURSE OBJECTIVES To acquaint students with the broad sweep of nineteenth and twentieth century Balkan history To consider the roots of the late twentieth century conflict in the successor states of socialist Yugoslavia To examine the phenomenon of "ethnic cleansing" and the genocidal character of some of that "cleansing" To listen to the voices of those who are the true victims of the "cleansing"

51. History Of The War In Kosovo grievances and welcomed a strong figure, such as Milosevic, who might restore their place in history. This ushered in a decade of hell for the south balkans. http://www.friendsofbosnia.org/edu_kos.html

Back to Education Directory Who We Are Reconstruction Medical Aid for ... Home Center for Balkan Development 2 CLOCK TOWER PLACE #290 MAYNARD, MA 01754 Tel: 978-461-0909 Fax: 978-461-2552 info@friendsofbosnia.org www.friendsofbosnia.org History of the war in Kosovo Written April, 1999 Historical Background The NATO air strikes against Yugoslavia beginning on March 24, 1999 did not occur in a vacuum but rather followed ten years of regional conflict and aggression inspired and orchestrated by Yugoslav President Slobodan Milosevic. Until 1991, Yugoslavia was one nation comprised of six republics: Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia Herzegovina, Serbia, Montenegro, and Macedonia. Serbia was further divided into two autonomous regions; Kosovo and Vojvodina. Each republic and both autonomous provinces in Serbia had a seat on the federal presidency and had a considerable amount of autonomy in local affairs. With one notable exceptionBosniaeach of the republics roughly represents a distinct ethnic group. Today each of the republics of the former Yugoslavia use their own language, but they are all Slavic languages similar to Serbo-Croatian. (Click here to see information about each republic.)

52. History TWENTYFIVE LECTURES ON MODERN BALKAN history http//www.lib.msu.edu/sowards/balkan/ Lectures by Steven W. Sowards on recent history of the balkans. http://gsociology.icaap.org/history.htm

History click here to return to main page General History sites Economic History Service http://www.eh.net/index.php has a listing of reviews of significant work in twentieth-century economic history, at http://www.eh.net/project2000/ This includes reviews of Karl Polanyi's The Great Transformation: The Political and Economic, Origins of Our Time Fernand Braudel's Civilization and Capitalism, 15th-18th Century Time and Joseph A. Schumpeter's Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy . The EHS site also has many book reviews, sorted by subject, at http://www.eh.net/bookreviews/subject.php Some books reviewed include Business History and Business Culture by Godley, Andrew and Oliver M. Westall The Evolution of International Business: An Introduction by Jones, Geoffrey Economic Growth and Change: National and Regional Patterns of Convergence and Divergence by Adams, John and Francesco Pigliaru , editors and Taking the Risk out of Democracy: Corporate Propaganda Versus Freedom and Liberty by Carey, Alex History Explained http://www.historyexplained.com/

53. Forged Memories, By Nebojsa Malic November 28, 2002. Forged Memories Manipulating history in the balkans. In fact, attempts to rewrite history occur in the balkans on a daily basis. http://www.antiwar.com/malic/m112802.html

November 28, 2002 Forged Memories Manipulating History in the Balkans H istory is the collective memory of a society. Individuals can be manipulated by tampering with their recollections (see Christopher Nolan’s eerie Memento , but doing this to societies is much easier. Personal memory is at least derived from human senses, unreliable as they may be. History is based on written interpretations of events that the authors most often did not witness themselves, which makes it even less reliable by several orders of magnitude. An important distinction must be made here. The society itself cannot manipulate its own memories. For this to happen, there needs to be an outside force, something above the society that would rewrite history through some form of coercion or deception: the State. Of course, a desire to control the society to such an extent that manipulating its very memories becomes

54. Remembering And Inventing: A Short History Of The Balkans Remembering and Inventing A Short history of the balkans. Peter Mentzel. Since 5. Barbara Jelavich, history af the balkans, vol. 11 http://www.libertyhaven.com/politicsandcurrentevents/warpeacediplomacyorforeigna

Theoretical/Philosophical Issues Politics/Government Personal Freedom Issues Regulations ... Yourname@libertyhaven.com Email login: Password: Search for: Books Magazines Music Maps Out of Print Books British Books British Magazines British Music Keywords: Remembering and Inventing: A Short History of the Balkans Peter Mentzel Since the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia descended into bloodshed and mayhem during the summer of 1991 a number of different historical explanations for the conflict's origins and ferocity have been written. While these accounts differ in their details, in general they paint two different pictures of Balkan history. One argues that the wars of the Yugoslav succession are the result of "ancient tribal hatreds." That is, the violence in the modern Balkans is the result of hatreds dating back hundreds, if not thousands, of years. The second picture of Balkan history takes issue with this argument and offers instead a story of tolerance where each community coexisted in peace, if not harmony. This entire conversation is closely tied to the history of the development of Balkan nation-states. Nations and States In an attempt to address these historiographical points, this article will take one simple starting point: the Balkan nations and Balkan nation-states are all very young. None is more than 200 years old. Thus the hatreds there cannot be "ancient." In fact, the current ethnic hatreds in the Balkans, while unfortunately very real indeed, all have their roots in the statist nationalism of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries.

55. Balkans, Greece, Crete, HMS, Gloucester, Nubian, Ajax, Fiji, Greyhound, Formidab return to Naval history Homepage. CAMPAIGN SUMMARIES OF WORLD WAR 2. balkans, GREECE CRETE 193945 including British Aegean Campaign. http://www.naval-history.net/WW2CampaignsBalkans.htm

return to Naval History Homepage CAMPAIGN SUMMARIES OF WORLD WAR 2 including British Aegean Campaign back to Campaigns of World War 2 Six-inch gunned "Town" class cruiser HMS Gloucester (Courtesy Cyberheritage Taking part in the Battle for Crete, she was sunk on the 22nd May 1941 by Ju.87s and Ju.88s. Pre-War 1922 - Benito Mussolini and his Fascist Party come to power in Italy. 1935 October - Following border disputes between Italian Somaliland and Abyssinia, Italy invades . League of Nations sanctions have little effect and by May 1936 the country has been taken over by Mussolini's forces. 1936 July - The Spanish Civil War starts ; Italy and Germany become aligned with one side and Russia with the other. 1939 April - Italy invades Albania. May - Germany and Italy join forces in the Pact of Steel 1st September Germany invades Poland SEPTEMBER 1939 - After Germany invades Poland on the , Britain and France demand the withdrawal of German forces. The ultimatum expires and at 11.15am on the

56. Balkans: A History Of Conflict, A Future Of ...? next Next Introduction. balkans A history of Conflict, a Future of ? Date February 15, 2001. http://www.viterbo.edu/personalpages/faculty/MLukic/lunch-discussion/web-notes/n

Next: Introduction Balkans: A History of Conflict, a Future of ...? Date: February 15, 2001 Introduction Special note SFRY The federal government ... About this document ...

57. Restricted Electives history, culture and education of Islam in the balkans. 4.8. Economic history of Balkan nations (18041945) 2 nd semester (Gounaris V) 2 credit hours. http://www.auth.gr/balkan/en_S-PgmSemResElectives.htm

1st to 4th Semester Courses : Restricted Electives st YEAR 4.1. Introduction to Contemporary and Modern European History (14 th cent - 1789) st semester ( Gounaris V ) 2 credit hours The course presents the formation of national states, interstate relations, diplomacy, social and economic progress from the end of middle ages to the French Revolution. Special emphasis was put on ideological developments including religious conflicts. The course aims in a better understanding of the position and progress of the Ottoman Empire and the Balkans versus Western Europe. In particular, teaching modules refer to the european society, politics and culture at the end of Middle-Ages, innovations, humanism, technological revolution, birth and progress of industrial capitalism as well as general diplomacy. 4.2. Introduction to balkan historical demography st semester ( Michailidis I ) 2 credit hours The course focuses into wider demographic changes observed in the Balkan Peninsula from Ottoman capture during the 15 th century until the creation of national countries (19 th century). The course examines population change and domestic rearrangements inside dominated christian societies, records and searches causes and effects of immigrant and refugee flows inside and away from the Ottoman Empire.

58. The Open Door Web Site : History : The Eastern Question : The Balkans 1914 The Open Door Web Site. Search Site Map Biology Chemistry Physics Electronics Technology history Study Guide New About Gallery. The balkans 1914. http://www.saburchill.com/history/chapters/empires/0060.html

The Open Door Web Site Search Site Map Biology Chemistry ... Technology History Study Guide New About Gallery The Balkans 1 The Eastern Question Map of the Balkans in 1871 Map of the Balkans in 1878 Big Power Ambitions in the Balkans ... Topic Chapters Index Topic Chapters Living History Project Biographies Events Index Tips on Studying History ... EABJM Public Web Site This Site was last updated on © The Open Door Team Any questions or problems regarding this site should be addressed to the webmaster © Shirley Burchill, Nigel Hughes, Richard Gale, Peter Price and Keith Woodall 2004

59. Balkan Connections history and Culture. Dusan T. Batakovic Articles - academic articles on the politics and history of the balkans by a Serbiasn author; http://www.b-info.com/links/

Links News Places Studies ... Balkan Info Home Balkan Connections Links to Related WWW Sites Check out these offers PC-to-Phone calls to the Balkans as low as 10c/min US calls 1c/min To call directly from your phone, click here General Balkan page from Eurasia Research Center Business Association of the Balkan Chambers - intended to promote the business among Balkan countries. Orah Investments - a Swiss-registered venture-capital fund investing in Southeast Europe. Reporter.gr -Premium.gr Greek business news and information services on-line. History and Culture Dusan T. Batakovic - Articles - academic articles on the politics and history of the Balkans by a Serbiasn author Institute for Balkan Studies - a Greek research institute working in the area of Balkan history, culture, and linguistics Twenty-Five Lectures on Modern Balkan History - including ethnic geography, Ottoman and Habsburg rule, and the Serbian Revolution Politics Relations with the Balkan Countries - from the Embassy of Greece, Washington, D.C. International Relations and Security Network News The external sites below provide daily news reports. While an attempt was made to filter in the reports related to the Balkans, some of them are not relevant.

60. METU Department Of History Factors of change in human history. HIST 219 Balkan history I In history, the balkans were the cross road of various races, religions and cultures. http://www.hist.metu.edu.tr/year2.htm

METU Department of History: Courses On the Department D epartment Homepage The Faculty Contact Information ... Postgraduate Applications Useful Information Department's History Useful Links METU Mainpage Faculty Members Seçil Karal-Akgün Isenbike Togan Mehdi Ilhan Ömer Turan ... ündogdu Offered Courses Major Program Courses 1st Year Courses nd Year Courses rd Year Courses ... Minor in History METU DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY COURSES OFFERRED AT THE SECOND YEAR IN METU HISTORY HIST 2201 Principles of Kemal Atatürk I A history of the foundation of the Turkish Republic under the light of Kemal Atatu~rk's principles. A required course for all second year students. (This course is given in Turkish) HIST 2202 Principles of Kemal Atatürk II Continuation of HIST 2201. (This course is given in Turkish) HIST Ottoman Paleography and Diplomatics I Introduction to Ottoman paleography, particular spelling of Ottoman words, drills on su~lus and rik~a with material selected from Ottoman chronicles and records varying from the 14th to the 20th centuries. HIST Ottoman Paleography and Diplomatics II (4-0)4 The format and contents of Ottoman records (ferman, telhis, arz, huccet). Exercises on the calligraphy used in these documents (divani, talik, kinna).

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