41. Museology Books Reinventing africa Museums, Material Culture and Popular Imagination in Late migratory peoples, unexplored Western influences on indigenous peoples, and the http://simsim.rug.ac.be/courses/museology/booklist.html

42. Sept 2001 Newsletter in a twoday gathering where Asians, Blacks, Latinos, and indigenous peoples from Nigeria, Ecuador, Dominica, Australia, South africa, Swaziland, Zimbabwe http://www.groundwork.org.za/Newsletters/September 2001.htm

Environmental Justice Action in Southern Africa Home About Us Projects Resources ... Search GROUNDWORK's QUARTERLY NEWSLETTER Volume 3, No 2 September 2001 IN THIS ISSUE: from the editor from the smoke stack Lead Story - United by our common suffering at the World Conference on Racism community news - More spills in South Durban ... rio + 10 From the editor Dear friends of groundWork We are delighted to announce the arrival of three new full-time “ groundWorkers ” - Ardiel Soeker, Llewellyn Leonard and Bathoko Sibisi. Ardiel is the coordinator of our Air quality project, Llewellyn is the coordinator of our Medical waste and incineration project, and Bathoko is our new assistant administrator. Meet them all on page 17 of this newsletter. We have been kept very busy (as always) these past three months. Highlights have been co-hosting the Environmental Justice Forum Speakout at the World Conference Against Racism in Durban (see pages 4 - 6) and a greening hospitals pilot project (see pages 8 - 11). There have also been several exciting civil society victories over polluting industries - read about them on pages 18. This is a jam-packed, exciting newsletter and we hope it inspires you to keep on working for environmental justice!

43. Dance For Power Study Guides and peopled almost entirely by indigenous African tribes Kakilambe Originated by the baga people of Guinea, this teaches that Allah creates all peoples the same http://www.danceforpower.org/african_fusion.html

TEACHER'S STUDY GUIDE courtesy of Dance for Power) AFRICAN FUSION West Africa Adinkera Countries of West Africa Kente ... References WEST AFRICA WHAT IS WEST AFRICA? West Africa is a region on the continent of Africa. It is bounded by the Atlantic Ocean on the west, the Sahara Desert on the north, the Gulf of Guinea on the south, and the eastern boundaries of the countries of Niger, Nigeria, and Cameroon on the east. Below is a map of the continent of Africa that highlights the area designated as West Africa. The countries of Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Equatorial Guinea, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Ivory Coast, Liberia, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, and Togo comprise West Africa. PHYSICAL FEATURE AND CLIMATE West Africa is divided horizontally into two distinct areas. The first is the western portion of the Sudan , which, although hot and dry, contains arable grassland. The Western Sudan , which includes most of Senegambia , extends from the southern reaches of the Sahara Desert to south of the Niger River , and as far as Lake Chad in the east. The

44. 2001 Audit Of Antisemitic Incidents - Anti-Racism After Durban The world meetings in Durban, South africa this past summer were of the World Conference Declaration that denied that the term “indigenous peoples” has any http://www.bnaibrith.ca/publications/audit2001/audit2001-06.html

Rochelle Wilner President Frank Dimant Chief Executive Officer Prof. Stephen Scheinberg National Chair 2001 Audit of Antisemitic Incidents Patterns of Prejudice in Canada ANTI-RACISM AFTER DURBAN by David Matas The world meetings in Durban, South Africa this past summer were supposed to be meetings against racism. Yet, they turned out to be forums for racism. There were two overlapping meetings, a non-governmental Forum, August 28 to September 1, 2001 and an inter-governmental World Conference Against Racism, August 31 to September 8, 2001. The meetings became venues for attacks against the Jewish community, a focus for global antisemitism. The concluding documents of both meetings were troubling reflections of this anti-Jewish reality. Canadian non-governmental organizations were present in Durban in large numbers. Many of those attending were financed by the Government of Canada. A number of non-governmental follow-up meetings to Durban have been held in Canada. Canadian delegates of the Jewish faith were subjected to a daily diet of antisemitic abuse and harassment, while antisemitic pamphlets such as the Protocols of the Elders of Zion , as well as T-shirts and posters with racist slogans, were openly distributed under the very eyes of the organizers. I have already described the antisemitism endemic at Durban in a previous report.

45. Africa detailed description of the Terrain and peoples of what of the Sporting Game of Southern africa.First edition of every description of animal indigenous to that http://www.sotherans.co.uk/Catalogues/BigGame/Africa.html

AFRICA ELEPHANT HUNTING IN SOMALILAND AND TANGANYIKA 1 AHLEFELDTE-BILLE, Count G. "Tandalla": A Danish Game Warden's Study of Native and Wild Life in Kenya and Tanganyika [Elephant Hunting].. 8vo. Original dark green cloth, spine titled in gilt; [xiv] + pp. 296, with 32 fine photographic plates, wood-engraved illustrations; immaculate condition inside and out, bar light spotting to fore-edges, and slight browning to endpapers (as usual), making this a very good copy of a scarce sporting work, seen from a Scandinavian perspective. First English edition (published 3 years after the original edition, in Danish, with a Copenhagen imprint). Preface: "This book is the true story of a Safari in British East Africa While my first expedition in 1937 was a purely private affair, in which hunting with bow and arrow played a part, this time such foolery was ruled out. We went out as a team, each with a special job; we hope that the results may increase the honour and renown of Danish Museums and Danish scientific attainment, and may also contribute to the entertainment and enlightenment of The Public, before the apparatus of Modern Civilisation has ruined the last vestiges of East Africa's unspoiled charm." A HIGHLY SOUGHT-AFTER AFRICAN BIG GAME TITLE 2 ARKELL-HARDWICK, A.

46. Ethnographic Arts Publications: EXHIBITION & COLLECTIONS indigenous Styles of Southeast Asia. Drewal, Hj, THE TRADITIONAL ART OF THE NIGERIAN peoples. R. SCULPTURE FROM THREE AFRICAN TRIBES Senufo, baga, Dogon. http://www.tribalartbooks.com/cgi-bin/tab455/scan/mp=keywords/se=EXHIBITION & CO

724 matches found for 32 MASTERWORKS OF ANDEAN ART. A PRE-COLUMBIAN SYNTHESIS...? MEXICAN ATLANTIC GULF COAST. A SELECTION FROM TWO PRIVATE COLLECTIONS. ABORIGINAL BARK PAINTINGS FROM AUSTRALIA. ... YORUBA ARCHAEOLOGY AND ART. Abramovic, N., F. Hergott. LA CREATION DU MONDE. FERDINAND LEGER ET L'ART AFRICAN. Adelson, L., B. Takami. WEAVING TRADITIONS OF HIGHLAND BOLIVIA. Akpan, S.J., A.O. Akpan. SCULPTURES EN CIMENT DU NIGERIA. Alegria, R., J.j. Arrom, E. Brodsky. TAINO,. Pre-Columbian Art and Culture from the Caribbean Altlman, R. MASTERPIECES FROM THE SIR HENRY WELLCOME COLLECTION AT U.C.L.A. Altman, R. PRIMITIVE ARTS. An Exhibition Organized by Ralph C. Altman for the UCLA Art Galleries. Ampuero Brito, G. DIAGUITAS. Pueblos de Norte Verde. Annenberg, M. NATIVE ARTS OF LUZON. Antippas, A.P. A BRIEF HISTORY OF VOODOO. Slavery and the Survival of the African Gods Anton, F. BRUCKEN IN DIE ZUKUNFT. Textile Kunst ver Kolumbus. Apold, G., Heger. B. KOREANSK KUNST I NORSK EIE KERAMIK OG BRONSE. Arensberg, S.m. JAVANESE BATIKS. Arman (intro). FRAGMENTS OF THE SUBLIME.

47. Achtergrondinformatie, Analyse En Nieuws Over De Crisis India-Pakistan M. baga Reddy, former MP, spoke. US/UK Leuren Moret, President, Scientists for indigenous People, USA/International co los Pueblos de Asia, africa, y America http://www.indianet.nl/indpak18.html

Crisis India-Pakistan: Achtergrondinformatie, analyse en nieuws uit de Indiase, Pakistaanse en internationale media. index Friends of The Earth Australia , January 16, 2002 Peace Groups Worldwide Call On India, Pakistan, To Step Back From The Brink In a letter faxed yesterday from Sydney, over 250 peace groups, environment groups, non-governmental organizations and parliamentarians worldwide have called on the governments of India and Pakistan, to step back from the brink of a possible nuclear war. In spite of a significant lessening in the tension between the two countries and statements and actions from Pakistan (In particular President Musharraf's recent speech) that indicate that it is willing to clamp down on cross-border terrorist activity as demanded by India, the situation between the two nuclear-armed countries remains tense and potentially explosive, with no room for error. Friends of the Earth Australia and antinuclear groups in India and Pakistan have coordinated the letter, which points out that nobody will gain from a conflict that could turn nuclear, and that no conceivable national interest of either country could possibly be served by such a conflict. The letter asks that troops be moved back from the border and that transport links be restored. It asks that discussions be started to eliminate the risk of a nuclear exchange between the two countries, that a dialogue be commenced on Kashmir, and that there be discussions to produce lasting peace and stability in the region.

48. Marcus L. Endicott - VAGABOND GLOBETROTTING: STATE OF THE ART - MONEY Walk, POB 40, Paoli, PA 19301) is walking across africa, East to is an excellent source of information about the problems of indigenous peoples worldwide, the http://www.mendicott.com/vgmoney.htm

e -volutionary travel information since 1984 VAGABOND GLOBETROTTING: STATE OF THE ART Budgeting Calculator Exchange Cash ... CONTENTS Nearly every country uses a different kind of money; however, the US dollar remains the most negotiable. In some countries underground economies even operate based on the US dollar; people in these countries often do business in dollars rather than their own currencies. There are three basic economic principles that savvy travelers observe. First, if you spend the money you have, you will eventually run out of it. Second, it often takes money to make money. Third, capital is drained not in dollars but in cents; thoughtless minor expenditures soon become large sums. Keep in mind too that foreign money is real, not play money. Once you spend it, it's gone. Your capital can be kept from dribbling away, like water from a leaky bucket, by conserving what you have and by taking advantage of every opportunity to add even minor amounts to it. Energy efficiency is the goal. US citizens are peculiar. Other people find an infinite variety of ways to entertain themselves without spending money. US citizens seem to feel empty and restless when they aren't opening their wallets. Save your money and increase your enjoyment by developing better ways of relating to others.

49. Participants List - INC-2 org Ms. Carole Mills Canadian Arctic indigenous peoples Against POPs Permanent Mission of the People s Republic of 3 baga Toiruu 44 Ulaanbaatar 11 Mongolia Tel http://www.chem.unep.ch/pops/POPs_Inc/INC_2/infs/parpops.htm

UNITED NATIONS EP United Nations Environment Programme Distr. GENERAL UNEP/POPS/INC.2/INF/14/Rev.1 29 January 1999 ORIGINAL: ENGLISH INTERGOVERNMENTAL NEGOTIATING COMMITTEE FOR AN INTERNATIONAL LEGALLY BINDING INSTRUMENT FOR IMPLEMENTING INTERNATIONAL ACTION ON CERTAIN PERSITENT ORGANIC POLLUTANTS Second session Nairobi, 25-29 January 1999 LIST OF PARTICIPANTS LISTE DES PARTICIPANTS LISTA DE PARTICIPANTES GOVERNMENTS ALGERIA H.E. Mr. Sid-Ali Ketrandji Permanent Representative Permanent Mission of Algeria to the United Nations Environment Programme P.O. Box 53902 Nairobi Kenya Tel.:(+254 2) 213 864/6 Fax: (+254 2) 217 477 M. Youcef Zennir Directeur de la Prévention de Pollutions et Nuisances Secretariat d'Etat chargé de l'Environnement Algiers Algeria Tel: (+213 2) 693 889 Mr. Mohand Nouraï Minister-Counsellor Permanent Mission of Algeria to the United Nations Environment Programme P.O. Box 53902 Nairobi Kenya Tel.:(+254 2) 213 864/6 Fax: (+254 2) 217 477 ANGOLA M. Soki Kue-di-kuenda Directeur National de l'Environnement Rua Frederic Engels Nº92 C.P. 10566

50. African Masks a burial named bagabundo / baga bundo , and Faso centuries ago, they subjugated indigenous populations independent, politically decentralized peoples to the http://www.vub.ac.be/BIBLIO/nieuwenhuysen/african-art/african-art-collection-mas

Pictures / photos / images of some MASKS and headdresses in the African tribal, antique, ritual, ethnographic, classical, "primitive" art collection (of variable age, artistic quality, and degree of authenticity) Many African societies see masks as mediators between the living world and the supernatural world of the dead, ancestors and other entities. Masks became and still become the attribute of a dressed up dancer who gave it life and word at the time of ceremonies. In producing a mask, a sculptor's aim is to depict a person's psychological and moral characteristics, rather than provide a portrait. The sculptor begins by cutting a piece of wood and leaving it to dry in the sun; if it cracks, it cannot be used for a mask. African sculptors see wood as a complex living material and believe each piece can add its own feature to their work. Having made certain the wood is suitable, the sculptor begins, using an azde to carve the main features, a chisel to work on details and a rough leaf to sand the piece. He then paints the mask with pigments such as charcoal (to give a black colour), powders made from vegetable matter or trees (for ochre/earth tones) or mineral powders like clay (to give a white colour).

51. FABC Papers: 80 certain sacred objects such as the baga mask, the THE SOCIAL MARGINALIZATION OF TRIBAL peoples AND THEIR fact that both have to do with indigenous peoples. http://www.ucanews.com/html/fabc-papers/fabc-80.htm

FABC Paper No. 80 Evangelization Among the Indigenous Peoples of Asia A Report of a Conference on the Concerns of Indigenous Peoples Hua Hin, Thailand, September 3-8, 1995 I. The Challenge of Cultures by Archbishop Thomas Menamparambil II. Traditional Religions by Father Sebastian Karotemprel III. The Social Marginalization of Tribal Peoples by Bishop Francisco Claver IV. Recommendations of the Conference V. List of Participants INTRODUCTION Between September 3-8, 1995, a conference on "Evangelization among the Indigenous Peoples of Asia" was held in Hua Hin, Thailand. Organized by the Office of Evangelization of the Federation of Asian Bishops' Conferences, with the cooperation of the FABC Office for Ecumenical and Interreligious Affairs, this consultation brought together 45 participants from 10 Asian countries to study issues related to the indigenous peoples of Asia. About one-third of the participants themselves belonged to indigenous peoples. Defined as "people who were living on their lands before settlers came from elsewhere, the new arrivals later becoming dominant through conquest, occupation, or settlement," Asian indigenous peoples are often referred to as "tribals," or "aborigines," terms which they reject as perpetuating stereotypes that picture them as primitive and backward. The Indian term adivasi, meaning "original peoples,'' is much more acceptable.

52. Pinas -- Life & Times Kung baga noong araw matindi ang paintelektuwalan mula sa problema ng mga indigenous people, anti-colonial needs of impoverished countries of africa-in Benin http://www.pinas.ph/archives/2003-sept22-28/lifetimes.phtml

Rebolusyonaryong sining MALAKAS ang pangkulturang rebolusyon sa hanay ng kabataan at estudyante.noong huling yugto ng dekada ‘60 at maagang yugto ng dekada ‘70 bago ideklara ni Pangulong Marcos ang Batas Militar. Sabi nga ng ilang cultural activist, malakas ang intellectual movement noong mga panahong iyon. Kapag ikaw ay napadalaw sa mga campus makikita mo ang mga nagkukumpulang mga DG — discovery groups — na nag-didiscuss ng mga isyu tungkol sa tatlong salot ng lipunan: ang piyudalismo (iba ito sa Pidalismo), burukrata kapitalismo at imperyal-ismo. Sounds familiar ba?! Well, mabilis talaga magbago ang panahon. Napalitan na ‘ata ng mga corporate terms ang tatlong ‘ismo. Noong early seventies daw (oo nga pala, elementarya pa lang ako noon ha) ‘pag wala kang social consciousness burgis ka... madaling salita, ‘di ka in sa movement. Kung baga noong araw matindi ang pa-intelektuwalan sa loob at labas ng kampus. Naririyan ang diskusyun sa mga librong inakda nina Marx, Engels, Lenin at Mao. Ang mga isyu tungkol sa ating kolonyal na kultura laban sa umuusbong na makabayang paglulunsad ng kulturang nakabatay sa interes at aspirasyon ng masang Pilipino. Sa panahong ito tinawag itong national democratic movement sa panguguna ng maraming mass organization tulad Kabataang Makabayan (KM) at Samahang Demokratikong Kabataan (SDK).

53. Joshua Project - Peoples By Country Profiles People Name General Bassari, TandaMayo. indigenous Fellowship of 100+ http://www.joshuaproject.net/peopctry.php?rop3=111218&rog3=GV

54. The Blacksmith's Art From Africa to interpret the metallurgical processes the people witnessed when inexpensive iron onto the shores of africa. By 1920 indigenous furnaces ceased to produce http://www.africans-art.com/index.php3?action=page&id_art=363

55. Foster's Webpage the Jola of Casamance and the baga (modern Guinea life for 400 destitute mainly black people in London. immune to European diseases than indigenous Americans or http://scs.une.edu.au/StudentFiles/HomePages/312_2_02/foster_webpage/foster.html

GRADE 8 SOCIAL STUDIES RESOURCE WEB PAGE TEACHING AREA OVERVIEW My teaching KLA is Ancient African History at the high school (History 14-15 yrs). TEACHING PHILOSOPHY Links for Ancient African History: For all the information Slave trade had on Africa, click here The African continent was bled of its human resources via all possible routes. Across the Sahara, through the Red Sea, from the Indian Ocean ports and across the Atlantic. At least ten centuries of slavery for the benefit of the Muslim countries (from the ninth to the nineteenth). For all information about how the Europeans came into contact with Africa click here At the end of the 14th century Europeans started to take people from Africa against their will. Initially they were mainly used as servants for the rich. For all the information about the roots of slave trade in Africa, click here Slavery can broadly be described as the ownership, buying and selling of human beings for the purpose of forced and unpaid labour. It is an ancient practice, mentioned in both the Bible and the Koran. For all the information about the losses of Africa in the slave trade in Africa, click here

56. The Material Culture Of Twins In West Africa. Information on Twins in West africa. From what I ve read and the people I ve spoken to, it This area is also reported to have an indigenous written language so http://www.sfu.ca/archaeology/museum/ndi/mystudy.html

My Study. The Material Culture of Twins in West Africa. Introduction. Background on Twins. Twins in West Africa. Bangolan People. ... Conclusion. Introduction: Ethnoarchaeology is the study of living societies in order to better understand the past. If we can learn the cultural dynamics of an existing culture, we may have more tools to interpret what we find in the archaeological record. Ethnoarchaeology often focuses particularly on the behaviour patterns responsible for creating physical objects and their spatial distribution. Material culture a reflection of our culture through the material goods we leave behind. For example if you look inside your house and imagine everything that would survive in the ground for a thousand years you soon realize that only non-organic, hard things would make it. Think again what this would tell people about how you live your everyday life, how you think, how you act, how you dress etc. It wouldn't tell them a lot, would it? You can now see one of the hardest parts of archaeology...using the leftovers to understand the complete culture! This study, using the ethnoarchaeological approach, is useful for helping archaeologists in West Africa to understand what they find in an excavation. The reason I chose to do this particular study is personal. My husband is from Cameroon and we were lucky enough to have identical twin boys.

57. African Art. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001 of the people’s sedentary lifestyles) in indigenous art. 3. The Bambara people of W Mali are famous for their The art of the baga of NW Guinea includes snake http://www.bartleby.com/65/af/Africana.html

Select Search All Bartleby.com All Reference Columbia Encyclopedia World History Encyclopedia Cultural Literacy World Factbook Columbia Gazetteer American Heritage Coll. Dictionary Roget's Thesauri Roget's II: Thesaurus Roget's Int'l Thesaurus Quotations Bartlett's Quotations Columbia Quotations Simpson's Quotations Respectfully Quoted English Usage Modern Usage American English Fowler's King's English Strunk's Style Mencken's Language Cambridge History The King James Bible Oxford Shakespeare Gray's Anatomy Farmer's Cookbook Post's Etiquette Bulfinch's Mythology Frazer's Golden Bough All Verse Anthologies Dickinson, E. Eliot, T.S. Frost, R. Hopkins, G.M. Keats, J. Lawrence, D.H. Masters, E.L. Sandburg, C. Sassoon, S. Whitman, W. Wordsworth, W. Yeats, W.B. All Nonfiction Harvard Classics American Essays Einstein's Relativity Grant, U.S. Roosevelt, T. Wells's History Presidential Inaugurals All Fiction Shelf of Fiction Ghost Stories Short Stories Shaw, G.B. Stein, G. Stevenson, R.L. Wells, H.G. Reference Columbia Encyclopedia PREVIOUS NEXT ... BIBLIOGRAPHIC RECORD The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. African art art created by the peoples south of the Sahara.

58. Atlas - Guinea Map years ago Susu and Malinke (Maninka) people began to encroach on the baga, Koniagi (Coniagui informal newsletters are also published in indigenous languages. http://www.map.freegk.com/guinea/guinea.php

Introduction People History Culture ... Disputes Guinea Introduction Back to Top Guinea, Republic of, formerly People's Revolutionary Republic of Guinea, independent nation in western Africa, bounded on the north-west by Guinea-Bissau and Senegal; on the north-east by Mali; on the east and south-east by Côte d'Ivoire; on the south by Liberia and Sierra Leone; and on the west by the Atlantic Ocean. A former French colony, Guinea became independent on October 2, 1958. The total area of the country, including the Iles de Los lying off the coast, near Conakry, the capital, is 245,857 sq km (94,926 sq mi). Official Name- Republic of Guinea Capital City -Conakry Population- 7,610,000 Languages -French (official), and local dialects Official Currency -Guinea Franc Religions- Muslim, others Land Area -245,860 sq km (94,926 sq miles) Guinea Provinces Back to Top 33 prefectures and 1 special zone (zone special)*; Beyla, Boffa, Boke, Conakry*, Coyah, Dabola, Dalaba, Dinguiraye, Dubreka, Faranah, Forecariah, Fria, Gaoual, Gueckedou, Kankan, Kerouane, Kindia, Kissidougou, Koubia, Koundara, Kouroussa, Labe, Lelouma, Lola, Macenta, Mali, Mamou, Mandiana, Nzerekore, Pita, Siguiri, Telimele, Tougue, Yomou. Guinea People Back to Top Besides the diplomatic community and a growing number of expatriate teachers and technical advisers, the number of non-Guinean residents has increased considerably since 1984. This community includes Lebanese and Syrian traders and a growing number of French engaged in agriculture, business, and technical occupations.

59. The Senegambian Akonting Like most of the indigenous ethnic groups of the Senegambian region, the baga, the Serere the New World, which is still the style used by the people who play http://members01.chello.se/abzu/akonting/akont.html

The Senegambian Akonting The Origin of the Banjo Daniel Lemon Jatta (MBA) One of the earliest artistic works of the Jola ethnic group. A possible ancestor to the Southern American folk gourd banjo. The Leading Banjo-like Lute in the Senegambian region of West Africa Today. “The lost of the Southern American folk gourd banjo, which was one of the first artistic work of humankind both in the old and new world, together with its wonderful artists who created blues, jazz and rock music, should not be allowed to happen again to any other instrument be it African, Asian, European or American.” //Svensk text// I honestly agree, there is a considerable volume of work produced by both European and American scholars on the modern commercial American banjo, but there is still a great imbalance on the amount of work done on the Southern American folk gourd banjo, which evolved the modern banjo, by the same scholars. The progress I achieved in the southern American folk banjo research, over the past 29 years, owes a great deal to the humble work of my father and mother who taught me my culture and its traditions, the Akonting players and Akonting historians of Mandinari and Cassamance that I met in the Senegambian region during the entire course the research, as well as my sponsors and supporters at Vuxensskolan (Greta Englund and Gaston Willaman) and the rest of the institutions staff. I am also indebted to my great friend and banjo scholar Ulf Jagfors who first accepted my research, help to introduce me to the banjo community, and who continues to share with me his research interest and keep me informed of all the new developments on the banjo.

60. EJVS 7-3.htm god (though probably from N. Iranian *baga), Skt all, of IndoAryans or of other people from outside He stresses indigenous cultural continuity from c. 7000 BCE http://www.people.fas.harvard.edu/~witzel/EJVS-7-3.htm

ELECTRONIC JOURNAL OF VEDIC STUDIES (EJVS) Vol. 7 (2001), issue 3 (May 25) CONTENTS E DITOR'S NOTE ARTICLE Michael Witzel Autochthonous Aryans? The Evidence from Old Indian and Iranian Texts. EDITOR'S NOTE This issue deals with the perennial "Aryan question". Some amount of confusion still reigns with regard to the terms 'Arya' or 'Aryans' that represent the language, the culture, the religion, the people, and for some, even the 'race' of a certain section of prehistoric South Asians. A clarification and discussion of the available data is in order. The following paper deals with these issues and to a large degree, with the much debated question of the origin of the Arya: Either they are indigenous to early South Asia or their existence is due to a (partial) influx of a language and a culture that was of non-South Asian origins. As in all the sciences, this debate should simply be a question of evidence and proof, in this case one based on linguistic, textual, archaeological, anthropological, genetic, etc. data. However, the issue has become increasingly politicized. By now, it is the focal issue of recent revisionist rewriting of old Indian history and even underlies much of contemporary Indian politics. The present paper, however, is not concerned with these political aspects, but with the methods used and the facts that can be retrieved for an adequate description of the original Aryans (technically, 'Indo-Aryans') of early South Asia. Some of the questions asked here and answered below are the following.

A  B  C  D  E  F  G  H  I  J  K  L  M  N  O  P  Q  R  S  T  U  V  W  X  Y  Z

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