41. Azerbaijan-Islam And Middle East architecture, carpets, and music. Jewish History of Azerbaijan Offers a detailed history of the Jewish people in azerbaijan history. http://www.ou.edu/mideast/country/azerbaij.htm

SITE COUNTRIES SITE CATEGORIES Links on this page: Culture ... Economy Azerbaijan CIA World Factbook US State Department Background Notes Library of Congress Country Study World Bank Map from CIA World Factbook 200 Additional Links Do you have a link to contribute? Please use this online form to submit your suggestions. Culture Azerbaijan Internet Links : Information of Regions and Cities, economy, society and culture, and news Virtual Azerbaijan: Comprehensive site includes politics, economy, business, culture, Karabakh conflict, links, articles, and more. A to Z of Azerbaijan : General, cultural, and tourist information and services. Azerbaijan : The country, its history, immigrants to the US, and more. Culture and Arts of the Azerbaijan Republic : Museums, architecture, links and more. Lonelyplanet: Destination Azerbaijan - information on events, attractions, activities, and transportation for the independent traveler. Baku, Capitol of Azerbaijan : Information over the capitol of Azerbaijan, Baku. About Azerbaijan : Azerbaijan information includes Anthems, Defense, Economy, Flags, Geography, Government, Maps, News, and Weather

42. Azerbaijan Page from Baku Azerbaijani Diaspora Baku a tour of the city in pictures Another site with very good pictures of Baku azerbaijan history Pages azerbaijan history http://sunse.jinr.ru/~mehdiyev/azeri.html

Welcome to Page at Dubna Hello ! This is a Home Page of Azerbaijani physicists working at Joint Institute for Nuclear Research Dubna Useful information about our republic: More detailed map Remembering "Black January": A Decade after Black January - 1990 Azerbaijan Democratic Republic 80-th Anniversary Day ... Art Gallery featuring Azeri Artists Links to some of the Azerbaijan Web pages in the cyberspace: AZERBAIJAN Home Page Baku Web Page AZERBAIJAN International Magazine Azerbaijan President's Home Page ... Azeriland Thank you for the visit. Rashid Mehdiyev Last Updated - 31,May 2000 mehdiyev@sunse.jinr.ru

43. Baku-Capital City Of Azerbaijan The first two decades of the 18th century mark a deci sive moment in azerbaijan s history the beginning of Russian influence in the area, as Peter I (the Great http://www.baku.com/

WELCOME TO BAKU The capital of Azerbaijan HISTORY ECONOMY INDUSTRIES INVESTMENTS ... PHOTOS The capital of Azerbaijan, Baku is located on the western shore of the Caspian Sea and is one of Azerbaijan's largest cities. The center of Baku is the old town, which is also a fortress. Most of the walls, strengthened afterthe Russian conquest in 1806, survive. This section is picturesque, with its maze of narrow alleys and ancient buildings. Part of a palace, a mosque, and a minaret date from the 11th century. Modern Baku spreads out from the walls, its streets and buildings rising up hills that rim the Bay of Baku. Greater Baku is divided into 11 districts and 48 townships. Among these are townships on islands in the bay and one island built on stilts in the Caspian Sea, 60 miles (100 kilometers) from Baku proper. INFORMATION ABOUT AZERBAIJAN MEMBERSHIP IN MAJOR INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS United Nations Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe (CSCE) Organization of the Islamic Conference (OIC) International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) World Health Organization (WHO) AZERBAIJANIS IN THE UNITED STATES Today, there are approximately 400,000 Azerbaijani Americans living in the United States, the majority of them being originally from Southern (Iranian) Azerbaijan. California, with a population of 100,000 Azerbaijani-Americans, is home to the largest Azerbaijani-American community in the U.S. The greater Washington, D.C. and New York areas account for the second largest population of Azeris living in the United States. Many Azerbaijanis now living in the United States originally came here for their education; they now occupy many professional positions. Recently, several cultural and social Azerbaijani organizations have emerged in North America that are ac tive in promoting Azerbaijani-American relations.

44. 9.3 Writing Azerbaijan's History - Digging For The Truth - Farid Alakbarov Kamilla took a first place in International Competition in Jerusalem in 1991, when azerbaijan gained its independence, much of azerbaijan's history has been revised a negative role in azerbaijan. " history of azerbaijan" states "Islam, similar to http://www.azer.com/aiweb/categories/magazine/93_folder/93_articles/93_farid_ala

Autumn 2001 (9.3) Writing Azerbaijan's History Digging for the Truth by Farid Alakbarov Photos: Archives of Baku's Institute of Manuscripts In terms of remembering their own history, Azerbaijanis are suffering from a collective case of amnesia - but much of it really isn't their own fault. Throughout 70 years of Soviet rule, Azerbaijani history was twisted and manipulated to suit the needs of the Communist regime. Today it is extremely frustrating and difficult to track down even basic information related to specific names, dates or figures - especially if they relate to pre-Soviet eras like the turn-of-the-century Oil Boom and Azerbaijan's brief period of independence (1918-1920). Even earlier eras have been completely distorted. I believe that someday a comprehensive, objective, non-ideological history of Azerbaijan will be written, but not today. It will take time to cultivate a culture of calm, rational scientific debate. Science must be free of ideology. Azerbaijani historians are now sorting through the confusion, working to unravel the threads and clues deliberately squelched by "historians" of the Soviet era. Here Farid Alakbarov leads us through the specifics of how Azerbaijani history is being rewritten, now that it no longer has to be viewed through the lens of Soviet ideology.

45. Jewish History Of Azerbaijan Jewish history of azerbaijan. Persian Times. Russian Times. In the 70s and 80s. The Mid1990s. azerbaijan, one of the independent states of the CIS. It gained its independence with the breakup of the http://www.heritagefilms.com/AZERBAIJAN.html

Jewish History of Azerbaijan Persian Times Russian Times In the 70s and 80s The Mid-1990s AZERBAIJAN, one of the independent states of the CIS. It gained its independence with the breakup of the U.S.S.R. top Persian Times Former northwestern province of Iran. There have been Jewish settlements in Azerbaijan ever since Jews first settled in Persia. However, their presence is attested by documentary evidence only from the 12th century. Benjamin of Tudela (c. 1165) refers in his "Travels" to a chain of "more than a hundred congregations in the Haftan mountains up to the frontiers of Media," which included Persian Azerbaijan. Samuel b. Yahya al-Maghribi relates that David Alroy (12th century) found adherents for his messianic movement in such cities as Khoi, Salmas, Tabriz, Maragha, and Urmia (Rizaiyeh). When after 1258 Hulagu Khan established his residence in Tabriz, the new center attracted many Jewish settlers. Saad al-Dawla (d. 1291) made his career there as courtier. Tabriz, Sultaniyya, and other places in Azerbaijan continued to be a scene of Jewish events in the 13th and 14th centuries. Azerbaijan was also a Karaite center. Under the Safavids, Jews are mentioned in several districts. The Jews in Azerbaijan survived persecutions in the 17th century. Between 1711 and 1713 an emissary

46. Welcome To Azerbaijan of the present day Republic of azerbaijan, while southern azerbaijan covered an area in what is now a deci sive moment in azerbaijan's history the beginning of Russian influence http://www.brittany-net.com/azerbaijan.html

GENERAL INFORMATION MEMBERSHIP IN MAJOR INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS United Nations Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe (CSCE) Organization of the Islamic Conference (OIC) International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) World Health Organization (WHO) AZERBAIJANIS IN THE UNITED STATES Today, there are approximately 400,000 Azerbaijani Americans living in the United States, the majority of them being originally from Southern (Iranian) Azerbaijan. California, with a population of 100,000 Azerbaijani-Americans, is home to the largest Azerbaijani-American community in the U.S. The greater Washington, D.C. and New York areas account for the second largest population of Azeris living in the United States. Many Azerbaijanis now living in the United States originally came here for their education; they now occupy many professional positions. Recently, several cultural and social Azerbaijani organizations have emerged in North America that are ac tive in promoting Azerbaijani-American relations. INDUSTRY Although Azerbaijan has traditionally relied on imports for its raw materials, much of them from the former Soviet republics, its industrial sector is well diversified with a production capacity able to sustain a steady export program. In 1991, the Azerbaijan food industry, with 31 percent of total industrial output, led all industrial production, followed by light industry (19 percent), energy (12 percent), and machine-building industry (II percent). Wine production dominates the food industry of Azerbaijan, accounting for almost 50 percent of this market's share. Production of textiles (accounting for 13 percent of all " industrial output), carpets,leather products, as well as toys, furniture and bicycles, constitute the bulk of Azerbaijan's light industry. The machine building industry (other than oil equip ment) produces equipment mainly for agriculture, road construction, light industry and the food industry.

47. Azerbaijan Essay on azerbaijan including the countries history, demographics, geography, and politics. http://www-scf.usc.edu/~baguirov/azeri/azerbaijan4.htm

48. AZERBAIJAN - History The azerbaijan Pages. history. A major source is " The azerbaijani Turks Power and Identity under Russian Rule" described as "one of the most significant figures in the azerbaijan Crisis of http://www.friends-partners.org/oldfriends/azerbaijan/history.html

The Azerbaijan Pages History A major source is... "The Azerbaijani Turks - Power and Identity under Russian Rule" by: Audrey L Altstadt ISBN: 0-8179-9181-6 $38.95 (hardback) $18.95 (paperback) From: Hoover Institution Press Stanford University Stanford CA 94305-6010 Tel: 415 723 3373 Fax: 415 723 1687 One source which has been recommended is: The Memoirs of General Ali-Akbar Derakshani described as "one of the most significant figures in the Azerbaijan Crisis of 1945". Please note that this title is in Persian The Iranbooks Home Page may also be of interest. Iranbooks Inc is at: 8014 Old Georgetown Road Bethesda MD 20814 USA Tel: (301) 986-0079 Fax: (301) 907-8707 Email: iranbook@ix.netcom.com For recent history relating to the conflict over Nagorno Karabakh, see "Azerbaijan - seven years of conflict in Nagorno Karabakh" Published by Human Rights Watch / Helsinki. For the 19th Century, see... "Turks and Tartars" - an exhibit of the Interactive History Project, which includes some GIF images of 19th century Baku. Contents Communicate with author

49. Azerbaijan Early History - Flags, Maps, Economy, Geography, Climate, Natural Res azerbaijan Early history Flags, Maps, Economy, Geography, Climate, Natural Resources, Current Issues, International Agreements, Population, Social Statistics http://www.workmall.com/wfb2001/azerbaijan/azerbaijan_history_early_history.html

HISTORY INDEX Country Ranks Introduction History ... [TOP] Azerbaijan Early History http://workmall.com/wfb2001/azerbaijan/azerbaijan_history_early_history.html Source: The Library of Congress Country Studies < BACK TO HISTORY CONTENTS As a crossroads of tribal migration and military campaigns, Azerbaijan underwent a series of invasions and was part of several larger jurisdictions before the beginning of the Christian era. Persian and Greek Influences In the ninth century B.C., the seminomadic Scythians settled in areas of what is now Azerbaijan. A century later, the Medes, who were related ethnically to the Persians, established an empire that included southernmost Azerbaijan. In the sixth century B.C., the Archaemenid Persians, under Cyrus the Great, took over the western part of Azerbaijan when they subdued the Assyrian Empire to the west. In 330 B.C., Alexander the Great absorbed the entire Archaemenid Empire into his holdings, leaving Persian satraps to govern as they advanced eastward. According to one account, Atropates, a Persian general in Alexander's command, whose name means "protected by fire," lent his name to the region when Alexander made him its governor. Another legend explains that Azerbaijan's name derives from the Persian words meaning "the land of fire," a reference either to the natural burning of surface oil deposits or to the oil-fueled fires in temples of the once-dominant Zoroastrian religion (see Religion , this ch.).

50. Frequently Asked Questions About Karabakh War to belong to Armenia and in 1923 Josef Stalin transformed it to azerbaijan. information sources, thus justifying the wrong perception of the region¹s history. http://www.angelfire.com/ct/fariz/FAQ.html

var cm_role = "live" var cm_host = "angelfire.lycos.com" var cm_taxid = "/memberembedded" Frequently Asked Questions about Karabakh War Questions- Answers about Nagorno- Karabakh War. (This is the map of Azerbaijan. The colored area is occupied by Armenia. You can also see the tent camps of 1 million Azeri refugees) 1) How was Karabakh region created? Karabakh region never officially belonged to Armenia, simply because there was never an independent Armenian state after 387, when Iran and Roman empire divided Armenia. Karabakh region was always either under Turkish, Iranian or Azeri rule. Up until 1828, when Russian Empire entered Caucasus and conquered the Transcaucasus region, the Karabakh population was predominately Azeri. Later, the Russian Tsar regime, trying to gain support in local communities, moved large number of Christian Armenain population into Karabakh, thus offsetting the Muslim Azeries.The last Karabakh ruler- Panakh Ali Khan was ethnic Azeri and his headquarters were in Shusha, hometown to many famous Azeri singers, composers and writers. 2) Is the Karabakh war between Azerbaijan and Karabakh or Azerbaijan and Armenia?

51. Republic Of Azerbaijan - History /Back/. This is Fire Temple. People use to believe that is a Gods fire. Palace of Shirvan s Shach. Stone Age. Gobustan stones with prehistorically art. http://www.angelfire.com/on/eltal/history.html

var cm_role = "live" var cm_host = "angelfire.lycos.com" var cm_taxid = "/memberembedded" /Back/ This is Fire Temple. People use to believe that is a Gods fire. Palace of Shirvan's Shach. Stone Age. Gobustan stones with prehistorically art. " Giz Galsi " - Maiden Tower. "She laved him, but she was a Princes and he was stonemason. Her father immures her in Tower. And she killed her self. She jumped."

52. History Of Azerbaijan - Azerb.com An illustrated history of the Republic of azerbaijan from the ancient empires to the third millennium. history of azerbaijan, Azerb.com. Ancient Empires. http://www.travel-images.com/az-hist.html

History of Azerbaijan Azerb.com Ancient Empires Several ancient tribes inhabited the land of Azerbaijan, and some areas became known after these tribes: Caspian, Mannai, Media and Caucasian Albania. Some of the states that emerged in the area from the 3rd millennium BC were powerful and quite advanced, specially the Mannai and the Medes. The Medes invaded the kingdom of the Mannai in the Xth century BC. The Medes, an ancient Indo-European people, ancestors of the modern Kurds, eventually built their empire, Media, stretching as far west as Cappadocia. By the 8th century BC Media was raided and settled - but not defeated - by the Scynthians, coming from the banks of the Black sea. In 550 BC the king of the Medes, Astyages, was defeated and imprisoned by his grandson Cyrus II the Great, and the region was first integrated into the Persian empire. This mighty state reached from the Caspian to the Indian ocean. Only the Greeks resisted the power of Persia, and defeated first Darius I at Marathon and then his son Xerxes I at Salamina and Plateias. By the 4th century BC they reached Azerbaijan, under Alexander the Great , who defeated Darius III at Isso, Granic and Erbil, and later reached the heart of the Persian empire, destroying Persepolis itself. The king of minor Media, Atropat, seized this moment to proclaim his country's independence. The lands north of the Araz river were called Atropatene, after him. (while most popular story regarding the origin of the name Azerbaijan traces it to the Persian word for fire 'azer', another version derives the name from Atropatene). After Alexander's death his empire fragmented and Azerbaijan was integrated in the area controlled by one of his generals: Seleucus. He ruled over the Persian empire and founded the Seleucid dynasty.

53. A To Z Of Azerbaijan - AZERB.COM / A Dan Z Ye Azerbaycan Travel guide to azerbaijan. Includes tourist information, maps, photos, history, culture, contacts, and weather. http://www.travel-images.com/azerb.html

54. History Museum Of Azerbaijan basis of monuments of material culture, original documents of a political history and socially economic life of the country history of azerbaijan from most http://www.culture.az/museums/history/histor_e.htm

History Museum of Azerbaijan of Academy of Sciences The History Museum of Azerbaijan of Academy of Sciences of Azerbaijan, (briefly - the History Museum) is the head museum of the Republic. It is situated at one of the most beautiful buildings in Baku - in a former private residence of an oil industrialist, famous chariter and Maecenas - Gadji Zeynalabdin Tagiyev. Necklace "Bogazalty". Silver. Filigree (20th c. ) The useful area of the building makes 3.000 square meters. From them 2.000 are allocated for a scientific exposition where on the basis of monuments of material culture, original documents of a political history and socially - economic life of the country history of Azerbaijan from most ancient times up to our era is reflected.The History Museum of Azerbaijan is going to be 80 years old soon. It was founded on the basis of the exhibits of the "Istiglal" museum, that was founded on the order of the government of the First Sovereign Azerbaijan Republic in 1919. Numismatic fund - more than 150.000 units

55. The History Of Oil In Azerbaijan By Natig Aliyev The history of Oil in azerbaijan. by Natig Aliyev. The history of azerbaijan and its capital Baku is indissolubly connected with oil from the earliest days. http://www.azer.com/aiweb/categories/magazine/22_folder/22_articles/22_historyof

Summer 1994 (2.2) The History of Oil in Azerbaijan by Natig Aliyev The history of Azerbaijan and its capital Baku is indissolubly connected with oil from the earliest days. In ancient manuscripts, written prior to the time of Christ, references are made to oil extraction from wells and its utilization in life, construction, medicine and the military. Baku is referred to in these documents. Ancient Knowledge of Oil in Baku More than 2600 years ago, people already knew the value of this "fire water." During the siege of Persia in 331 BC, Alexander the Great's tent was lit by fire vessels made of clay and filled with oil taken from inhabitants living near the Caspian seaside. Oil was one of the elements of the famous "Greek Fire" used by the Arabs as an incendiary mixture. It was used by the Greeks to burn their enemy's navy an idea that many cities and fortresses would use themselves later on in defense. The first reliable information about oil extraction on the Absheron Peninsula, where Baku is located, dates to the 7th and 8th centuries. At that time, the oil was taken primarily by very primitive or natural ways. In the 10th century, the Arabian traveler, Marudee, reported that both white and black oil were being extracted naturally from Baku.

56. Columbus World Travel Guide - Asia - Azerbaijan - History And Government World Travel Guide azerbaijan - history and Government - includes information on the constitution and politics. http://www.worldtravelguide.net/data/aze/aze580.asp

OAS_sitepage = URL + '/Asia/Azerbaijan/HistoryandGovernment'; document.write('Research Azerbaijan hotels at TripAdvisor'); Contact Addresses Overview General Information Passport/Visa ... Asia /Azerbaijan AZERBAIJAN History and Government History: Over the centuries, Azerbaijan has enjoyed only brief periods of independent statehood, in between the longer periods spent icorporated into the major regional empires. This process began with the Arabs in the seventh century, during which period Islam was established as the predominant religion. In the 11th century, the Seljuk Turks established a Turkish dialect as the main language in the territory. Thereafter, Azerbaijan was influenced by both the Ottoman Turks, lying on the border of their empire, and the Iranians, from whom they acquired an adherence to the Shia branch of Islam. In 1828, the Russians, in the course of their drive southwards, took over the northern part of Azerbaijan, which now comprises the modern republic; the southern part remained a province of Iran. The oil boom, which began in the late-19th century, transformed the capital, Baku, into a cosmopolitan industrial centre, with a large proletariat living and working in appalling conditions. Subsequently, the city was a receptive target for the early Bolshevik movement – activists, including the young Josef Stalin, cut their political teeth organising Baku oil workers. Control of the oilfields led to a prolonged power struggle in Baku, following the 1917 revolution. The Bolsheviks eventually prevailed and the Red Army entered Azerbaijan in 1920. In 1922, the territory joined the USSR, assuming the status of the full Soviet republic in 1936.

57. Institute Of Inorganic And Physical Chemistry Of Azerbaijan Academy Of Sciences history, current status and achievements of the oldest chemical institute of azerbaijan Republic. http://www.geocities.com/CapeCanaveral/8786/

INSTITUTE OF INORGANIC AND PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY AZERBAIJAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCES Welcome to the homepage of IIPC AAS announcing the history and the current status of the oldest and one of the basic chemical institutes of the Azerbaijan Republic. The page is mastering by Dr. Kasum M. Akhmedly, the Head Scientist of IIPC AAS There are several mirrors of this site. Unfortunately some of them are bombing by advertisements from WPP's. If you want always to have the most convinient access to this page please bookmark the IIPC start point on the Apmail which wiil redirect you to the best mirror for the moment offered by the author. However it's up to you. Here is the list of all the mirrors: IIPC start point on the Apmail IIPC homepage on the GeoCities ... Viaduk CONTENTS General Information About IIPC Laboratories Some Current Orientations Our Celebrities Calendar of Events The Guest Book Azerbaijan Academy of Sciences Azerbaijan Republic on the Internet The World of Chemistry General Information Address: 29, H.Javid Prosp., 370143 Baku, Azerbaijan Republic Foundation date: Director : Corresponding Member AAS,

58. Azerbaijan/History - Encyclopedia Article About Azerbaijan/History. Free Access, encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/azerbaijan%2Fhistory More results from encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com New Independent States azerbaijan / history and Resources azerbaijan - a nation of Turkic Muslims - has been an independent republic since. Basic Facts. history. the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991. http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Azerbaijan/History

Dictionaries: General Computing Medical Legal Encyclopedia Azerbaijan/History Word: Word Starts with Ends with Definition The history of Azerbaijan , a nation in the Caucasus The Caucasus is a region in eastern Europe and western Asia between the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea which includes the Caucasus mountains and surrounding lowlands. The highest peak is Elbrus (5642m). The independent nations that comprise today's Caucasus include Russia (Northern Caucasus district), Georgia, Armenia, and Azerbaijan. Large, non-independent areas of the Caucasus include Ossetia, Chechnya, Ingushetia and Dagestan, among others. The Caucasus is one of the most linguistically and culturally diverse places on earth. Click the link for more information. , combines the heritage of two venerable civilizationsthe Seljuk Turks The Seljuk Turks (Arabic: ; also Seldjuk Seldjuq Seljuq ) were a major branch of the Oghuz Turks and a dynasty that occupied parts of Central Asia and the Middle East in the 9th to 13th century. The Seljuks migrated into Persia in the 10th century while fighting with various tribes on their way. They accepted Sunni Islam and established a state that eventually grew into an empire. The lands of the Seljuk empire, called the Great Seljuk, covered approximately today's Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Kazakhstan, Turkey, all of the Middle East and a part of the Arabian peninsula. An Oghuz Click the link for more information.

59. Ganja - The Memories Of Stones ... Excellent all covering website about azerbaijan's beautiful city of Ganje. The web-site includes information about history and present of the city with lots of photos. http://ganca.aznet.org/

History Present Day Ganjavians Yellow Pages ... Azerbaijan version Russian version This project is made possible by the Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs of the U.S. Department of State and administerd by the

60. Azerbaijan - History, News And Information About Armenia Little is known about azerbaijan s history until its conquest and conversion to Islam by the Arabs in 642 AD. Centuries of prosperity http://www.russiannewsnetwork.com/countries/azerbaijan.html

Russian News Network Home Republic of Azerbaijan Short Form: Azerbaijan Geography Location:Southwestern Asia Azerbaijan borders the Caspian Sea, between Iran and Russia, with a small European portion north of the Caucasus range Area Admin Regions by Area Total: 86,600 sq km Land: 86,100 sq km Water: 500 sq km Population Population by Administrative Regions Total: 7,830,764 Ethnic groups: Azeri 90%, Dagestani 3.2%, Russian 2.5%, Armenian 2%, other 2.3% note: almost all Armenians live in the separatist Nagorno-Karabakh region Religions: Muslim 93.4%, Russian Orthodox 2.5%, Armenian Orthodox 2.3%, other 1.8% note: religious affiliation is still nominal in Azerbaijan; percentages for actual practicing adherents are much lower Languages: Azerbaijani (Azeri) 89%, Russian 3%, Armenian 2%, other 6% Principal Cities Cities Ranked by Population Capital: Baku (Baki) Short History Azerbaijan combines the heritage of two venerable civilizationsthe Seljuk Turks of the 11th century and the ancient Persians. Its name is thought to be derived from the Persian phrase "Land of Fire," referring both to its petroleum deposits, known since ancient times, and to its status as a former center of the Zoroastrian faith. The Azerbaijani Republic borders the Iranian provinces of East and West Azerbaijan, although they have not been united into a single state in modern times. Little is known about Azerbaijan's history until its conquest and conversion to Islam by the Arabs in 642 AD. Centuries of prosperity as a province of the Muslim caliphate followed. After the decline of the Arab Empire, Azerbaijan was ravaged during the Mongol invasions but regained prosperity in the 13th-15th centuries under the Mongol II-Khans, the native Shirvan Shahs, and under Persia's Safavid Dynasty.

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