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         Avalanche Disasters:     more books (30)
  1. Preliminary investigation of the Phalombe rock avalanche/flush flood disaster by Aaron S. O Mwafulirwa, 1991
  2. Avalanche the Thrilling Story of a Great Natural Disaster and of the People Cought Init by Joseph Wechsberg, 1958
  3. Avalanche Safety for Skiers, Climbers and Snowboarders by Tony Daffern, 2000-02-01
  4. The Avalanche Handbook by David McClung, Peter Schaerer, 1993-10
  5. Avalanche Safety for Skiers and Climbers by Tony Daffern, 1983-01-01
  6. Snow Sense: A Guide to Evaluating Snow Avalanche Hazard by Jill A. Fredston, Doug Fesler, 1999-05
  7. In the Path of an Avalanche: A True Story by Vivien Bowers, 2003-10-03
  8. Avalanche Aware: Safe Travel in Avalanche Country by John Moynier, 1998-10-01
  9. Avalanche Handbook by Ronald I. Perla, M., Jr. Martinelli, 2004-07-30
  10. Wild Earth: Avalanche by Lorraine Jean Hopping, 2002-12-01
  11. Snow Avalanche Hazards and Mitigation in the United States by Committee on Ground Failure Hazards Mitigation Research, National ResearchCouncil, 1990-01-01
  12. The White Death: Tragedy and Heroism in an Avalanche Zone by Mckay Jenkins, 2000-02-15
  13. Wrestling over the Arctic -- and Antarctic; Avalanche of claims, debates and accusations are poles apart.(Focus): An article from: Winnipeg Free Press by Gale Reference Team, 2007-10-28
  14. The Snowy Torrents: Avalanche Accidents in the United States 1980-86, Special Series 39 (Colorado Geological Survey special publication) by Nick Logan, 1996-09-01

21. Study On More Accurate Evaluation Of Snow Avalanches
In this way,human casualties due to snow avalanche disasters occupyeven nowadays the large ratio among snowice acidents. In this
http://www.bosai.go.jp/seppyo/kenkyu_naiyou/kako_kenkyu/reseach2/nadare_kikendo_
Study on more accurate evaluation of snow avalanches A snow avalanche accident occuerred 57 times and took a loss of 11 lives in 1995/96 winter season. In this way,human casualties due to snow avalanche disasters occupy even nowadays the large ratio among snow-ice acidents. In this study, we are aiming to elucidate a route and run-out distance of a snow avalanche through site investigation of snow avalanche disaster and through simulation by using the simulated materials and computer simulations. In addition, a risk of snow avalanche occurrence has been analyzed by using the satellite data and so forth, and hence a map showing snow avalanche risks has been being developed. This map showing snow avalnche risks is utilized for selecting and designing an optimum place to set snow avalanche prevention facilities, and furthermore for analyzing their effects. Nou-Machi,Niigata Prefecture
A photo showing an image of JAvalanchewhich is a risk evaluation program developed by this study, to predict a sliding route of an avalanche. This software, which is a simulation model of now avalanche movement, can be applied for any actually existing terrains. Back to List of Former Research
Back to List of Research

22. OPTIMUM PROBING FOR AVALANCHE VICTIMS
the rescuers and the victim will be given a fighting chance by the introduction ofthe following situation which is typical of avalanche disasters occurring in
http://www.avalanche.org/~moonstone/rescue/optimum probing for avalanche victims
U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
FOREST SERVICE
ALTA AVALANCHE STUDY CENTER
Miscellaneous Report No. 13
OPTIMUM PROBING FOR AVALANCHE VICTIMS
Ronald I. Perla Wasatch National Forest
June 1967
Introduction
The technological problems connected with the development of a "wonder searching instrument" are immense. Until science presents us with this instrument we must use classical search devices. At present,, the avalanche dog and the avalanche probe are in most general acceptance. Should the avalanche dog fail, or not be available as is the case in so many localities the victim's chances depend on the effectiveness of a probing operation.
This paper will examine probing methodology and attempt to justify a set of guidelines for the rescue leader to follow.
Each avalanche disaster is unique and ultimately the rescue leader makes certain decisions to maximize the victim's chances of survival within the limitations of a safe and sane operation. Very often the rescue leader must choose between various courses of action; the correct choice is the one which gives the highest probability of finding the victim alive. This choice may not be the same one which will give the highest probability of simply finding the victim - dead or alive. Specifically, three judgement decisions will be discussed. Resolving these three decisions is of intrinsic importance. However, equally important are the possibilities of extending the proposed solutions to related rescue problems. The three specific judgement decisions in question are:

23. Preparedness Of
two people employed ABSTRACT in the field of avalanches and a few snow observerssta In the wake of avalanche disasters in the last year that left tioned at
http://www.avalanche.org/~issw/96/art_10_.html
H a z a r d M a n a g e m e n t a n d P u b l i c Wa r n i n g
Preparedness of the Icelandic Meteorological Office in response to potential avalanche danger
Mar
Icelandic Meteorological Office,
Bustadarvegi 9.
IS -150 Reykjavik. Key Words: Avalanche, Evacuation, Monitoring, Defenses, people to realize that this is indeed a very serious threat in
Risk Iceland.
Eighteen months ago there were two people employed
ABSTRACT in the field of avalanches and a few snow observers sta-
In the wake of avalanche disasters in the last year that left tioned at the threatenedvillages but their work was mostly
36 people dead, the law in Iceland concerning avalanche voluntary since no funding was available to employ them safety was changed. In addition to monitoring potential to the extent that wasactuallyneeded. Now there are seven avalanchesituations, the responsibility of defining evacu- people employedfull time at IMO andsnow observers have ation areas and ordering evacuationswas given to the Ice- been employedat severalcommunities in varying capacity, landic Meteorological Office (IMO).

24. RTRI REPORT Vol.12 No.12 ABSTRACT
New Alarm System for Preventing avalanche disasters Using Vibration Sensors. ShigehiroIIKURA, Katsuhisa KAWASHIMA, Toru ENDO Ryoji IZUNAMI, Toshishige FUJII.
http://www.rtri.or.jp/infoce/rtrirep/1998/abst/rep12_papers2.html
RTRI REPORT December 1998
New Alarm System for Preventing Avalanche Disasters Using Vibration Sensors
Shigehiro IIKURA, Katsuhisa KAWASHIMA, Toru ENDO
Ryoji IZUNAMI, Toshishige FUJII
To improve the safety of railways in snowy regions, we are developing a new alarm system for preventing avalanche disasters. This system is composed of a detecting unit, signal conversion device and alarm device. The detecting unit installed at a slope subject to avalanches detects vibration due to avalanches strike with a built in small vibration sensor. Operating tests of the new system were carried out using a snow avalanche chute at the Shiozawa Snow Testing Station. The tests revealed that the system can not only detect the occurrence of avalanche, but also judge its scale. Trains may securely be stopped by this system, therefore, when an avalanche has occurred.

25. Avalanche Resources
avalanche journal newspaper; natural avalanche disasters; toy avalanchetrucks; CHEVROLET AVALANCHE; Avalanche Press; avalanche rescue;
http://www.salary-comparison-and-calculator.com/avalanche.html
avalanche
CLICK HERE TO ENTER AVALANCHE RESOURCES
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  • 26. Colorado Avalanche At Bookdigger.com
    Colorado avalanche disasters. Home Sports 1, 2000). Colorado AvalancheDisasters Available from Amazon Price $12.95 Updated on 521-2004
    http://www.bookdigger.com/sports_books/c/Colorado_Avalanche/Colorado_Avalanche_D
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    Hobby Magazines Cook Books ... Help Colorado Avalanche Disasters Home Sports Books Colorado Avalanche Colorado Avalanche Disasters by John W. Jenkins (Paperback ) Sales Rank: 996,408 At Amazon on 6-7-2004 Paperback: 200 pages ; Dimensions (in inches): 0.25 x 8.00 x 5.00 Publisher: Western Reflections; (November 1, 2000) Colorado Avalanche Disasters Available from Amazon Price: $12.95 Updated on 6-7-2004 Search: All Products Books Magazines Popular Music Classical Music Video DVD Baby Electronics Software Outdoor Living Wireless Phones Keywords: NOTICE: All product prices, availability, and specifications are subject to verification by their respective retailers. info@bookdigger.com Last Modified : 6-7-2004 Powered by Bookshopmaker.com

    27. 26 Trekkers Die In Avalanches Near Everest *** From Ann And
    1995 44006 PST KATHMANDU, Nov 13 (Reuter) Rescuers resumed their search on Mondayfor survivors of one of Nepal s worst avalanche disasters which killed at
    http://www.sarinfo.bc.ca/Library/Rescues/Everest.NEP
    *** 26 Trekkers Die in Avalanches near Everest *** From: "Ann and Cameron."

    28. Experiences With The Austrian Powder Avalanche Model
    Studies of parameters from reconded avalanche disasters where the gradual changesin the sphere of influence were compared by the gradual reduction of the
    http://fbva.forvie.ac.at/inst8/publ/schaffhauser/model/model.html
    Experiences with the Austrian Powder Avalanche Model Horst Schaffhauser
    fbva.aiatr@magnet.at Abstract Most of the disasters in the years of 1974, 1984 and 1988 were caused by flowering avalanche with extremely high powder components. Therefore in 1991 a common research project was started between WLV (Austrian Torrent and Avalanche Control System), the Austrian Institute for Avalanche and Torrent Research (AIATR) at the FBVA (Federal Forest Research Station) and the AVL (Research for Fire Engine) in Graz/Austria developing a three dimensional numerical powder avalanche model for optimizing the hazard zoning. On hand of two events the results are discussed. Introduction and Objectives The effects of the powder part influence during the event in St. Anton 1988, which caused seven victims and severe damages was the final impact to develope more detailed avalanche models, based on a 3-dimensional fluid dynamics. In view of a practice-oriented improvement of the powder-snow avalanche model and for a technical and financial control the Federal Ministry for Agriculture and Forestry established a working group with representatives of the AVL, the WLV and the AITAR to optimize cooperation, the task were divided between those three institutes. The tasks of the AVL were:
    • to develope the gas dynamic numerical simulation model for the powder snow part of avalanches the user friendliness of the software

    29. Disasters Found In Our Database For The Search Type Avalanche Are
    Disasters found in our database for the search type Avalanche are Actual Date31/05/70. Disaster Type Avalanche. Disaster Name Mt. Husacaran.
    http://www.disastershq.com/process.asp?DisasterType=Avalanche

    30. The White Death : Tragedy And Heroism In An Avalanche Zone
    I was pleasantly surprised by the authors flowing writing style and the way heseamlessly incorporated historic details about avalanche disasters and the
    http://www.historyofmilitary.com/The_White_Death__Tragedy_and_Heroism_in_an_Aval
    The White Death : Tragedy and Heroism in an Avalanche Zone
    The White Death : Tragedy and Heroism in an Avalanche Zone

    by Authors: Mckay Jenkins
    Released: 13 February, 2001
    ISBN: 0385720777
    Paperback
    Sales Rank:
    List price:
    Our price: You save: Book > The White Death : Tragedy and Heroism in an Avalanche Zone > Customer Reviews: Average Customer Rating:
    The White Death : Tragedy and Heroism in an Avalanche Zone > Customer Review #1: A fairly good read

    Dont expect another page-turning suspensful classic like "Into Thin Air." "The White Death" chronicles the deaths of five young climbers due to avalanche in Glacier National Park in 1969. Because no one on the expedition survived, there is not much in the way of a first hand account of the trajedy. The rescue effort that became a body search is interesting and gives the reader a sense of how potential resucures are also potential victims. The highlights of the book are author Jenkinss descriptions of what it is like to be caught by an avalanche. This is chilling stuff, indeed. The books main drawback is that the central story cant fill its relatively brief 220 pages, which forces Jenkins to relate many other historical avalanche stories, some of which are more interesting than the books main subject. Overall, it is not a bad read and will be of particular interest to those wholike mountaineering stories.

    31. Report Issued
    Pdf 4.92 Mb. Lessons Learnt from avalanche disasters, (pp. 14), Report EUR 19666EN (2000); Alessandro G. Colombo (Editor). Pdf 67 Kb. Workshop Proceedings.
    http://staging-nedies.jrc.it/nrs/Nedies/pag_reportsissued.asp
    Document type Lessons Learnt
    EUR - Reports Forest fire Pdf 2.13 Mb Fire in Building ); Javier Hervas (Editor). Pdf 6.65 Mb Maritime Flood Pdf 991 Kb Earthquake Lessons Learnt from Earthquake Disasters that Occurred in Greece , (pp. 25), Report EUR 19946 EN ( Pdf 425 Kb Storm Lessons Learnt from Storm Disasters , (pp. 45), Report EUR 19941 EN ( ); Alessandro G. Colombo and Ana Lisa Vetere Arellano (Editors). Pdf 344 Kb Tunnel accidents Lessons Learnt from Tunnel Accidents , (pp. 48), Report EUR 19815 EN ( ); Alessandro G. Colombo (Editor). Pdf 198 Kb Train accidents Lessons Learnt from Recent Train Accidents , (pp. 28), Report EUR 20997 EN ( ); Alessandro G. Colombo (Editor). Anne Van Der Veen, Pdf 141 Kb Avalanche Recommendations to deal with Snow Avalanches in Europe ); Javier Hervas (Editor). Pdf 4.92 Mb Lessons Learnt from Avalanche Disasters , (pp. 14), Report EUR 19666 EN ( Pdf 67 Kb Workshop Proceedings All types Proceedings: NEDIES Workshop - Analysis of Natech (Natural Hazard Triggering Technological Disasters) Disaster Management Pdf 64 Mb
    Pdf zipped 53 Mb
    All types Proceedings: NEDIES Workshop - In search of a common methodology on damage estimation Pdf 11.2 Mb

    32. Search And Rescue Teams
    at almost all large ski resorts with potential avalanche hazards as well as largerorganizations that are called upon in very large avalanche disasters or to
    http://www.geo.mtu.edu/department/classes/ge404/avalanche/snr.html
    Search and Rescue Teams
    There are search and rescue teams at almost all large ski resorts with potential avalanche hazards as well as larger organizations that are called upon in very large avalanche disasters or to remote areas. Although the people trained to do search and rescue are well qualified it should be stressed that the chance for survival of an avalanche victim is dependent on time, therefore avoiding disaster and/or knowing personal saftey tips to aid in the victims location will greatly reduce the risk of death. The victim has only a 50% chance of survival if uncovered within a half hour. With small, very mobile rescue teams this time constraint is not impossible to work under. If the victim has taken the neccessary precautions to aid rescuers in locating them they stand a much greater chance of survival. An organized rescue effort that takes the least amount of time must be prepared prior to the search. This is called an avalanche rescue plan and is required reading for all employees of ski resorts. These plans are updated every season and within the season if weather conditions change drastically. The rescue plan includes information on equipment, alarm sounding, and personnel in charge. There is a rescue leader who's responsibility it is to contact medical support, air support, law enforcment groups, and government officials for handling public-relations problems. Throughout the search and rescue the leader is usually stationed to a particular post, while others members of the team are actively looking for the victim within the avalanche area.

    33. ThinkQuest : Library : Forces Of Nature
    or damage. Surprisingly, however, one of the worst avalanche disastersin history was caused by a glacier in Santa Valley, Peru.
    http://library.thinkquest.org/C003603/english/avalanches/iceandrock.shtml
    Index Earth Science
    Forces of Nature
    Forces of Nature strives to educate users on the workings of our dynamic planet, Earth. From aurora borealis to Heiligenschein to the elusive Fata Morgana, the site provides interesting facts about natural phenomena that encompass our world. Visit Site 2000 ThinkQuest Internet Challenge Awards Silver Languages Spanish Students Emily Merewether High School, New Lambton, Australia Helen Mt. Carmel High School, San Diego, CA, United States Mohamed Kamal Abbas El-Akkad Experimental Language School, Cairo, Egypt Coaches Jason Stanford University, San Diego, CA, United States Rosemary Mt. Carmel High School, San Diego, CA, United States Cathy Merewether High School, Glendale, Australia Want to build a ThinkQuest site? The ThinkQuest site above is one of thousands of educational web sites built by students from around the world. Click here to learn how you can build a ThinkQuest site. Privacy Policy

    34. Powder Avalanches And Slab Avalanches:: Term Papers And Essays :: Free Summary O
    is in its path. . Keywords. avalanche disasters DISASTERS NATURALRELATED WEATHER. Related Searches. Term papers on Powder Avalanches
    http://www.academon.com/lib/paper/1935.html
    Free Summary of Paper #1935
    BUY THIS PAPER
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    ESSAYS AND BOOK REPORTS
    Powder Avalanches and Slab Avalanches
    An examination of what weather conditions and impacts both types of avalanche cause, and how they can be controlled. Paper #: # of words: # of sources: Written: Author: Ricky T Author's background:
    Abstract
    Powder Avalanches and Slab Avalanches This paper differentiates between the dangerous slab avalanche, and the often harmless powder avalanche. It explains what weather conditions contribute to the worst avalanches. It also examines the significant impacts avalanches have on the environment and shows certain preventative techniques to protect and limit the damages and deaths caused by avalanches. From the paper: "There are two types of avalanches; powder avalanches and slab avalanches. In very cold, dry weather, light powdery snow grains don’t stick together. If this snow is pushed down the slope, it forms a powder avalanche, which swirls along like an enormous white cloud. Normally these avalanches aren’t that dangerous as there isn’t much snow in them, they are also easy to get away from, most of the time. The slab avalanche is the most dangerous, and causes the most damage. A slab avalanche starts off as a solid chunk of frozen snow about the size of a soccer field and about 30 feet thick ( McClung, David and Schaerer, Peter, 129). It usually forms on sunny days that are followed by frosty nights and snow that melts and freezes again. These slabs are cracked, commonly by the edge of a ski, and break into many different thick pieces that haul down the slope, taking out whatever is in its path."

    35. Gokyo Avalanche
    Nepal (Reuter) Rescuers in helicopters found seven bodies buried in snow Tuesday,raising the death toll in one of Nepal s worst avalanche disasters to 49.
    http://www.caingram.info/Articles/Gokyo_reports.htm
    Gokyo Snowstorm November 1995 - News Reports:
    Subject : Nepal rescuers find miraculous survivor, toll 42 Date: Sun, 12 Nov 1995 8:50:07 PST
    KATHMANDU, Nepal (Reuter) - A teenage boy given up for dead in an avalanche survived a 24-hour ordeal and was pulled from deep snow Sunday, safe except for frostbite, Nepali rescue officials said.
    The rescue of 17-year-old Deepak Nepali against all the odds made the death toll in weekend avalanches in the Himalayan kingdom 42, down from an earlier announced 43.
    A total of 17 foreigners are known to have died 13 Japanese trekkers killed by Saturday's avalanche and an Irish woman, two Canadians and a German buried in a landslide.
    Rescuers Sunday helped some 115 foreign trekkers from a snow-ravaged valley near Mount Everest, the world's tallest mountain.
    ``Some of the rescued were in shoulder-deep snow,'' said Bikash J.B. Rana, a Nepal Airways helicopter pilot who took part.
    ``Most are suffering from snow blindness, frostbite and hunger,'' Rana said. ``Many of them would have died had rescuers not reached them today.''
    The avalanche in which the 13 Japanese died Saturday was also believed to have killed 13 Nepalis. But Deepak managed to survive by perching between two rocks in four-foot deep snow, rescue officials said.

    36. Surviving An Avalanche On Long's Peak, Colorado
    (The mistakenly reassuring presence of other climbers in otherwise dangeroussituations has been identified as a factor in other avalanche disasters.).
    http://nsidc.org/snow/avalanche/survival.html
    home
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    Surviving an avalanche on Long's Peak, Colorado
    A true account of avalanche survival by Dan Bedford
    On November 13, 1994, I was avalanched off the lower east face of Long's Peak, the highest mountain in Colorado's Rocky Mountain National Park. I was climbing with my friend Paddy McCarthy, an experienced and capable mountaineer. We climbed together frequently, and had made an unsuccessful attempt on Alexander's Chimney (one of the faces of Long's Peak) two weeks before. On this occasion, the day dawned gray and miserable. However, we were only an hour or so away from the climb, so we decided we should go up to the base of the chimney "to take a look." The chimney's steepness, and the absence (we thought) of any obvious collecting areas for snow at the top of the route suggested to us that, despite the poor weather, the avalanche hazard would be fairly low. We reached a point on the lower east face at which it was possible to climb up easy (fourth class) but somewhat loose terrain for about 80 feet to the base of the chimney. Another party had set up in the best spot, well to the left of the chimney. The only alternative spot that offered the chance of belay was very close to the start of the chimney and just off to the right. As we debated the wisdom of proceeding with the climb from our perch, a small but heavy avalanche of dry snow blasted down the chimney, covering me in white powder. I looked to Paddy and commented that if something like that came down while one of us was leading on the steep ice, it would be very easy to be knocked off balance and fall. I said, "Let's go home," and we began packing up to leave. During this time, at least one more similar avalanche came down on us, and, seeing our decision, the other party decided to leave, too. They yelled up to us, "You guys can have it!"

    37. SATSIE - Austrian Institute For Avalanche And Torrent Research
    Studies of current and historical avalanche disasters are used for determinationssuch as extremevalue analysis of climate data, runout lengths and damage, to
    http://www.leeds.ac.uk/satsie/aiatr.html
    AIATR, Austria
    EU Contract no. EVG1-CT2002-00059
    Objectives
    Partners Private Links ... Publications
    Institut für Lawinen und Wildbachforschung, Forstliche Bundesversuchsanstalt (Austrian Institute for Avalanche and Torrent Research, AIATR) [ http://fbva.forvie.ac.at/inst8/avalanche.html
    Institution description
    • Preventive avalanche research was initiated in Austria after the Second World War establishing a snow research centre in the Wattener Lizum in Tyrol. Research was then transferred to Obergurgl, located 2000m above sea level. Here methods of high altitude afforestation have been investigated to replace expensive and complicated control construction techniques. In recent years increasing settlement pressure in the inner alpine valleys and the extension of ski areas, including infrastructure, to high altitudes necessitated extraordinary, permanent protection measures against avalanches. This and the rising number of tourism-related avalanches accidents has led to an intensification of avalanche research at the Federal Forest Research Centre (FBVA) in Vienna. In 1985 the avalanche research group was transferred to Innsbruck by establishing an avalanche research institute of the FBVA there. Projects of the FBVA are planned and carried out in close co-operation with the Provincial Divisions of the Austrian Service for Torrent and Avalanche Control.

    38. CNN - French Teens Buried In Alps Avalanche - Jan. 23, 1998
    President Jacques Chirac expressed his profound sadness over one ofthe worst avalanche disasters in France in recent years. Reuters
    http://www.cnn.com/WORLD/9801/23/france.avalanche/
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    11 dead, 2 missing in French avalanche
    Rescue teams search through the snow
    Most were teens on school holiday
    January 23, 1998 Web posted at: 9:33 p.m. EST (0233 GMT) GAP, France (CNN) Eleven people were killed and two are missing and feared dead after a massive wall of snow crashed down Friday on a group of French teens on a winter hike through the Alps. According to police, the dead included nine students from a school in Montigny-le-Bretonneaux, near Paris. Two of six adults accompanying the students also died, and seven children and two adults were injured, police said. Other local officials put the death toll at 10. Ten other children were being kept in area hospitals but were not hurt. See the rescue efforts 1.9M/25 sec./320x240 1M/25 sec./160x120 QuickTime movie After more than seven hours of searching, authorities suspended their efforts late Friday night and planned to resume looking for the two missing hikers Saturday. But it was considered unlikely that they could have survived. At the time of the disaster, members of the group, which included four experienced mountaineers as guides, were snow-shoeing on trails near the ski resort of Les Orres, in southern France close to the Italian border.

    39. Ski-Insurance.co.uk : Low Cost, Comprehensive Ski Insurance And Snowbaord Insura
    The 1999 avalanche disasters in the villages of Galtür in Austria and near Chamonixin France were the result of truly exceptional snowfalls and weather
    http://www.ski-insurance.co.uk/ski/news/avalanche.html
    The 1999 avalanche disasters in the villages of Galtür in Austria and near Chamonix in France were the result of truly exceptional snowfalls and weather conditions. Never in living memory have there been such tragic accidents and hopefully there never will be again. But these events should heighten awareness of the dangers of the mountains. In normal circumstances, you should be safe in villages and on marked and open pistes in Europe and open areas within the ski area boundary in North America. But as soon as you venture outside these avalanche-controlled areas, the risks escalate. The vast majority of avalanche victims are holiday skiers or riders who have gone off-piste. And, according to the Swiss Federal Institute of Snow and Avalanche Research, almost all fatal avalanches are set off by the victims themselves. Of the 600 cases it studied in a recent report, 80 per cent were set off by off-piste or cross-country skiers. Snowboarders and hikers accounted for the other 20 per cent. If you are unlucky enough to be taken by an avalanche, try to escape to the side or grab a rock or a tree. If you are knocked down, try to ditch your equipment and swim to try to stay on top and avoid obstacles. As the avalanche slows down, try to swim to the surface or make an air pocket around your mouth and nose. Try to keep your mouth shut at all times. It is imperative that you are found and dug out as rapidly as possible. A study of avalanche accidents by researchers at the University of Innsbruck showed that 92 per cent of skiers completely buried by snow were still alive after 15 minutes. After 45 minutes the survival rate had dropped to 25 per cent. The last 25 per cent survived for one more hour on average. So rescuing avalanche victims quickly is the key to saving lives. Carrying and being able to use the proper safety equipment off-piste is essential.

    40. Natural Disasters Books - PriceGrabber.com - Comparison Shopping Beyond Compare
    Colorado avalanche disasters Subtitle An Untold Story of the Old West.Author John W. Jenkins. Coming Back Alive (2 Editions Available
    http://www.pricegrabber.com/search_attrib_books.php/bkcat2=1548

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