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         Austrian History:     more books (100)
  1. Austrian History Yearbook 1998
  2. Austrian History Yearbook: 1973-1974
  3. Creating the Other: Ethnic Conflict and Nationalism in the Habsburg Central Europe (Austrian History, Culture and Society)
  4. Austrian History Yearbook, 1993 (vol. 024) by Solomon Wank, 1993-03-01
  5. Austrian History Yearbook: 1983-1984
  6. Austrian History Yearbook 2000
  7. Carl Menger and the Origins of Austrian Economics (Studies in the History, Methods and Boundaries of Economics) by Max Alter, 1990-07
  8. The Great Tradition And Its Legacy: The Evolution of Dramatic and Musical Theater in Austria and Central Europe (Austrian History, Culture and Society) by Michael Cherlin, Halina Filipowicz, et all 2004-10-20
  9. Austrian History Yearbook 1965
  10. Austrian History Yearbook 1995 (vol 026) by Solomon Wank, 1995-03-01
  11. THE HABSBURG MONARCHY 1809-1918: A HISTORY OF THE AUSTRIAN EMPIRE AND AUSTRIA-HUNGARY. by A. J. P. Taylor, 1964
  12. Austrian History Yearbook 1968-69 (Vols 4&5)
  13. Austrian History Yearbook: 1976-1977 : Bibliographical Information
  14. Austrian History Yearbook 1975

61. History Journals Index - Índex De Revistes D'Història - Índice De Revistas De
English Department, University of Queensland. austrian history Yearbook An annual journal for the study of the Habsburg monarchy and the Republic of Austria.
http://www.uv.es/~apons/revistes.htm

Revistes/ Journals/ Revues/ Revistas
A
B C D ... (Q - Z) -A-
Ab Imperio

Dedicated to academic debate on history and theory of nationalities and nationalism in former Russian Empire/Soviet Union/Russian Federation.
Universitat de Barcelona. Acadiensis: Journal of the History of the Atlantic Region
Original research articles in Acadiensis present the most recent findings by scholars in regional studies. University of New Brunswick.
Access: History
Access History is a joint production between the University Of Queensland History Department and the University Of Queensland History Graduates' Associationpart of the University Of Queensland Alumni.
It is a major journal which covers the areas of accounting history, business history and financial history. Routledge. Accounting Historians Journal
It encourage papers on subject matter related to the development of accounting thought and practice. In addition, papers on biographical subjects and historical method. Published by The Academy of Accounting Historians.
Rivista internazionale di studi nordamericani. Giunti.

62. Austrian Genealogy - History And Geography
Republic of Austria (see the official pages of the Federal Chancellery that includes a short summary of austrian history) consists of the following provinces
http://www.rootsweb.com/~autwgw/agsinfohg.htm
Table of Contents History Geography Maps Please be patient while this page loads. It may take several minutes for the map thumbnails to appear.
History
It is important to distinguish between present-day Austria and the Austrian and Austro-Hungarian Empire of the past. Many "Austian" towns and provinces are no longer part of Austria and many probably bear different names today. If you are not sure, check using any of the fine place finder resources. In some cases provinces have been re-defined or split amongst different countries. The following table illustrates a few (simplified) examples of such changes: German name English name Native name Now in . . . Krain Carniola Krajina mainly Slovenia Kroatien Croatia Hrvatska mainly Croatia Veneto Veneto Veneto Italy Schlesien Silesia Poland and Czech Republic Galizien Galicia mainly Poland Moravia mainly Czech Republic Bohemia Czech Republic Transylvania Romania Untersteiermark Lower-Styria Slovenia South Tyrol Italy For more detailed information see:

63. Prikazi
Vera Katz. austrian history Yearbook, Volume XXXIII, Izdavac Center for Austrian Studies, University of Minnesota, 2002, str. 315.
http://www.iis.unsa.ba/prilozi/32/32_prikaz_younis.htm
Prikazi Prilozi, 32, Sarajevo, 2003., str. 333-425. Hana Younis
Pred čitateljima je drugi svezak znanstvene publikacije - Godišnjak Pilar. Prinosi za proučavanje života i djela dra Ive Pilara, koju je prije godinu dana pokrenuo Institut društvenih znanosti "Ivo Pilar", na svoju desetu obljetnicu osnutka. Ovim drugim brojem nastavljeno je istraživanje i objavljivanje rezultata interdisciplinarnoga proučavanja Pilarova znanstvenog opusa s područja geopolitike, sociologije, psihologije, prava, etnologije, umjetnosti i dr., te osobnoga političkog angažmana tog istaknutog hrvatskog intelektualca. Prikazi Prilozi, 32, Sarajevo, 2003., str. 333-425. Druga cjelina tretira Političke koncepcije i angažman (67-102) dra Ive Pilara. Dragutin Pavličević u svom prilogu piše o vremenu i prostoru, odnosno povijesnom okviru djelovanja ovog velikog hrvatskog intelektualca, koji je objavljivao literarne, publicističke i znanstvene radove punih 35 godina. U njima je analizirao suvremena povijesna zbivanja i procese, odnosno bio pojedinac koji je mislio drugačije. Zoran Grijak je u svom članku upozorio na naknadne korekcije u Pilarovoj "Promemoriji", te na pogreške u hrvatskom prijevodu Stadlerove "Promemorije", tj. na dokumente koji su bili uručeni austrijskom caru i hrvatsko-ugarskom kralju Karlu I. (IV.) tijekom iste audijencije, 1917. godine, štoje važan prilog detaljnijem upoznavanju Pilarovih državnopravnih stajališta te koncepcija političkog kruga oko nadbiskupa Stadlera kojemu je i sam Pilar pripadao u to vrijeme.

64. David Johnson's Webpage - History Lesson Six, Austrian Empire History Since 1800
Dealing with Alternate history with a Trolley bent, along with my own ramblings, many images and maps of my alternate worlds, and my zine for Point of Divergence, an Alternate history APA revolted and declared an independent Hungarian kingdom. austrian forces moved in and with the help of Russian troops
http://home.earthlink.net/~trolleyfan/hl06.html
"Austrian Empire History Since 1800" - A Thumbnail Sketch From the book "Roots of Modern European Conflict: 1850-1950"
all un The Emperor became a constitutional monarch, and much of his power was divested to the new Austrian Reichstag which, similar to the one adopted two years before in Switzerland, was divided into two houses, the lower representing the people, the upper the various lands of the Empire. While it has to this day retained the term "Empire" in its name, Austria became more of a monarchical federation of peoples, living in almost autonomous nations, but cooperating closely for national security, for the maintenance of the peace, and for economic growth. Along with the constitution, there came about the promotion of what was called "The Austrian Idea." For centuries, the Empire had never had a common sense of "nationalism." Its peoples had always had their loyalties to their own national groups and, almost as an afterthought, to the Emperor. Not to the Empire, the Emperor.

65. What Is
An informative article on the basics of austrian Economics work was the hinge of the whole history of the austrian School, and it remains the economic treatise twovolume An austrian Perspective on the history of Economic Thought, which
http://www.mises.org/austrian.asp
Monday, June 07, 2004
What is "Austrian Economics"?
Who is Ludwig von Mises? Who is Murray N. Rothbard? What is "Austrian Economics"? Why Austrian Economics Matters ... Natural Elites, Intellectuals, and the State Great Austrian Economists Benjamin Anderson Frederic Bastiat Eugen von Böhm-Bawerk Richard Cantillon Frank Fetter Gottfried von Haberler Henry Hazlitt F.A. Hayek ... Margit von Mises Luis de Molina Oskar Morgenstern Wilhelm Röpke Jean-Baptiste Say Richard von Strigl A.R.J. Turgot ... Phillip Wicksteed Friedrich von Wieser
The Austrian School
The story of the Austrian School begins in the fifteenth century, when the followers of St. Thomas Aquinas, writing and teaching at the University of Salamanca in Spain, sought to explain the full range of human action and social organization. These Late Scholastics observed the existence of economic law, inexorable forces of cause and effect that operate very much as other natural laws. Over the course of several generations, they discovered and explained the laws of supply and demand, the cause of inflation, the operation of foreign exchange rates, and the subjective nature of economic valueall reasons Joseph Schumpeter celebrated them as the first real economists. The Late Scholastics were advocates of property rights and the freedom to contract and trade. They celebrated the contribution of business to society, while doggedly opposing taxes, price controls, and regulations that inhibited enterprise. As moral theologians, they urged governments to obey ethical strictures against theft and murder. And they lived up to Ludwig von Mises's rule: the first job of an economist is to tell governments what they cannot do.

66. WebCampus Sites Have Moved
German, austrian, Swiss Cultural history. German Studies Philosophy, Theology and Religion
http://webcampus3.stthomas.edu/paschons/language_http/German/culthist.html
We've Moved!
The WebCampus servers were decommissioned on February 15, 2004. The web site that you requested has been removed, or has been moved to a different server.
Frequently Requested Sites
To find sites not listed here
Search other University of St. Thomas pages (use keywords related to the site that you intended to reach) Check the UST directory of people and departments for updated contact information (search for the faculty member or department that sponsored the site you intended to reach) Information Resources and Technologies
University of St. Thomas

67. The Habsburg Dynasty - History
austrian forces under General Prince Eugene subsequently swept the Turks to of the Habsburgs were themselves gifted musicians and would, history allowing, have
http://www.geocities.com/Vienna/1605/habsburg.htm
The Habsburg Dynasty - History
In its early years, the land that became Austria was invaded by a succession of tribes and armies using the Danube Valley as a conduit - the Celts, Romans, Vandals, Visigoths, Huns, Avars, Slavs. Therefore the Babenberger Dynasty was sent to established a territory in the Danube Valley known as the Ostarrichi in 803, to prevent these invasions; and the area became Christianised and predominantly Germanic. The Babenbergers, who moved their residence to Vienna, controlled Austria for nearly 300 years until Duke Friedrich died childless in 1246 leaving his lands once again open to warring tribes. By 1278 the Habsburgs had gained control and this mighty dynasty managed to rule Austria right up until WW I. Although the Habsburgs were not averse to using a bit of muscle, they preferred less barbaric ways of extending their territory and so Austria gradually expanded thanks to judicious real estate purchases and many politically-motivated marriages.
New territories were acquired, which resulted in the Habsburgs, now also the Holy Roman Emperors, ruling much of central Europe including Hungary and Bohemia and Croatia, parts of Poland, Romania, Bulgaria, Italy, as well as the Netherlands and Spain and its vast overseas possessions. (The Empire was divided into a Spanish and Austrian half in 1556.) The Gothic style was popular between the 14th and 16th centuries, as evidenced by the number of imposing buildings with flying buttresses, pointed arches, ribbed ceiling vaults and pigeon toes. St Stephen's Cathedral in Vienna is considered to be Austria's Gothic masterpiece. The next major stylistic influence was Baroque. Learning from the Italian model, Fischer von Erlach developed a national style called Austrian Baroque, typified in the National Library and the Church of St Charles in Vienna. Empress Maria Theresa had a fling with Rococo.

68. THE AUSTRIAN SCHOOL
Survey article in the history of Economic Thought website.
http://cepa.newschool.edu/het/schools/austrian.htm
The Austrian School
The "Austrian School" (also known as the "Vienna School") emerged around one of the pioneers of the 1871 Marginalist Revolution , Carl Menger at the University of Vienna. The "First" Generation of the Austrian School was composed of a pair Austrian professors who, although not directly students of Menger, were nonetheless heavily influenced by him: Friedrich von Wieser and Eugen von Böhm-Bawerk . It was they who, for the most part, spread the Austrian School gospel throughout the Austro-Hungarian Empire and trained the next two generations. These later generations were dominated by the figures of Ludwig von Mises and Friedrich von Hayek , with Joseph Schumpeter having departed rather early for more Walrasian pastures. The Austrian School maintained its base in Vienna until the 1930s, when most of its members moved or were exiled to Great Britain and the United States. Already in Wieser and Böhm-Bawerk, we find the principal features of Austrian School economics, many of which became clearer and more distinctive in the hands of their students, particularly Mises and Hayek. These can be generally enumerated as follows (with a note, in parenthesis, on their main disputants):
  • a radically "subjectivist" strain of

69. German Studies Web: History
Center for austrian Studies at the University of Minnesota. Wirtschafts und Sozialgeschichte University of Vienna s Institute for Economic and Social history.
http://www.lib.byu.edu/~rdh/wess/germ/hist.html
German Studies Web: History
This page provides history resources for:
Germany

Austria

Switzerland
Germany

70. English
News, photographs of the national teams, the Ernst Happel stadium, history, and contact details.
http://www.oefb.at/oefbchannels/News/English

71. Maximilian Of Mexico History
In 1857 Francis Joseph appointed his brother to the post of governorgeneral in the austrian held provinces of northern Italy, the Kingdom of Lombardy-Venetia.
http://www.austrian-mint.com/e/maxhist.html
Click here for text version by Kerry R. J. Tattersall THE ARCHDUKE FERDINAND MAXIMILIAN THE GOVERNOR-GENERAL In 1857 Francis Joseph appointed his brother to the post of governor-general in the Austrian held provinces of northern Italy, the Kingdom of Lombardy-Venetia. The Archduke Ferdinand Maximilian took up his residence at Monza outside Milan with his new bride, the Princess Charlotte of Belgium. The Austrians were far from popular in northern Italy, but despite resistance from the military authorities, the vice-regal couple began slowly to win over many Italians. Ferdinand Maximilian's liberalism aroused less enthusiasm in Vienna, however, where he was increasingly seen as being in opposition to his imperial brother's government. With the approach of war in 1859 against France and the north Italian kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia, Francis Joseph relieved his brother of his office and gave full power to the military. Both the archduke and his wife resented this dismissal. THE IMPERIO MEXICANO Ferdinand Max returned to his castle of Miramar, but events across the Atlantic would soon put an end to his political inactivity. An army of intervention consisting of Spanish, English and French troops had landed in Mexico to enforce payment of the huge foreign debts of the Mexican republic. The Spanish and English soon withdrew, but the French troops of Napoleon III remained to establish a conservative, pro-French regime. To achieve this they decided to re-establish a monarchy, and in October,1863, a Mexican delegation offered the crown to Ferdinand Max as a prince of the first European dynasty to have ruled Mexico centuries before.

72. Marie Antoinette History
She travelled up the River Danube and via Munich and Augsburg, stopping at Günzburg, Ulm and Freiburg in what was then still austrian territory.
http://www.austrian-mint.com/e/mahitxt.html
Archduchess of Austria and Queen of France
by K.R.J.Tattersall
The future Queen of France was born on All Souls' Day, 2nd November, 1755, in Vienna as the youngest daughter of Maria Theresa and the Emperor Franz Stephan. She was baptised under the names Maria Antonia Josepha Johanna. A glorious future seemed to await the little Archduchess. Not only would she grow up in the bosom of a large and affectionate family, but from the very beginning her mother intended to marry her youngest daughter to the glittering Crown of France. The traditional marriage politics of the Habsburgs would secure her beloved daughter a brilliant position and help guarantee the peace and stability of Europe at the same time.
In 1769 the much longed for news arrived from Versailles. After tedious and lengthy negotiations, King Louis XV had requested the hand of the Archduchess Maria Antonia for his grandson and heir, the Dauphin Louis-Auguste.
The 14 year old girl, who had hardly been prepared for her new exalted rank, bade farewell to her mother and family in Vienna on 21st April, 1770, and with an impressive bridal train began her fateful journey to the Kingdom of France. She travelled up the River Danube and via Munich and Augsburg, stopping at Günzburg, Ulm and Freiburg in what was then still Austrian territory. On 7th May, near Strassburg, she was delivered into the hands of her new French homeland. Both at Strassburg itself and at Saverne outside Strassburg she was the guest of Cardinal Louis de Rohan, who would later so damage her reputation in the so-called "Diamond Necklace Affair".

73. Nations Online :: Austria - Österreich
history Österreichische Biographien Timeline, with comprehensive information about austrian s history (in German) WWWVL history Index Austria Index of
http://www.nationsonline.org/oneworld/austria.htm
advertise with us One World - Nations Online
the countries of the world Home Continents Europe Austria
One World - Nations Online
Countries and Nations
keywords: Austria information, Austria facts, Austria geography, Austria news papers, travel Austria, tourist information for Austria, Austria map Note: External links will open in a new browser window.
Official Sites
Map News Culture ... Additional Links
Austria
Country Profile

Flag of Austria Background:
Once the center of power for the large Austro-Hungarian Empire, Austria was reduced to a small republic after its defeat in World War I. Following annexation by Nazi Germany in 1938 and subsequent occupation by the victorious Allies, Austria's 1955 State Treaty declared the country "permanently neutral" as a condition of Soviet military withdrawal.
Neutrality, once ingrained as part of the Austrian cultural identity, has been called into question since the Soviet collapse of 1991 and Austria's increasingly prominent role in European affairs.
A prosperous country, Austria joined the European Union in 1995 and the euro monetary system in 1999.

74. ACA / ÖCV
Includes news, information, calendar and history.
http://www.austrian-cricket.info/clubprof.asp?ID=1

75. Austria History
This was a fusion of the austrian flag (redwhite-red) and the Hungarian flag (red-white-green). This was the flag of the austrian ruling dynasty Habsburg.
http://land.heim.at/yellowstone/230064/flag/history.html
Austria-Hungarian Monarchy
Expanse:
Inhabitants:
Capital:
Type of State:
Currency:
Flag Day:
676.615 km²
Vienna
Monarchy
1 Krone = 100 Heller 18th August
The Austria-Hungarian Flag consisted of three horizontal bars of equal width of which the upper bar was red, the middle bar was white and the lower bar was half red and half green. This was a fusion of the Austrian flag (red-white-red) and the Hungarian flag (red-white-green). This was the civilian flag of Austria-Hungary; it was used from 1867 (Compensation) - prior the Austrian Flagred white redrespectively the Habsburg Flagblack yellowsymbolized the empire. From 1848 to 1916 Flag Day was the 18th August which was the birthday of Emperor Franz Joseph I. This was the flag of the Austrian ruling dynasty Habsburg. It was used by this dynasty or by the people for this dynasty. It was as well a symbol for Austria-Hungary. This was the civil ensign of the Austria-Hungarian merchant fleet. It carried the Austrian and the Hungarian coat of arms. By Zeljko Heimer This was the military ensign of the Austria-Hungarian navy.

76. Austria's History Of Flight
Dr. Caspar Einem Former austrian Federal Minister for Science and Transport. He could not convince any austrian officials of the merits of his developments.
http://www.flight100.org/history/aus.html
AUSTRIA Since some thirty years many publications, first in the United States, later also in Europe, described remarkable intellectual contributions of Austrians in the period from 1867 until 1938. Consequently it became more widely known, that the so-called 'Vienna 1900' - phenomenon referred not only to important achievements in music, fine art, literature and psychology, but also in philosophy, economics or physics. However, it is a much less common knowledge, that in this very period - especially in the first decades of this now ending century - Austrians also played quite a prominent role ion the pioneer phase of rocketry. Whilst only relatively few of the ideas of these pioneers were realized in their home country, an important part of today's space applications and concepts can be traced back to the first blueprint created by these men. I hope the following short biographies will help draw the attention of a wider public to this historic aspect of space exploration and rocketry. Dr. Caspar Einem

77. The German Way "Silent Night" Page
Features 147 versions in 100 different languages. Silent Night history, translations, multimedia, and links An austrian Christmas Vienna s Christkindlmarkt
http://www.german-way.com/german/stille.html
T h e G e r m a n W a y a n d M o r e
182 Years of "Silent Night" 1818-2000
"Silent Night" and Christmas
With "Silent Night" Links
in English and German Christmas graphics on this page courtesy Brigitte Haag
Austria's "Stille Nacht"
My thanks to "Silent Night" historian Bill Egan for his information and assistance. All photos on this page (except for the Stille-Nacht-Kapelle) courtesy Bill Egan and are used with his permission. T he world's most famous Christmas song, "Silent Night," comes to us from Austria ( in German). Called "Stille Nacht" in its original German , this beautiful Christmas carol is now sung and enjoyed around the world in hundreds of languages.
Franz Xaver Gruber (1787-1863)
composed the music for "Stille Nacht." But the familiar melody we recognize today as "Silent Night" or "Stille Nacht" is not quite the same one that Franz Gruber composed, and although the song was not truly "lost" or "forgotten" as legend would have it the world-famous carol did take many years to become as well known and as ubiquitous as it is today. In the intervening years Joseph Mohr is known to have written a "Stille Nacht" arrangement around 1820, and new hand-written arrangements by Franz Gruber appeared before his death one for a full orchestra in 1845, and another for organ in 1855. By 1900 "Stille Nacht" had made its way around the entire globe. But we should start at the beginning.
Joseph Franz Mohr (1792-1848)
wrote the words for "Stille Nacht."

78. Austrian Genealogy
Genealogical research in Austria, the former duchies, countships, crown lands and other territories. Information about history and geography, surname searches and has a service allowing interactive posting of queries.
http://www.rootsweb.com/~autwgw/

Summary of latest updates
Click flag to continue Welcome to the Austrian Genealogy Pages
AustriaGenWeb
part of
EastEuropeGenWeb

part of
Coordinator Waiver
Our aim is to help you find answers to family history related questions concerning Austria. The Austrian Genealogy Pages are the point of reference for all genealogists researching any of the current provinces. For the former duchies, countships, crownlands or other territories contact the respective GenWeb country as indicated and/or post your queries in the appropriate GenConnect query board. Austria
English name AUT
RLL Code
German name Recommended Resource Message Board Austrian Littoral AUT
ITA SVN HRV
Use hosted by Richard Camaur. Bohemia BOH, AUT Use CzechGenWeb Bohemia Bukovina BUK, AUT Bukovina Use RomanianGenWeb or UkraineGenWeb Romania Ukraine Burgenland BUR, AUT Burgenland Use BurgenlandGenWeb by Gerry Berghold Burgenland Carinthia KAE, AUT Use CarinthiaGenWeb hosted by Robert Kobenter. Carinthia Carniola KRA, AUT Krain Use SloveniaGenWeb Slovenia Dalmatia DAL, AUT Dalmatien Use CroatiaGenWeb Croatia Galicia GAI, AUT

79. History
Österreichische Version. history of the austrian Polar Exploration. Österreichische Version. this is an excerpt only the extended
http://www.arctic.at/castaway/history/history.html
History of the Austrian Polar Exploration this is an excerpt only - the extended version is available on CD Hermann F. Koerbel Austrian Explorers x Carlsen , Elling "Olaf" [nor]
Giesecke
, Karl Ludwig [ger]
Metzler, Johann Georg [ger]
Klutschak
, Heinrich Wenzel (1848-1890)
, Dr.Felix (1880-1945)
Laube
, Gustav Carl (1839-1923)
Payer
, Julius von (1841-1915)
Tollner
, Prof. Dr. Hans
Trebitsch
, Dr.Rudolf (1876-1917)
Weyprecht
, Karl (1838-1881)
Wohlgemuth
, Emil von (1843-1896) Wilczek , Graf Johann Nepomuk (1837-1922) 1.Isbjorn Expedition 2.Isbjorn Expedition Austro-Hungarian North Pole Expedition Meeting of German Scientists in Graz 1875 1.International Polar Conference 1.International Polar Year 1.Austrian Station at Jan Mayen 2.International Polar Year ... Archive for Polar Research German Explorers German Expeditions Dallmann , Eduard (1830-1896) Drygalski , Erich von (1865-1949) Filchner , Wilhelm (1877-1957) Koldewey , Carl (1837-1908) Neumayer , Georg von (1826-1909) Petermann , August (1822-1878) Wegener , Alfred (1880-1930) Wegener , Kurt (1878 - 1964) Miertsching , Johann August (1817-1875) 1.Great German Geographers Day

80. The History Of Austrian Cabaret
www.kabarettarchiv.at. The history of austrian cabaret A brief summary. Origin; Simpl ; Political cabaret / Jewishpolitical cabaret;
http://www.kabarettarchiv.at/Ordner/history.htm
www.kabarettarchiv.at
The history of Austrian cabaret
A brief summary
Origin
Cabaret was born on the 18th of November 1881, when Rudolphe Salis opened his "Chat noir", a cabaret artistique, on Montmartre, Paris. His intention can be summed up as follows: "We will satirize political events, enlighten mankind, confront it with its stupidity, cure those creeps of their ill- temper…" (Rudolf Hösch, Kabarett von gestern . Berlin 1967, p. 19)
The official birthday of cabaret can be traced back to the 18th of January 1901, when Ernst von Wolzogen opened "Das Bunte Theater" ("The Mottled Theatre") in Berlin, better known as "Überbrettl" ("Overstage"), which served as a model for Austrian cabaret.
On the 16th of November 1901 the writer and drama-critic Felix Salten opened the "Theater zum lieben Augustin" in the "Theater an der Wien" but it only ran a few shows. The revival of the literary cabaret in Vienna didn't start until 1906 when Marc Henry, Marya Delvard and Hannes Ruch opened the "Cabaret Nachtlicht" ("Nightlight Cabaret") in Ballgasse, after Munich's "Elf Scharfrichter" ("Eleven Executioners") which was founded in April 1901 came to an end. The programme was a mixture from the repertoires of the "Scharfrichter" and Viennese authors and performers such as Otto Julius Bierbaum, Frank Wedekind, Erich Mühsam, Peter Altenberg

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