81. Medieval Times assistant.Verroncchio was a great artist and Sculptor in Baptism of Christ. When Sforzas fell, leonardo returned to According to Vasari da vinci was paid by a http://www.schools.ash.org.au/elanorah/Medvinc.htm

Elanora Heights Home Page Our Research Projects Medieval Times This picture is from Encarta... It is also Leonardo's most famous painting. The Mona Lisa! LEONARDO DA VINCI Leonardo Da Vinci was born on the 14 of April 1452 and died in 1519. (Monique's mother was born on the same date but not the same year, she is also really good at art.) He was probably born outside the village of Vinci near Florence central Italy. Leonardo was a smart young lad he was good at philosophy, music, poetry, science as well as being a good artist. Leonardo thought that all artists should study nature so it would be easier to draw. Leonardo sent a letter to the duke of Milan offering his services as an engineer and an artist. Leonardo became more of an artist when he became Andrea de Verroncchio's assistant.Verroncchio was a great artist and Sculptor in Florence. Leonardo stayed as Verroncchio's assistant even after his apprentinceship. Leonardo and Andrea de Verrocchio worked on an art piece called, "Baptism of Christ." When Sforzas fell, Leonardo returned to Florence, for a few years, around 1503. According to Vasari da Vinci was paid by a very rich florentine, Francecso, to do a portrait of his wife the "Mona Lisa." He worked on the painting for four years, but he left the painting unfinished because he took it to france with other paintings instead of sending it to the man who payed for it. This asks the famous question of the "Mona Lisa" or "Giocondo." Is it really a portrait of 26-year-old consort of Francesco del Giocondo? Many critics say Giuliano de Medici, left this famous painting in Leonardo's possession so it would not upset his recent bride. Some people say that the Mona Lisa is a man in disguise. A short romantic story has been woven through this painting.Vasari described the painting without even seeing it. One painting he did with eyelashes and one without. When actually the Mona Lisa never had any because women shaved them off. The Mona Lisa is anything but believable. But it is still a Wonderful painting.

82. Leonardo Da Vinci --  Encyclopædia Britannica , leonardo da vinci Boston Museum of Science Information on the life and works of this Italian renaissance artist. Includes multimedia http://www.britannica.com/eb/article?eu=114893

83. Da Vinci, Leonardo - Great Men And Women Of The World Copyright (c) 1994 Funk Wagnall s Corporation. Other Links of interest leonardo da vinci Scientist, Inventor, Artist leonardo da vinci Museum. http://homepage.oanet.com/jaywhy/leonardo.htm

(En Français) Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519), Florentine artist, one of the great masters of the High Renaissance, celebrated as a painter, sculptor, architect, engineer, and scientist. His profound love of knowledge and research was the keynote of both his artistic and scientific endeavors. His innovations in the field of painting influenced the course of Italian art for more than a century after his death, and his scientific studies (particularly in the fields of anatomy, optics, and hydraulics) anticipated many of the developments of modern science. Early Life in Florance In 1478 Leonardo became an independent master. His first commission, to paint an altarpiece for the chapel of the Palazzo Vecchio, the Florentine town hall, was never executed. His first large painting, The Adoration of the Magi (begun 1481, Uffizi), left unfinished, was ordered in 1481 for the Monastery of San Donato a Scopeto, Florence. Other works ascribed to his youth are the so-called Benois Madonna (c. 1478, Hermitage, Saint Petersburg), the portrait Ginevra de' Benci (c. 1474, National Gallery, Washington, D.C.), and the unfinished Saint Jerome (c. 1481, Pinacoteca, Vatican). Years in Milan About 1482 Leonardo entered the service of the duke of Milan, Ludovico Sforza, having written the duke an astonishing letter in which he stated that he could build portable bridges; that he knew the techniques of constructing bombardments and of making cannons; that he could build ships as well as armored vehicles, catapults, and other war machines; and that he could execute sculpture in marble, bronze, and clay. He served as principal engineer in the duke's numerous military enterprises and was active also as an architect. In addition, he assisted the Italian mathematician Luca Pacioli in the celebrated work Divina Proportione (1509).

84. Leonardo Da Vinci (Getty Museum) A biography of the artist leonardo da vinci from the J. Paul Getty Museum s collection. http://www.getty.edu/art/collections/bio/a516-1.html

Video Gallery Current Exhibitions Past Exhibitions Future Exhibitions ... Explore Art Home Artists Leonardo da Vinci Born 1452, Died 1519 Painter, Draftsman, Scientist Inventor, artist, mathematician, naturalist, and philosopher, Leonardo da Vinci embodied the Renaissance idea of the artist as creative thinker rather than skilled craftsman. Born near Vinci in 1452, the charismatic Florentine spent his adult life employed by Europe's most powerful families, who allowed him to explore whatever struck his fancy. More than twenty years older than the great masters Michelangelo and Raphael, Leonardo pioneered the High Renaissance style of balance, serenity, and technical accomplishment for nearly a generation before the two other Renaissance masters arrived. "Great minds often produce more by working less, for with their intellect they search for conceptions and form those perfect ideas which afterwards they merely express with their hands," Leonardo wrote. Intense perfectionism and wide-ranging interests contributed to his small output of paintings. None of his architectural or sculptural works survive today, but more of Leonardo's drawings have survived than any of his contemporaries'. Notebooks filled with prescient investigations of everything from flight to water remained unknown until the nineteenth century. After the death of his patron Giuliano de' Medici in 1517, François I, king of France, invited Leonardo to work in France, where he died two years later.

85. Leonardo Da Vinci: Son Of A Slave? -- Discovery Channel -- Vinci, Slave Vezzosi, director of the Museo Ideale leonardo da vinci, announced last nobleman or craftsman named Ser Piero da vinci, while the artist s mother was a http://dsc.discovery.com/news/briefs/20020923/davinci.html

Leonardo Da Vinci: Son of a Slave? By Jennifer Viegas, Discovery News Da Vinci Self-Portrait In Depth: Explore the History Guide On TV: Watch "Science Mysteries" Sep. 26 Alessandro Vezzosi, director of the Museo Ideale Leonardo Da Vinci, announced last week at the museum that, after over 25 years of research, he has concluded that Da Vinci's father was a minor nobleman or craftsman named Ser Piero Da Vinci, while the artist's mother was a Middle Eastern slave, known by the name Caterina. Her exact country of origin remains unclear due to limited written records. "Caterina, unlike Leonardo's other relatives, is never mentioned in primary sources from the period and was not married to (Ser Piero Da Vinci) because she was a slave who had likely converted to the Christian religion using the most common (women's) name for Eastern, pagan and Jewish slaves who had converted to Christianity, Caterina," Vezzosi wrote in a paper distributed at the museum presentation. He explained that it was common in the 15th century for Tuscans to have owned slaves from the Middle East. In 1452, a law was passed in Florence that gave slave owners greater power over their charges. Vezzosi discovered, through registries, that shortly after this law was passed, Leonardo's father married Caterina off to one of his workers, a bondsman named Antonio di Piero del Vacca, who lived nearby. The marriage took place a few months after she gave birth to Leonardo. According to Vezzosi, Caterina later gave birth to a girl, Piera, named after Leonardo's father. At the age of 60, when her husband died, Caterina moved to Milan where Leonardo was then living. When the artist was away from his mother he stayed connected to her through letters, which now survive in collections such as the Codex Atlanticus and the Codex Forster II.

86. Leonardo Da Vinci - Broen - The Bridge Based on an original drawing by the Italian multi artist leonardo da vinci this pedestrian bridge was raised on the highway E18 outside of Oslo in 2001. http://www.johanson.info/leonardo/

FOCUS: Leonardo da Vinci - The bridge - broen Published: 2002 Based on an original drawing by the Italian multi artist Leonardo da Vinci this pedestrian bridge was raised on the highway E-18 outside of Oslo in 2001. The Norwegian artist Vebjørn Sand took initiative for the bridge. Leonardo da Vinci originally made the drawing for the Turk sultan Bajazel II, who wanted to build a bridge over "The Golden Horn" at the Bospurus strait. The length was to be 240 m long, but the building of the bridge was never carried out. The bridge of to day is 108 m long and is made of tree material. Leonardo broen i Nygårdskrysset, às Kommune Leonardo da Vinci Vebjørn Sand Det er det italienske universalgeniet Leonardo da Vinci som opprinnelig tegnet gang- og sykkelveg-broen i 1502, men det er kunstneren Vebjørn Sand som var initiativtager og pådriver for prosjektet. Han har selv skaffet tre av de 13 millionene broen koster. Leonardo da Vinci tegnet opprinnelig broen for den tyrkiske sultanen Bajazel II, som ønsket å bygge bro over "Det gylne horn" ved Bospurus-stredet. Broen skulle opprinnelig være 240 meter lang, men det ble aldri noe av byggingen. Utgaven over E18 i às kommune er 108 meter lang, og det gikk med hele 105 kubikk treverk bare i dekket .

87. ARC :: Leonardo Da Vinci :: Page 1 Of 13 Biographical Information. leonardo da vinci was a Florentine artist, one of the great masters of the High Renaissance, who was also celebrated as a painter http://www.artrenewal.org/asp/database/art.asp?aid=186

88. MotivationalQuotes.Com Presents Leonardo Da Vinci, Renaissance Inventor, Artist, Information about leonardo da vinci, Renaissance inventor, artist, and writer, and links to Internet resources about him. leonardo http://www.sperience.org/People/davinci.shtml

Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519) was a brilliant inventor, artist, and writer. The death of fear is in doing what you fear to do... Sequichie Comingdeer Suggest a resource about Leonardo da Vinci First Name Email Need a quote? LINKS Home Search this site Resources FREE! E-mail FREE! Motivating Lists Forums Interviews Music - CD Now ... Manufacturer's Closeouts! Books Music Classical Music DVDs VHS Video Games Electronics Software Kitchen Leonardo da Vinci Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519) born out of wedlock in the region of Vinci (Italy). Despite his lowly birth, his father took him and his mother into his own house, where Leonardo was treated as a legitimate son and giving an education. At age 15, his father apprenticed him to Andrea del Verrocchio, a painter and sculptor in Florence. Verrocchio's studio was involved not only in painting and sculpture, but in bronze casting and architectural projects as well. Leonardo was accepted into the Florentine painter's guild in 1472, but stayed in the Verrocchio studio for five more years. It is said that Leonardo was once assigned to paint an angel in a painting Verrochio was working on (The Baptism of Christ). After Verrochio saw Leonardo's handling of light and shadow (angel on far left), he laid down his brushes and never painted again. Leonardo's biggest contribution to painting was his method of painting light. In 1482, Leonardo left Florence for Milan where he worked as an artist for the Duke of Milan, as well as consulting on architectural and military engineering projects.He spent 17 happy, productive years in the court of the duke, though he finished only 6 paintings in those years. His biggest disappointment was the interruption of a project that many called impossible: the casting of of a 16' high statue of Francisco Sforza on horseback. Leonardo was obsessed with this project for over 12 years, but the project was called off due to the unstable political climate in the area. Anticipating war, the bronze was ordered to be used for cannon balls instead of the sculpture.

89. Invention Convention: Art Of The Renaissance - Leonardo Da Vinci: - Art History Where could you purchase it? Artist Biography Born 1452; Died 1519 leonardo da vinci was, as you are probably aware, a true master artist. http://www.kinderart.com/arthistory/inventionconvention.shtml

Flowers Fresh From the Grower Get Your KinderArt Tote Bag Today! Click for KinderArt Quick Site Menu *home* sitemap early childhood education art contests kindercolor kinderart store free newsletter birthdays the fridge search submissions feedback help you are here: Home Art History > Lesson kinderart lesson INVENTION CONVENTION Subject: Art History, Technology, Science, Language Arts Grade: Age: Submitted by: Art educator Michelle Jamal Objectives/Abstract: The learner will recognize the contributions of Leonardo da Vinci. The learner will invent a new machine for the 21st century. The learner will make a model of the invention. What You Need: invention diagram (see recommended links below) cardboard boxes tempera paint brushes paint cups water containers glue scissors pipe cleaners fabric scraps construction paper markers other found objects What You Do: Identify and discuss the contributions that Leonardo da Vinci made during the High Renaissance period of Art. Artist Scientist Inventor Students will choose a partner. Each group of students will think of a new machine that would make life easier in the 21st century. Make a diagram of the machine. Briefly describe how the machine will work.

90. Leonardo DaVinci leonardo da vinci as an Artist and a Scientist. Artist. by Beth Reger. Chastel, André. The Genius of leonardo da vinci leonardo da vinci on Art and the Artist. http://www.users.drew.edu/~ejustin/leonardo.htm

Leonardo da Vinci as an Artist and a Scientist Artist by Beth Reger http://sunsite.unc.edu/wm/paint/auth/vinci/ This site provides a short summary of da Vinci’s most famous paintings, as well as offering scanned reproductions for viewing. da Vinci is also compared with three other great artists: Michelangelo, Raphael, and Titan. http://www.dyslexia.com/leonardo.htm This site discusses how da Vinci’s dyslexia enhanced his creativity, because it forced him to think differently. http://library.advanced.org/13681/data/davin2.html This site suggests answers to some interesting questions about da Vinci’s work, such as “Why is Mona Lisa smiling?” In doing this, it persuades the reader to think of the less commonly noticed aspects of da Vinci’s artwork. http://sulcus.berkeley.edu/FLM/SH/MDL/Invention/Davinci.Bio.html Provides a short biography of da Vinci’s life as well as links to various other sites pertaining to some of his most well known works. http://www.ultranet.com/~rsarkiss/DAVINCI.HTM A more extensive biography then any of the other web pages. Includes short descriptions of da Vinci’s works and their influence on society. This book focuses on DaVinci’s artistic accomplishments. Separate chapters cover topics such as “The Projects”, “The Problems of the Painter”, and “The Painter’s Studio”, as well as others. Also discussed is how DaVinci analyzed the world around him in the process of creating his artwork.

91. Leonardo-da-vinci.org Translate this page Vasari Life of leonardo da vinci 1550 the drawings of leonardo da vinci leonardo da vinci - Biography leonardo da vinci - Artist and Inventor leonardo da http://www.wolfson.ox.ac.uk/~mhl/index40.html

Leonardo-da-Vinci.org Random links to resources with information about Leonardo da Vinci http://www.visi.com/~reuteler/leonardo.html http://www.pipeline.com/~rabaron/MONALIST.htm http://www.geocities.com/SoHo/7022/ http://www.retecivica.legnano.mi.it/marinoni/default.htm ... http://www.clavis.it/Personal/claudiob/ Search WWW Search google.com

92. Leonardo Da Vinci - Books On His Art And Inventions In this magnificent book, Pietro Marani, the director of the project to restore leonardo da vinci s Last Supper, presents all the artist s known paintings. http://www.dropbears.com/b/broughsbooks/art/leonardo_da_vinci.htm

more search options Leonardo da Vinci Books on the art, inventions and ideas of Da Vinci Home Art > Leonardo da Vinci Related Books Painters Inventors Renaissance Art Blake ... Art A-Z Departments Art Magazines Art Posters Art Calendars Postcards Resources Art Books UK Ordering Information Powells: Art Best Sellers Posters Leonardo da Vinci Art Prints Leonardo Da Vinci: The Complete Paintings by Pietro C. Marani, Leonardo In this magnificent book, Pietro Marani, the director of the project to restore Leonardo da Vinci's Last Supper, presents all the artist's known paintings. The history and significance of each are analyzed at length: we read, for example, that "from a very early date, Mona Lisa was considered among Leonardo's most extraordinary accomplishments, one that made every other artist 'tremble and lose heart.'" .... From its enigmatic cover (the lips of the artist's exquisite portrait of Ginevra de' Benci) to its extensive bibliography, Leonardo da Vinci comes the closest this reviewer has seen to being the ultimate art book. John Stevenson, Amazon.com

93. Frederik Meijer Gardens & Sculpture Park leonardo da vinci (14521519) is universally recognized as one has been argued that da vinci s greatest legacy These works record the artist s fascination with http://www.meijergardens.org/horse/davinci.htm

Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519) is universally recognized as one of the most imaginative and inquisitive personalities in the history of art. Although the timetable of his life fits securely within the historical boundaries of the Italian Renaissance, his art and ideas have inspired countless individuals from the late 15th century forward. Only a small group of paintings by da Vinci have survived, but his artistic production also included sculpture, and his designs for architecture, military devices, costumes and pageants are well known. Da Vinci was born in the small country village of Vinci, outside Florence, Italy, in 1452. He spent most of his childhood living with his grandparents, but was brought to live with his father in Florence by the late 1460s. At this time he was enrolled in the workshop of the master painter and sculptor Andrea del Verrocchio, where he received a formal training alongside other young artists, including Sandro Botticelli and Pietro Perugino. In 1472 he was recorded as a member of Florence's Confraternity of Saint Luke, a professional and lay religious organization for artists; although this event signaled his acceptance as an independent master, da Vinci continued to work with Verrocchio for several more years as a chief assistant. During this time, da Vinci created his earliest known works, including a landscape drawing (Florence, Uffizi) and paintings of The Annunciation (Florence, Uffizi) and

94. The Incurable Polymath In leonardo The Artist and the Man a Ôtomb for other animals, an inn of the deadÉa container of corruption.Õ In his Notebooks, da vinci also recorded http://www.veg.ca/lifelines/sepoc99/leo.htm

Leonardo da Vinci: the incurable polymath by Diana Renelli "Truly man is the king of beasts, for his brutality exceeds theirs. We live by the death of others: We are burial places!" "I have from an early age abjured the use of meat, and the time will come when men such as I will look upon the murder of animals as they now look upon the murder of men" Leonardo da VinciÕs career as a polymath, or know-it-all, also began during his boyhood. Da VinciÕs father quickly recognized the 12-year-oldÕs talents and arranged that he become an apprentice to Andrea del Verrocchio, a painter, sculptor, and goldsmith. As Giorgio Vasari reveals in Lives of the Artists: "[he] began to practice not only one branch of the arts but all branches in which design plays a part. He was marvellously gifted." During the course of his life, da VinciÕs giftedness eventually manifested itself in numerous disciplines including: anatomy, engineering, astronomy, mathematics, music, sculpture, architecture, painting, and natural history. The multiplicity of his colossal talents set him apart from his contemporaries and rendered him an enigma, as did his preference for a vegetarian diet. In Leonardo: The Artist and the Man , Serge Bramly reveals instances in LeonardoÕs Notebooks where the master writes of his predilection for a vegetarian diet: "he would not let his body become a Ôtomb for other animals, an inn of the deadÉa container of corruption.Õ In his Notebooks, Da Vinci also recorded his dietary preferences, listing salad, fruits, vegetables, cereals, mushrooms, pasta, and a particular fondness for minestrone. Although meat purchases appear in his works several times, Bramly deduces that the master likely bought the meat for his students.

95. Leonardo Da Vinci Prints - Free Shipping! Leonardo Da Vinci Posters Warhol. Photography. All Photography. Black and White. B W Landscapes. Erotic. Adams. Depollas. Erwitt. Guichard. McEnery. Rosenfeld. Stefanich. Artist leonardo da vinci. http://www.postercheckout.com/PictureGroup.asp?ArtistID=1847

96. Wild Talents - Leonardo Da Vinci - Introduction - Mystery Files One of the truly great minds of all time, the 15thcentury Italian artist leonardo da vinci was uncannily ahead of his time, giving the world not only the Mona http://www.pharo.com/wild_talents/leonardo_da_vinci/articles/wtlv_00_introductio

97. NOW With Bill Moyers. Arts & Culture. Leonardo Da Vinci's Notebooks — Exploring leonardo da vinci fits almost everyone s stereotype of a genius. He was a talented artist, an innovative scientist and an untiring investigator into the ways http://www.pbs.org/now/arts/davinci.html

Leonardo da Vinci's Notebooks More on This Story: Select One Mary Zimmerman on Da Vinci Mary Zimmerman on METAMORPHOSES METAMORPHOSES Mythology Quiz Exploring Inspiration Full Archive Exploring Genius Online Leonardo da Vinci fits almost everyone's stereotype of a genius. He was a talented artist, an innovative scientist and an untiring investigator into the ways of man and the world. Da Vinci is having a good 2003. A blockbuster exhibit of his drawings recently moved from the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York to the Louvre in Paris. The book HOW TO THINK LIKE LEONARDO DA VINCI: SEVEN STEPS TO GENIUS EVERY DAY, is a popular seller at the big online bookstores. And now, playwright Mary Zimmerman is reviving her play THE NOTEBOOKS OF LEONARDO DA VINCI Off-Broadway in New York. The play is drawn entirely from text and images of the notebooks and offers a unique glimpse into the mind of a great thinker. Below, learn more about the da Vinci notebooks and other great places to explore creativity and great minds online. THE NOTEBOOKS Da Vinci scholars believe that there were at least 50 notebooks left in the hands of da Vinci's pupil Francesco Melzi at the master's death. Today, just 28 of them survive in museums and with collectors around the world, including the British Museum, The Louvre and Bill Gates. The Louvre is in the process of digitizing its 12 notebooks so that visitors and scholars can have the experience (nearly) of leafing through the delicate pages. The E-text archive Project Gutenberg already allows the curious to read the

98. Glbtq >> Arts >> Leonardo Da Vinci nevertheless, the psychoanalyst deserves credit for confronting directly the question of the artist s sexuality at zoom in. Self portrait by leonardo da vinci. http://www.glbtq.com/arts/leonardo_da_vinci.html

Encyclopedia Discussion Forgot Your Password? Not a Member Yet? JOIN TODAY. IT'S FREE! Advertising Opportunities Terms of Service Alpha Index: A-B C-F G-K L-Q ... T-Z Subjects: A-B C-E F-L M-Z Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519) page: A polymath with an extraordinary range of knowledge, Leonardo da Vinci embodies the notion of the aspiring and inquisitive Renaissance Man. One of the greatest painters in the history of art and an outstanding empirical scientist and inventor of machinery, his life was shadowed both by his illegitimacy and rumors of homosexuality. The child of middle-class notary Ser Piero da Vinci and a local peasant girl, Leonardo was born out of wedlock in Vinci, a town near Florence, on April 15, 1452. He never escaped the stigma of being a bastard. Sponsor Message. Denied entrance to university or any of the respected professions because of his birth, he was deprived of the humanist education of his day. For all the limitations his lack of an education imposed on him, however, Leonardo more than compensated for the deprivation by devising his empirical approach to natural phenomena. In his mid-teens, Leonardo was apprenticed in Florence to Andrea del Verrochio, a sculptor and painter affiliated with the powerful Medici family, under whose guidance the boy's artistic talents quickly flowered.

99. Leonardo Da Vinci, Master Draftsman leonardo da vinci, Master Draftsman , on view at The Metropolitan Museum of Art, surveys leonardo s (14531519) staggering contribution as artist, scientist http://www.arcspace.com/architects/da_vinci/

Exhibition Leonardo da Vinci, Master Draftsman The Metropolitan Museum of Art New York, New York Through March 30, 2003 "Truly marvelous and celestial was Leonardo.so great was his genius, and such its growth, that to whatever difficulties he turned his mind, he solved them with ease." Renaissance biographer Giorgio Vasari From his mid-16th-century compendium of artists' lives Billed as a "once-in-a-lifetime" opportunity, the superb exhibition "Leonardo da Vinci, Master Draftsman", on view at The Metropolitan Museum of Art, surveys Leonardo's (1453-1519) staggering contribution as artist, scientist, engineer, theorist, and teacher. This landmark international loan exhibition, is the first comprehensive exhibition of Leonardo da Vinci's drawings ever presented in America, bringing together nearly 120 works by one of the most renowned masters of all time - the very embodiment of the Renaissance ideal of the universal genius. The Facial Proportions of a Man in Profile, Study of Soldiers and Horses (recto) Pen and brown ink, over traces of stylus, black chalk or charcoal; selectively pin-pricked holes for the construction of the grid of the figure in profile, red chalk, (28 x 22.4 cm)

100. Rocky Road: Leonardo Da Vinci was a successful notary, but leonardo was barred the Renaissance, the occupations of artist and self Unlike many of his contemporaries, da vinci had virtually http://www.strangescience.net/davinci.htm

One of the most significant contributions to early paleontology was made by someone who has not traditionally been regarded as a paleontologist or even a scientist. Born out of wedlock in 1452, Leonardo da Vinci had humble beginnings. His mother was a peasant girl, and though she may have cared for him as a baby, she married and started a new family while he was still a little boy. His father was a successful notary, but Leonardo was barred from a similarly respectable profession. Fortunately for the Renaissance, the occupations of artist and self-styled inventor were not too respectable for an illegitimate youth. Unlike many of his contemporaries, da Vinci had virtually no formal education. He developed an abiding contempt for received learning, yet he avidly read the works of Classical scholars. His peasant manners may have been the reason the Florentine patron of the arts, Lorenzo de Medici, never gave da Vinci a commission or used him as a cultural ambassador. Da Vinci eventually quit Florence for Milan, where he both found a patron and spent some of the most productive years of his life. After Milan was invaded by the French, however, he adopted a rather nomadic lifestyle, often working as a military advisor. Da Vinci lived at a time of amazing cultural change. Gutenberg invented movable type when da Vinci was four. When da Vinci was born, Europe had roughly 30,000 printed books; by the time he reached middle age, it had an estimated 8 million. Unfortunately, da Vinci was responsible for few of them. Paranoid about his ideas being stolen, he was secretive about his notebooks, and after his death, many of them were lost.

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