41. Armenian History A brief glimpse of armenian history. The armenians trace their history to sixthcentury BC Throughout history armenia has been a battlefield for many invaders http://home.wanadoo.nl/edmond_k/armhist.html

Armenian History A brief glimpse of Armenian History Armenians in Iran (ca. 1500-1994) The Armenian Community of the Netherlands A brief glimpse of Armenian History The Armenians trace their history to sixth century B.C. Throughout history Armenia has been a battlefield for many invaders, contending empires, and a bridge for many cultures and civilizations. During the past 2,700 years, Armenia was conquered by the Persian Empire, Alexander the Great, the Roman Empire, Byzantium, the Arabs, Seljuqs, Mongols, Tatars, the Ottoman Empire, Safavid Persia, and the Russian Empire. Armenian kingdoms, principalities and even a short-lived empire (95-55 B.C.) managed to survive and thrive for some 1,700 years. Under various kings and princes, the Armenians developed a sophisticated culture, an original architecture and their own national alphabet. In the year 2001, the Armenians will celebrate the 1700th anniversary of the adoption of Christianity as their religion. The Seljuq conquest of the last Armenian kingdom in the 11th century marked the beginning of an exodus of the Armenians from historical Armenia resulting in the advent of an Armenian Diaspora. As a result of this migration, an Armenian kingdom was established on the shores of the Mediterranean, in Cilicia. This kingdom, often an ally to the West during the period of the Crusades, absorbed Frankish culture. The kingdom fell in 1375, ending the independence of the Armenian Statehood. In the aftermath of World War I, the Armenians formed a small independent republic. It lasted two years. Notwithstanding U.S. President Woodrow Wilson’s recommendations through the Treaty of Sèvres (1920) to recreate an Armenia within the realm of its historical lands, it was vanquished by Turkey and was forcibly incorporated within the Soviet domain in 1920. It became one of the 16 Soviet republics constituting the Soviet Union. During the Soviet period the Armenian culture and economy flourished. However, Armenians suffered enormous losses during World War II and were subjected to periodic deportations ordered by Stalin’s regime. After the break-up of the Soviet Union, Armenia reemerged as an independent republic, ethnically homogenous, though landlocked, and without energy. Because of the Ngorno-Karabagh conflict, Armenia has been the subject of an economic blockade by Turkey and Azerbaijan for the past three years.

42. Turkish History, Byzantine History, Iranian History, Armenian History earlier armenian historians, Aristakes had no patron and was not writing a eulogisticaccount of the role of a particular noble family in armenia s history. http://rbedrosian.com/alint.htm

Aristakes Lastivertc'i's History Translator's Preface Aristakes Lastivertc'i was an eleventh century Armenian cleric and historian. His History Regarding the Sufferings Occasioned by Foreign Peoples Living Around Us was written between 1072 and 1079, and describes the events of 1000-1071, including information on Byzantino-Armenian relations, the Saljuq invasions, and the T'ondrakac'i movement in the Armenian Church. The work opens with a poetic summary of the disasters befalling the Armenian people in the eleventh century. Subsequent chapters describe Byzantine attempts to subjugate the Armeno-Georgian district of Tayk'/Tao (1000-1022); conflicts and cooperation among Armenian and Georgian princes; and the Saljuq invasions from 1047 to the capture of the city of Ani (1064) and the battle of Manzikert (1071). His information confirms and supplements what is known from Byzantine, Arab, and Iranian sources. Little is known about the author of this work. The village of Lastivert whence he hailed, is believed to have been located near the city of Arcn in the district of Karin/Erzerum. It is clear that he was well-versed in the Bible, which he cites frequently. His religious worldview leads him to attribute everything to God's design, and makes him blame the Armenians for the massacres committed against them by the Byzantines and Saljuqs. Unlike earlier Armenian historians, Aristakes had no patron and was not writing a eulogistic account of the role of a particular noble family in Armenia's history. Rather he was a patriotic historian who heaps scorn on those clerical and lay Armenian lords whose actions he considered detrimental to Armenia's national church and to the preservation of Armenian states. The

43. Armenian History, Caucasian History, Iranian History, Arab History, Turkish Hist For a detailed study of the TurcoMongol invasions see volume five of the CambridgeHistory of Iran (Cambridge, 1968 ); for armenia in particular, see R. http://rbedrosian.com/kg1.htm

Kirakos Ganjakets'i's History of the Armenians Translator's Preface Kirakos Gandzaketsi's History of the Armenians is a primary source for the study of the Armenian highlands in the 13th century. This lengthy work, which has survived in 65 chapters, is divided thematically into several sections. Part one is a summary of Armenian church and political history from the 4th through the 12th centuries. This section, which describes the lives and times of the heads of the Armenian Church ( kat'oghikoi ), is based on earlier Armenian sources, many of which have survived. The second section describes political and military events in the 12th century both in Eastern (or Caucasian) Armenia and in the Armenian kingdom of Cilicia on the Mediterranean. The next section (chapter 10), resembling the first, contains a biographical list of the kat'oghikoi of Caucasian Aghbania (modern Azarbaijan). In chapter 11 and subsequent chapters, Kirakos described the events of his own day: the period of the Zak'arids, the Mongol invasions and domination, and their impact on the Armenians and other peoples of the Middle East. As the author himself was aware, this was by far the most important part of his History , and he devoted much of the work to it.

44. American Chamber Of Commerce In Armenia Offers history, charter, detailed list of members and services as well as information on committees. http://www.amcham.am/

Welcome to the American Chamber of Commerce in Armenia For a better Business Environment Golden Sustaining Member Golden Sustaining Member Silver Sustaining Member White Paper on Tax Reform Business Ethics Upcoming Event 2004: AmCham General Meeting Recent Members May 15 The Fourth Annual AmCham Spring Ball took place on May 15th 2004 in the Tigran The Great Ball Room, Armenia Marriott Hotel. It commenced at 7:00 pm with a Reception where guests enjoyed a cocktail created exclusively for the AmCham Spring Ball and Marina show. This was followed by a sumptuous buffet with wine, cognac, beer and soft drinks. Guests danced the night away to the incredible music of Arsen Nersessian, Laura Gononian and Sona Suchyan, with prizes and extraordinary performance of Sofi Devoyan's youngest students of the 'Theatre of the Soul and Dance' throughout the evening. May 11 AmCham held its fourth Annual General Meeting to elect officers and a new board of directors on Tuesday May 11th in the Ashot Yerkat Room of the Ararat Wing of the Armenia Marriott Hotel. March 29 Farewell Reception on the occasion of a completion of the term of service of Mr. Keith Simmons, USAID Mission Director

45. MapZones.com History armenia, history, Back to Top. armenian civilization had its beginningsin the sixth century BC In the centuries following, the armenians http://www.mapzones.com/world/europe/armenia/historyindex.php

Country Info Armenia Introduction Armenia General Data Armenia Maps Armenia Culture ... Armenia Time and Date Armenia History Back to Top Armenian civilization had its beginnings in the sixth century B.C. In the centuries following, the Armenians withstood invasions and nomadic migrations, creating a unique culture that blended Iranian social and political structures with Hellenic and later Christianliterary traditions. For two millennia, independent Armenian states existed sporadically in the region between the northeastern corner of the Mediterranean Sea and the Caucasus Mountains, until the last medieval state was destroyed in the fourteenth century. A landlocked country in modern times, Armenia was the smallest Soviet republic from 1920 until the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991. The future of an independent Armenia is clouded by limited natural resources and the prospect that the military struggle to unite the Armenians of Azerbaijan's Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Region with the Republic of Armenia will be a long one. The Armenians are an ancient people who speak an Indo-European language and have traditionally inhabited the border regions common to modern Armenia, Iran, and Turkey. They call themselves hai (from the name of Hayk, a legendary hero) and their country Haiastan. Their neighbors to the north, the Georgians, call them somekhi, but most of the rest of the world follows the usage of the ancient Greeks and refers to them as Armenians, a term derived according to legend from the Armen tribe. Thus the Russian word is armianin, and the Turkish is ermeni.

46. AELTA-HOME Aims to strengthen the effective teaching and learning of English. Includes the mission statement, history, information on activities, and newsletters. http://www.iatp.irex.am/grants/aelta/

47. Armenia's History, Turkey's Dilemma THE WASHINGTON POST. Sunday, March 11, 2001; Page B01. armenia s history,Turkey s Dilemma. By Paul Glastris. It is dimly lit and dank http://www.ahmp.org/wpcglast.html

THE WASHINGTON POST Sunday, March 11, 2001; Page B01 Armenia's History, Turkey's Dilemma By Paul Glastris It is dimly lit and dank as a cavern inside the old National Bank building two blocks from the White House. The electricity is off, and we make our way around with the aid of a flashlight. Its narrow beam reveals an impressive three-story atrium with a carved wood ceiling, dated-looking ATM machines and an old bank vault, its yard-thick steel door yawning open. I'm exploring this vintage space with Ross Vartian of the Armenian National Institute (ANI), a branch of the increasingly powerful Armenian Assembly of America, an ethnic lobbying group. The ANI bought the building last year for $7.25 million, with the aim of transforming it from a place that safeguarded money to one that will preserve a memory. Four years from now, Vartian tells me, this space will be a $50 million museum and memorial filled with mural-size photos, personal artifacts and interactive exhibits chronicling the history of an atrocity that time and politics have long obscured: the Armenian genocide of 1915 to 1923. Visitors will learn how, in those eight years, 1.5 million Armenians living in the eastern Anatolia region of present-day Turkey were massacred or perished in forced death marches ordered by the nationalist Turkish regime of the declining Ottoman Empire. Vartian says he wants the museum to be as emotionally powerful and historically accurate as Washington's hugely popular U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum. That means being honest about not only the Turks who slaughtered Armenians, but also those who tried to save them. "Just about every Armenian who survived, including a member of my own family, was saved by a righteous Turk," says Vartian. But whether it honors righteous Turks or not, the museum will not be seen as historically accurate by the Republic of Turkey.

48. Jewish History Of Armenia Jewish history of armenia. Van. Connections and Similarities BetweenJewish and armenian history in Premedieval Times. The armenians http://www.heritagefilms.com/ARMENIA.html

Jewish History of Armenia Identification of Armenia in Literature Medieval Times In Israel ARMENIA, in Transcaucasia. Historically its boundaries embraced a much wider area in different periods. The Armenian diaspora is scattered in many countries of the world and still identifies its past history and future aspirations with the wider connotations of the term Armenia. Jewish historical, exegetical, and descriptive sources reveal knowledge of the variations in geographical area and history of this remarkable people. The fate and modes of existence of the Armenians have been compared in some essential features to those of the Jews. top Identification of Armenia in Literature In the past Armenia has been connected with the biblical Ashkenaz. The Armenians are termed "the Ashkenazi nation" in their literature. According to this tradition, the genealogy in Genesis 10:3 extended to the populations west of the Volga. In Jewish usage Ashkenaz is sometimes equated with Armenia; in addition, it sometimes covers neighboring Adiabene (Targ. Jer. 51:27), and also Khazaria (David b. Abraham Alfasi, Ali ibn Suleiman; cf. S. Pinsker, Likkutei Kadmoniyyot (1860), 208; S. L. Skoss (ed.)

49. History And Art In Jerusalem Armenian history and Art in Jerusalem. This page is under construction.It will feature the rich history of the Armenian Community http://micro5.mscc.huji.ac.il/~armenia/history.html

Home Courses Research Fellowships ... Hebrew U. PressReleases 30 Years of Armenian Studies 2001 Expedition to Armenia Department Reports Links E-mail Us Armenian History and Art in Jerusalem The purpose of this set of pages is to feature the rich history of the Armenian Community in the Old City of Jerusalem, information about recent archaeological finds, interactive images of mosaics, manuscripts, and inscriptions. Discoveries and Excavations New Book The Armenians in Jerusalem and the Holy Land Bibliography of Armenians in Jerusalem and the Holy Land Places of interest in Jerusalem

50. Columbus World Travel Guide - Middle East - Armenia - History And Government World Travel Guide armenia - history and Government - includesinformation on the constitution and politics. http://www.worldtravelguide.net/data/arm/arm580.asp

OAS_sitepage = URL + '/MiddleEast/Armenia/HistoryandGovernment'; document.write('Research Armenia hotels at TripAdvisor'); Contact Addresses Overview General Information Passport/Visa ... Asia /Armenia ARMENIA History and Government History: A tragic sense of lost territory and national persecution, pride in a long and unbroken history of religion and learning, and a tradition of emigration and deportation combine – in a similar manner to the Jewish people, with whom they are often compared – to give the Armenian people a strong sense of national identity. Before it was incorporated into the Roman Empire in AD114, the Armenian Empire stretched from the Caspian Sea in the east to the Mediterranean in the west. In AD 301, Armenia became the first country to adopt Christianity as its state religion and by the fifth century, the church had developed an alphabet, which is still used today. The incorporation of Armenia into the Turkish Seljuk Empire, in the 11th century, resulted in the first of many waves of emigration and the beginning of the Armenian diaspora. Turkish rule was not fully consolidated, however, and over the next three centuries, Armenia sought to re-establish its identity. Local potentates forged a variety of alliances according to the strategic imperative of the time – with fellow Christians (namely the crusaders) or with the Mongols – to ward off the threat of the Egyptian Mamluks in the 13th century. The Mamluk advance into the region brought an end to this period of comparative independence; subsequent Armenian history is almost exclusively that of foreign domination. The Mamluks were supplanted by the Ottoman Turks, after which Armenia became the subject of a constant struggle between the Turks and the Iranian Safavid dynasty, until the 18th century. At the beginning of the 19th century, the Russians moved in and took control of the area that is now the modern state of Armenia. Russian rule was at best heavy handed, particularly under Tsar Nicholas II, who closed Armenian schools and libraries and confiscated the assets of the Armenian church.

51. Armenian History - Little Armenia The history of armenia. Under Tigran, armenia ascended to a pinnacle of powerunique in its history and became the strongest state in Asia Minor. http://www.littlearmenia.com/html/little_armenia/armenian_history.asp

Watch Tata Live in Armenia! Exclusive Videos Only On LittleArmenia.com Home of the largest Armenian Diaspora in the World Shop - LA Lakers Merchandise Popular - Chat Forum Music Photos ... Recipes Browse: Jump To... Advice Auctions Books Businesses Chat Church Culture Facts Food Forum Games Genocide History Jewelry Links Music News Photos Poetry Posters Recipes Singles Shirts Shopping Timeline Videos Take a look at exclusive jewelry from the Los Angeles Jewelry District. The History of Armenia Map of Armenia (through the centuries) Ancient Armenia (3500 BC - 520 BC) Armenia is one of the oldest countries in the world with a recorded history of about 3500 years. The oldest known ancestors of modern Armenians, the Hayasa-Azzi tribes, also known as Proto-Armenians, were indigenous to the Armenian Highland in Eastern Anatolia. These tribes formed the Nairi tribal union, which existed until late 13th century BC. The legendary forefather of Armenians, Hayk, famous for his battles with Babylonian ruler Bel, most likely was one of the Hayasa tribal leaders. The words 'Nairi' and 'Nairian' are still used by Armenians as poetic synonyms of the words 'Armenia' and 'Armenian'. At the end of the second millennium BC, another Indo-European ethnic group, closely related to Thracians and Phrygians and referred to by the Greeks as Armens, migrated to the Armenian Highland from Northern Balkans. According to a Greek myth, which actually reflects this tribal migration, the forefather of Armenians - Armenios - was one of the Argonauts, accompanying Jason in his quest for the Golden Fleece. In the year 1115 BC, king Tiglath Pileser I of Assyria reports a battle with a force of 20.000 Armens in the Gadmokh province of Assyria.

52. Armenian History Timeline - Little Armenia Nevertheless, too much of Armenian history is known neither to manyArmenians nor to most of the world. The timeline and this book http://www.littlearmenia.com/html/history/

Home of the largest Armenian Diaspora in the World Shop - Popular - Chat Forum Music Photos ... Recipes Browse: Jump To... Advice Auctions Books Businesses Chat Church Culture Facts Food Forum Games Genocide History Jewelry Links Music News Photos Poetry Posters Recipes Singles Shirts Shopping Timeline Videos Try the best baklava in Little Armenia! Buy it here Book Information Order Form "In the process of compiling the entries for the timeline and providing the commentary for this book, we have gained tremendous respect and admiration for the incredibly diverse accomplishments of our Armenian people. Our long history has included many tortuous and turbulent periods and some triumphant ones. Nevertheless, too much of Armenian history is known neither to many Armenians nor to most of the world. The timeline and this book are intended to introduce the reader to the significant elements of our Armenian heritage and to provide him with a greater understanding of and appreciation for Armenian history and culture". Hagop and Marilyn Arshagouni Date Subject 3000 BC Bronze Age 2400 BC Indo-European Migration 2400 BC Flood - Noah's Ark 2300 BC Haig 1800 BC Hittites 1300 BC Nairi Confederation 1000 BC Migration of the Armens 1000 BC Iron Works 870-590 BC Urartuan Kingdom 800 BC Ara the Beautiful 782 BC Erebuni 559-520 BC Cyrus the Great 550 BC Founding of Van 520 BC Behestun Stone 402-401 BC Xenophon 401 BC Yervant I Crowned King of Armenia 330 BC Alexander the Great 330-300 BC Yervant II 220-201 BC Yervant the Last 201 BC Fall of Yervantian Dynasty 200 BC

53. Armenia And The Armenians - Armenian History Click Here For NoFrames Version. http://www.mousaler.com/armenia/

Click Here For No-Frames Version Click Here For No-Frames Version

54. Armenia - History history. armenia Table of Contents Historical Background. armeniaNCIVILIZATION HAD its beginnings in the sixth century BC In the http://countrystudies.us/armenia/3.htm

History Armenia Table of Contents Historical Background The Armenians are an ancient people who speak an Indo-European language and have traditionally inhabited the border regions common to modern Armenia, Iran, and Turkey. They call themselves hai (from the name of Hayk, a legendary hero) and their country Haiastan. Their neighbors to the north, the Georgians, call them somekhi , but most of the rest of the world follows the usage of the ancient Greeks and refers to them as Armenians, a term derived according to legend from the Armen tribe. Thus the Russian word is armianin , and the Turkish is ermeni Armenia Table of Contents Source: U.S. Library of Congress

55. ALMISBAH: Regions, Nations And Peoples: Particular Regions: Caucasus: Armenia: H ALMISBAH Regions, Nations and Peoples Particular Regions Caucasus armeniahistory, Politics (WWW). Keywords, armenia; history; Yerevan, DETAILS. http://ssgdoc.bibliothek.uni-halle.de/vlib/ssgfi/subject/almisbah_ssg0302070203_

ALMISBAH: Regions, Nations and Peoples: Particular Regions: Caucasus: Armenia: History, Politics (WWW) 1. Armenian Architecture - Virtual Ani - Gateway To The City Source Type Gazetteers URL http://www.virtualani.freeserve.co.uk/ Keywords Armenia; Ani (extinct city); architecture; history; photographs; biography; Marr, Nikolai IAkovlevich, 1864-1934; bibliography DETAILS Contents Clarity Index Links 2. The Armenian Center for National and International Studies Source Type Organizations and Societies URL http://www.acnis.am/ Keywords Armenia; Yerevan; foreign policy; research DETAILS Contents Clarity Index Links 3. The Armenian Genocide : A Bibliography Source Type Special Bibliographies URL http://www.umd.umich.edu/dept/armenian/facts/gen_bib1.html Keywords Armenia; history; genocide; bibliography DETAILS Contents Clarity Index Links 4. The Armenian Genocide : A Supplemental Bibliography, 1993-1996 Source Type Special Bibliographies URL http://www.umd.umich.edu/dept/armenian/facts/gen_bib2.html Keywords Armenia; genocide; bibliography; history DETAILS Contents Clarity Index Links 5. Armenian Highland : the Armenian Enlightenment Chronicle

56. Armenia Sugar Corporation A company producing sugar from locally grown sugar beets. Includes the agricultural development program, processing methods, technology, and history. http://www.armenia-sugar.am/

Armenian Version In partnership with "Sugar Development Corporation" Last Updated F or more than half a century there has been a tradition of producing sugar in Armenia from locally grown Sugar Beets. T he industry, destroyed by earthquake in 1988, is now being reestablished by: Flash version of our site is now available! Go to Flash Version Armenia Sugar Corporation Agriculture History Processing The Wall ... Contact Us Armenia Send mail to Nick Petrosyan with questions or comments about this web site. To view the pages with Flash you need to have Macromedia Flash Player installed on your computer.

57. Armenia Culture | Lonely Planet World Guide Includes facts and figures, culture, history, and tourist information. http://www.lonelyplanet.com/destinations/europe/armenia/culture.htm

home search help worldguide ... Related Weblinks Armenia Culture If you were to classify the Caucasus by language, it could be broken up into three main groups - Caucasians, Indo-Europeans and Turks. Armenian is an Indo-European language, and are the largest group of Indo-European speakers in Caucasia. The family of languages is reckoned to have originated in western Turkey and spread west into Europe and east as far as India by 1000 BC. The speakers think it rich and beautiful. Armenians converted early to Christianity (the oldest churches were founded in the 4th century), and the head of the Armenian Orthodox Church, the Supreme Catholicos, lives in Echmiadzin. The Armenian rite, the Church's ritual of worship, includes ancient, rhythmical chants. Lamb is the staple meat, and kashlama , or boiled lamb, a specialty. The trout from Lake Sevan is excellent. Fruit and vegetables are generally not hard to find, despite the Azeri economic blockade. Beans, chickpeas, eggplant, yoghurt, tabouleh and other dishes common in the Middle East are the norm in Armenia. The local konyak , or brandy, is first rate, and it's claimed that Winston Churchill preferred the Armenian to the French variety.

58. Government Of Republic Of Armenia - HISTORY http://www.gov.am/enversion/history/vazgen_manukjan.htm

59. Government Of Republic Of Armenia - HISTORY http://www.gov.am/enversion/history/armen_sargsyan.htm

60. Armenia - History, News And Information About Armenia armenia first emerged into history around 800 BC as part of the Kingdom of Urartuor Van, which flourished in the Caucasus and eastern Asia Minor until 600. http://www.russiannewsnetwork.com/countries/armenia.html

Russian News Network Home Republic of Armenia Short Form: Armenia Geography Location: Southwestern Asia Armenia is east of Turkey and bordered by 3 countries: Turkey, Azerbaijan and Georgia. Area Admin Regions by Area Total: 29,800 sq km Land: 28,400 sq km Water: 1,400 sq km Population Population by Administrative Regions Total: 3,326,448 Ethnic groups: Armenian 93%, Azeri 1%, Russian 2%, other (mostly Yezidi Kurds) 4% note: as of the end of 1993, virtually all Azeris had emigrated from Armenia Religions: Armenian Apostolic 94%, other Christian 4%, Yezidi (Zoroastrian/animist) 2% Languages: Armenian 96%, Russian 2%, other 2% Principal Cities Cities Ranked by Population Capital: Yerevan Short History Armenia first emerged into history around 800 BC as part of the Kingdom of Urartu or Van, which flourished in the Caucasus and eastern Asia Minor until 600. After the destruction of the Seleucid Empire, the first Armenian state was founded in 190 BC. At its zenith, from 95 to 65 BC, Armenia extended its rule over the entire Caucasus and the area that is now eastern Turkey, Syria and Lebanon. For a time, Armenia was the strongest state in the Roman East. It became part of the Roman Empire in 64 BC and adopted a Western political, philosophical, and religious orientation. In 301 AD, Armenia became the first nation to adopt Christianity as a state religion, establishing a church that still exists independently of both the Catholic and the Eastern Orthodox churches. During its later political eclipses, Armenia depended on the church to preserve and protect its unique identity. From around 1100 to 1350, the focus of Armenian nationalism moved south, as the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia, which had close ties to European Crusader states, flourished in southeastern Asia Minor until conquered by Muslim states.

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