21. TourArmenia | TACentral.com | Complete Guide To Armenia exchange tours, Dining, Armenia Tours, Armenia Tourists, Ecotours, Nature Tours,Armenia Flora Armenia fauna, armenia history, Armenia culture, Armenia travel http://www.tacentral.com/default.asp

Armenia, Armenia Travel Tours Tourism, Lodging, Dining, Eco-tours, Nature, Flora, Fauna, History, culture, News, Caucasus Home Sitemap Basics History ... Freenet.am Armenian NLS langage support Contact Us Departments HOME SITE MAP NATURAL ARMENIA Flora Birding DESTINATIONS Walking Tour Abovian Metsamor Erebuni TourArmenia Maps CULTURE Manuscripts Miniatures Writing Khachkars Stonehenge NOTES from AM BASICS Communication Lodging Dining Health Visas Embassies Airlines Travel Agents Search Armavia Takes Flight Armavia replaces the old Arm Air, with some real service. [More] Nightlife Yerevan 2003 After the museums and churches, how to fill up your night. [More] Yerevan Maps 2003 Maps to guide your tracks in Yerevan. [More FEATURES The Other Side of Garni Peeling Back the Layers of History Star Gazing Through History Greek Armenia: Hankavan Village ... Fare Watch UPDATES Armavia Takes Wing at Last Istanbul Bus, Airport Buses, VIP, Left Luggage The Skinny on Transit through Moscow Night Life Yerevan: Bars - Discos - Clubs ... See all Updates HEADLINES Resources...

22. :: Ez2Find :: History URL http//www.press.uchicago.edu/Misc/Chicago/332284.html; armenia history SiteInfo - Translate - Open New Window Concise articles from the Library http://ez2find.com/cgi-bin/directory/meta/search.pl/Regional/Asia/Armenia/Societ

Guide : History Global Metasearch Any Language English Afrikaans Arabic Bahasa Melayu Belarusian Bulgarian Catala Chinese Simplified Chinese Traditional Cymraeg Czech Dansk Deutsch Eesti Espanol Euskara Faroese Francais Frysk Galego Greek Hebrew Hrvatski Indonesia Islenska Italiano Japanese Korean Latvian Lietuviu Lingua Latina Magyar Netherlands Norsk Polska Portugues Romana Russian Shqip Slovensko Slovensky Srpski Suomi Svenska Thai Turkce Ukrainian Vietnamese Mode All Words Any Word Phrase Results Timeout Depth Adult Filter Add to Favorites Other Search Web News Newsgroups Images Invisible Web Ancestors Search : First Name Last Name Keywords Databases With People's Names Census Records Court, Land, Probate Directories Military Compiled Genealogy Any Locality Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware District of Columbia Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Canada England Germany All Non-U.S.

23. Historical Text Archive: Links : Visit External Link From the Armenian embassy in Washington, DC. History DVDs....... Redirecting to armenia history (http//www.armeniaemb.org/geninfo/history.htm) http://historicaltextarchive.com/links.php?op=visit&lid=1290

24. Welcome To 40 Centuries Of Armenian History history of armenia and ArtsakhKarabakh province, with the Glossary of armenianfamous people, historical terms and sites, by Yuri Babayan. 2. http://www.armenianhistory.info/

www.ArmenianHistory.info ...an oppressed and noble nation... It would be difficult, perhaps, to find the annals of a nation less stained with crimes than the Armenians, whose virtues have been those of peace, and their vices those of compulsion. But whatever may have been their destiny... their country must ever be one of the most interesting on the globe; and perhaps their language only requires to be more studied to become more attractive. Lord Byron www.armenianhistory.info

25. ARMENIANS (September 8, 1987) © 1987 Dennis R. Papazian. armeniaNS (September 8, 1987) By Dennis R. Papazian. Professor of history. The University of Michigan, Dearborn. armenia and armenians. armenia is one of the fifteen constituent republics of the USSR. we have scant knowledge of preChristian history and religion in armenia. A cathedral was built in the then http://www.umd.umich.edu/dept/armenian/papazian/armenia.html

ARMENIANS (September 8, 1987) By Dennis R. Papazian Professor of History The University of Michigan, Dearborn Armenia and Armenians Armenia is one of the fifteen constituent republics of the USSR. The present-day Armenian SSR, located in Transcaucasia, represents only the eastern fringe of the traditional Armenian homeland which extends east from the Euphrates across the mountainous Armenian plateau in eastern Anatolia presided over by Mt. Ararat of Biblical fame. Historic Armenia has also been described as the land of the three major lakesVan (presently in Turkey), Sevan (in present-day Armenia), and Urmia (presently in Iran). Armenia has one of the oldest indigenous cultures of any of the peoples of the USSR. Armenia is also credited as being the first state to establish Christianity as its official religion. Contemporary scholarship suggests that the Armenians are descendants of various indigenous people who meld (10th through 7th century BC) with the Urarteans (Ararateans); while classical historians and geographers cite the tradition that the Armenians migrated into their homeland from Thrace and Phrygia (Herodotus, Strabo), or even Thessaly (Strabo). These views are not necessarily contradictory, since present-day Armenians are undoubtedly an amalgam of several peoples, autochthonous (Hayasa-Azzi, Nairi, Hurrians, etc.) and immigrant, who emerged as one linguistic family around 600 BC. The Armenian language, like Greek and Iranian, is a part of the Indo-European family of languages that is spoken from north India, through Afghanistan, Iran, Armenia, and Greece into Europe and European Russia. The Armenian alphabet, devised early in the fifth century by St. Mesrob (Mashtotz)who also produced a script for the Christian Georgians and Caucasian Albaniansis unique, although based in part on Greek uncials and the Armazi variety of Aramaic script. Armenia was located near the cradles of ancient civilizationsthe Mesopotamian, bordering immediately to the south; the Egyptian in the southwest; and the Indus to the eastand was affected by each, but most significantly by Mesopotamian. The name "Urartu", in the form "Urashtu", occurs frequently in Babylonian inscriptions. The earliest known mention of the "Armenian" people (as the

26. Human Rights Action I am confident that the whole history of the human race contains no such horrible episode as armenia and armenians By Dennis R. Papazian, Professor of history, The University of http://www.hr-action.org/armenia

The Armenian Genocide "I am confident that the whole history of the human race contains no such horrible episode as this. The great massacres and persecutions of the past seem almost insignificant when compared to the sufferings of the Armenian race in 1915." Henry Morgenthau, Sr. US Ambassador to the Ottoman Empire Read the complete book online Turkish soldiers proudly posing with the decapitated heads of Armenians Action Alert Chronicle of Higher Education Reveals Official Turkish Threats Against On-Line Encyclopedia for Refusing to Deny Armenian Genocide Please take action Eighty years later, the world is shocked by similar pictures from the "European" newspaper: Turkish soldiers proudly posing with decapited heads of fallen Kurdish guerillas Armenia and Armenians By Dennis R. Papazian, Professor of History, The University of Michigan, Dearborn. The Armenian genocide General information Factsheet on the Armenian genocide "Law and Social Inquiry" by Stanley Cohen. Published by the American Bar Foundation, University of Chicago Press, Volume 20, Number 1, Winter 1995. (excerpt).

27. Armenian History, Chapter 1: The Origins Of The Armenian Nation history of armenia and ArtsakhKarabakh province, with the Glossary ofarmenian famous people, historical terms and sites, by Yuri Babayan. http://www.armenianhistory.info/origins.htm

Table of Contents The Origins Between Persia and Rome Christianization Restoration ... About this Site Mural of Arinberd (Lion Fortress or Fortress of Aryans) in Yerevan, capital of Armenia, founded by King Argiste, in 782 BC. Red-burnished vine jugs of the 7th century BC, found among 1036 other jugs of this type in the palace of King Rusa II at Karmir Blur (Red Hill). Chapter I: THE ORIGINS (FROM TIME IMMEMORIAL TO 7th BC) Noah and Ararat. Immodestly, Armenians consider themselves direct descendants of Noah, survivor of the Biblical flood. According to Genesis, ...the boat came to rest on a mountain in the Ararat range. Ararat, located in the heart of Armenia, was a Holy Mountain for the peoples of the ancient world. Many ancient scriptures placed the Biblical Garden of Eden in the Land of Armenia also called the Land of Ararat. Tradition states that Noah founded Nakhichevan , the oldest of the Armenian cities. Moses Khorenatsi , historian of the 5th century, presents a detailed genealogy of the Armenian forefather Haik from Japheth, Noah's son. Thus, the territory of the Armenian Plateau is regarded as the cradle of civilization, the initial point for the further spreading of mankind all around the world. Haik.

28. About Armenia: Armenian History Armenian history in brief. One of the most important events in the history ofArmenia happened in 405 AD, when the new Armenian alphabet was created. http://www.un.int/armenia/arm/en_history.html

About Armenia History in brief Ancient Armenia (3500 BC - 520 BC) ... BACK Armenian history in brief Ancient Armenia (3500 BC - 520 BC) Armenia is one of the oldest countries in the world with a recorded history of about 3500 years. The oldest known ancestors of modern Armenians, the Hayasa-Azzi tribes, also known as Proto-Armenians, were indigenous to the Armenian Highland in Eastern Anatolia. These tribes formed the Nairi tribal union, which existed until late 13th century BC. The legendary forefather of Armenians, Hayk, famous for his battles with Babylonian ruler Bel, most likely was one of the Hayasa tribal leaders. The words 'Nairi' and 'Nairian' are still used by Armenians as poetic synonyms of the words 'Armenia' and 'Armenian'. At the end of the second millennium BC, another Indo-European ethnic group, closely related to Thracians and Phrygians and referred to by the Greeks as Armens, migrated to the Armenian Highland from Northern Balkans. According to a Greek myth, which actually reflects this tribal migration, the forefather of Armenians - Armenios - was one of the Argonauts, accompanying Jason in his quest for the Golden Fleece. In the year 1115 BC, king Tiglath Pileser I of Assyria reports a battle with a force of 20.000 Armens in the Gadmokh province of Assyria.

29. Armenia - History history of armenia. My thanks to Sako for contributing this material undoubtedly played a key role in the history and culture of armenia. Forming an important highway of great value http://www.richardsmith.net/armenia/sako.html

History of Armenia My thanks to Sako for contributing this material, as well as the genocide and treaty maps. The present-day Republic of Armenia occupies but a fraction of the ancient Armenia, which extended from the lesser Caucasus Mountains south across the Armenian plateau to the Taurus Mountains. Frequent earthquakes still remind us that the land lies near the great geological fault between the Asian and African subcontinent plates. The Armenian plateau is a highland which rises directly above its surrounding regions. Geography undoubtedly played a key role in the history and culture of Armenia. Forming an important highway of great value for trade and commerce between Asia and Europe, Armenia it seems was destined to be at grips with adversity. The land with its untold riches and its strategic position of primary import stirred the ambitions of many "superpowers" of the region. For a succession of centuries, the Armenians were in constant warfare with invaders and conquerors - Assyrians, Romans, Byzantines, Parthians, Arabs and Turks - who rolled over their homeland, although certainly not without meeting the most stubborn resistance. Throughout these turbulent centuries, the Armenians successfully asserted their historical identity and upheld their national heritage against great odds. Although on occasions overpowered by superior forces and reduced to the status of vassals, they nevertheless enjoyed a semblance of national autonomy.

30. CHRONOLOGY OF ARMENIAN HISTORY AND IMPORTANT EVENTS (The Traditional history of armenia begins here) Haig Nahabed Aram NahabedAra Keghezig Baruyr Nahabed (Legend of Ajdahag, and Vahagn) 558553 Yervan I http://www.armenian.com/crono.html

CHRONOLOGY OF ARMENIAN HISTORY AND IMPORTANT EVENTS (2800 BEFORE CHRIST-1991 AFTER CHRIST) Compiled by: ARAM ORJANIAN BEFORE CHRIST Prehistorical Armenia The Armens' The Hayasas' The Nayiris' Kingdom of Urartu Arameh Sarduris I Ispunis Menuas I Arkisdis I Sarduris II Russas I Arkisdis II Russas II Yeremenas Russas III Sarduris III Irgias Menuas II Period of domination by Gyaksar I (The Traditional History of Armenia begins here): Haig Nahabed Aram Nahabed Ara Keghezig Baruyr Nahabed (Legend of Ajdahag, and Vahagn) Yervan I. Meanwhile: War of Sardikeh and Babylon Tigran 1 Great King Vahagn Persian domination Yervant III Artwart Orontes Artwart II Herant Zareh, father of Ardashes the Great Ardavazt I Diran I Ardavazt II Dikran II Dikran III the Great Ardavazt III Ardashes II Dikran IV (son or Ardavazt) Dikran V (son of Ardavazt) Ardavazt IV (son of Ardavazt) Dikran V (second time) AFTER CHRIST (Anno Domini) Arioparzan Ardavazt IV (second time) Dikran (son of Ardavazt II) Yerado Vonon Ardashes III (Zenon) Arshag I (Transition Period) Mihrtad Heramesd Arshakounis from Persia Installed in Armenia Drtad Arshakouni Dikran VI Drtad I Sanadroog Ashkhatar Barsamasir Rufianus (designated by Trujan, Rome emper.)

31. HyeEtch - Republic Of Armenia - Statistics, Government & History P4 he armenians trace their history to sixth century BC Throughout history armenia hasbeen a battlefield for many invaders, contending empires, and a bridge for http://www.hyeetch.nareg.com.au/republic/stats_p4.html

Statistics Government History Industry, ... Karabagh A brief glimpse of Armenian History By Vartan Gregorian Professor of History, Brown University, 1996. he Armenians trace their history to sixth century B.C. Throughout history Armenia has been a battlefield for many invaders, contending empires, and a bridge for many cultures and civilizations. During the past 2,700 years, Armenia was conquered by the Persian Empire, Alexander the Great, the Roman Empire, Byzantium, the Arabs, Seljuqs, Mongols, Tatars, the Ottoman Empire, Safavid Persia, and the Russian Empire. Armenian kingdoms, principalities and even a short-lived empire (95-55 B.C.) managed to survive and thrive for some 1,700 years. Under various kings and princes, the Armenians developed a sophisticated culture, an original architecture and their own national alphabet. In the year 2001, the Armenians will celebrate the 1700th anniversary of the adoption of Christianity as their religion. The Seljuq conquest of the last Armenian kingdom in the 11th century marked the beginning of an exodus of the Armenians from historical Armenia resulting in the advent of an Armenian Diaspora. As a result of this migration, an Armenian kingdom was established on the shores of the Mediterranean, in Cilicia. This kingdom, often an ally to the West during the period of the Crusades, absorbed Frankish culture. The kingdom fell in 1375, ending the independence of the Armenian Statehood. Today there are six million Armenians all over the world - three million in Armenia and the rest in Diaspora. There are an estimated one million Armenians in the U.S.A.

32. The Jerusalem Post Newspaper : Online News From Israel - Features Article An article in the Jerusalem Post reporting that in the one country curiously devoid of any Jewish history, bishop discovers proof of one ancient community. http://www.jpost.com/Editions/2002/04/09/Features/Features.46570.html

var rand = randomNumber.substring(2,11); document.write (''); document.write (''); Sites Features Article JPost.com JPost Radio Digital Israel International JP ... JRep.com Main Front Page Page 2 Archives Past Editions Sections News Business Features Opinion ... Useful Links Interactive Forums Readers' Letters W.Wall Camera Services Listen to JPost Radio New in the US Call: 1-900-55J-Post Worldwide Call: Print Edition Palm Post E-mail Edition JPost CD-Rom ... Jewish Sites Information About Us Feedback Subscriptions Media Kit ... Privacy Statement Other Resources Bank Leumi Bank Discount Eretz Mag Jewish.com 16 Iyar 5762 Sunday April 28, 2002 Send this article Printer friendly Medievel tombstone with Hebrew inscriptions found in Armenia. Jewish evidence in 'Jewless' Armenia By Abraham Rabinovich (April 11) - In the one country curiously devoid of any Jewish history, bishop discovers startling proof of one ancient community. The photographs that Prof. Michael Stone received in the mail seemed innocuous enough - pictures of headstones with Hebrew writing - but they illuminated a black hole in Jewish history. As a professor of Armenian studies at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Stone had often pondered the curious fact that Armenia has virtually no evidence of a Jewish past. There is a two-millennium-old Jewish heritage in Iran just across Armenia's southern border, an ancient Jewish presence in Georgia to the north, and long-standing Jewish traditions in Turkey and Azerbaijan to the west and east.

33. Armenia - History history of armenia. My thanks to Geography undoubtedly played a keyrole in the history and culture of armenia. Forming an important http://richardsmith.net/armenia/sako.html

History of Armenia My thanks to Sako for contributing this material, as well as the genocide and treaty maps. The present-day Republic of Armenia occupies but a fraction of the ancient Armenia, which extended from the lesser Caucasus Mountains south across the Armenian plateau to the Taurus Mountains. Frequent earthquakes still remind us that the land lies near the great geological fault between the Asian and African subcontinent plates. The Armenian plateau is a highland which rises directly above its surrounding regions. Geography undoubtedly played a key role in the history and culture of Armenia. Forming an important highway of great value for trade and commerce between Asia and Europe, Armenia it seems was destined to be at grips with adversity. The land with its untold riches and its strategic position of primary import stirred the ambitions of many "superpowers" of the region. For a succession of centuries, the Armenians were in constant warfare with invaders and conquerors - Assyrians, Romans, Byzantines, Parthians, Arabs and Turks - who rolled over their homeland, although certainly not without meeting the most stubborn resistance. Throughout these turbulent centuries, the Armenians successfully asserted their historical identity and upheld their national heritage against great odds. Although on occasions overpowered by superior forces and reduced to the status of vassals, they nevertheless enjoyed a semblance of national autonomy.

34. Armenia - History The name armenia first appears in recorded history in Assyrian inscriptions ofthe 9th century BC The armenians call themselves Hai and claim descent from http://richardsmith.net/armenia/history.html

History The name "Armenia" first appears in recorded history in Assyrian inscriptions of the 9th century B.C. The Armenians call themselves "Hai" and claim descent from Haikthe great-grandson of Japeth, son of Noah. Mount Ararat is the national symbol, even though it is presently located in Turkey. In the articles, graphics, and photos linked below l try to portray a sense of this ancient nation. More detailed and comprehensive sites exist, and links to many of these can be found through http://cilicia.com . This section is being developed, and suggestions will be appreciated. Eyewitness to genocide A comprehensive history of Armenia A failure of Turkish culture ... Knights of Vartan Armenian Research Center (history) Map of the Treaty of Sevre A map of genocide An Armenian Family Bibliography of Cilician Armenia

35. USDA Marketing Assistance Project In Armenia Assists farmers and agribusinesses in production, marketing, and exporting food and related products. Mission statement, current activities, project history and list of publications. http://www.usda.am/

MAP Mission Current Activities Agribusiness Teaching Center Publications ... MAP Mission This project provides technical, financial, and marketing assistance More Agribusiness Teaching Center More Team Armenia Armenian staff and American advisors are organized into teams More Publications Copies of newsletters, reports, and other publications... More Current Activities Recent MAP activities and accomplishments in the regions More Specialists in Residence MAP consultants from land grant universities and the private sector... More Product Catalog MAP assisted products in commercial sales... More

36. :: ArmeniaDiaspora.com :: Includes history, population, travel and tourism resources, discussion forum, links. http://www.armeniadiaspora.com/

37. Armenian History April 10, 2003 The Russian version of the history section updated. Added FridtjofNansen s armenia and the Near East ; Pavel Shekhtman s book about armenian http://armenianhouse.org/armenian-history.html

Russian version of this page for more information. Home About Forum F.A.Q. ... Alphabetical List News April 16, 2004 Uploaded The Red Rugs of Tarsus by Helen Davenport Gibbons . She was one of those few foreigners to witness the Armenian massacres of 1909. The book was first published in New York City, 1917. The (Western) Armenian translation of Soghomon Tehlirian's Trial (aka "The Trial of Talaat Pasha") is published thanks to the support of an anonymous sponsor. The English version is also available. February 9 , 2004 Travelogue by an Italian diplomat and historian Luigi Villari called Fire and Sword in the Caucasus is now available in the Armenian History section of the library. Balanced and thoughtful, this is one of the very few books presenting an accurate account of the revolutionary events of 1905-1906 in Georgia, Armenia, Azerbaijan and South Russia by a European witness. Contains 93 photographs. Published in 1906. July 22, 2003

38. The Republic Of Armenia, Vol. III The Republic of armenia, Vol. III From London to Sèvres, FebruaryAugust 1920 NearEastern Center, UCLA, 8 Published March 1996 history; Middle Eastern history http://www.ucpress.edu/books/pages/8628.html

Entire Site Books Journals E-Editions The Press Richard G. Hovannisian The Republic of Armenia, Vol. III Near Eastern Center, UCLA, 8 Publication Date: March 1996 Subjects: History Middle Eastern History Politics Middle Eastern Studies Rights: World 528 pages Clothbound Available Now Description About the Author Related Books "This is an impressive work. There is nothing so thorough or comprehensive in English, or indeed in any language, so far as I know, for any of Armenia's neighbors in these years. . . . The total four or five volumes will be standard for many years to come."Roderic H. Davidson, American Historical Review "Erudite and remarkably objective, given the tensions that beset studies of recent Armenian history, this book will be the definitive political history of the period in question for some decades to come."Khachig Tololyan, Canadian Journal of History DESCRIPTION (back to top) With these two volumes, Richard Hovannisian completes his definitive history of the first independent Armenian state in modern times and provides the basis for comparison with the new Armenian republic established in 1991 after seven decades of Soviet rule. Based on Armenian, Russian, Turkish, German, Italian, French, and English-language archival materials, these volumes provide the first comprehensive, multidimensional analysis of this critical turning point in Armenian historya period clouded in misinformation and controversy. ABOUT THE AUTHOR (back to top) Richard G. Hovannisian

39. The Republic Of Armenia, Vol. IV The Republic of armenia, Vol. IV Between Crescent and Sickle Partition and SovietizationNear Eastern Center, UCLA, 8 Published March 1996 history; Middle http://www.ucpress.edu/books/pages/8629.html

Entire Site Books Journals E-Editions The Press Richard G. Hovannisian The Republic of Armenia, Vol. IV Between Crescent and Sickle - Partition and Sovietization Near Eastern Center, UCLA, 8 Publication Date: March 1996 Subjects: History Middle Eastern History Politics Middle Eastern Studies Rights: World 345 pages Clothbound Available Now Description About the Author Related Books "This is an impressive work. There is nothing so thorough or comprehensive in English, or indeed in any language, so far as I know, for any of Armenia's neighbors in these years. . . . The total four or five volumes will be standard for many years to come."Roderic H. Davidson, American Historical Review "Erudite and remarkably objective, given the tensions that beset studies of recent Armenian history, this book will be the definitive political history of the period in question for some decades to come."Khachig Tololyan, Canadian Journal of History DESCRIPTION (back to top) With these two volumes, Richard Hovannisian completes his definitive history of the first independent Armenian state in modern times and provides the basis for comparison with the new Armenian republic established in 1991 after seven decades of Soviet rule. Based on Armenian, Russian, Turkish, German, Italian, French, and English-language archival materials, these volumes provide the first comprehensive, multidimensional analysis of this critical turning point in Armenian historya period clouded in misinformation and controversy. Volume Four examines the final months of the Armenia republic and the destructive impact of a Soviet-Turkish entente on the goal of a united, independent Armenia. The Turkish-Armenian war from September to December 1920 culminated in the loss of half of the Armenian republic and the Sovietization of what was left. The experiment in Armenian independence had failed; and the Armenian people, unable to gather together in a common homeland, remained scattered among communities in the diaspora and in the Soviet Union. At the time, no one could predict that a new opportunity for independence would unfold before the end of the century.

40. Karabakh.org Information about the armeniaAzerbaijan conflict and its consequences, the history and culture of Karabakh region of Azerbaijan. http://www.karabakh.org/

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