61. Secrets Of The Ice From The Museum Of Science, Boston Explore antarctica. Ice Core Research. Scientific Expedition. Expedition Headquarters. Learning Resources. Secrets of the Ice. An Antarctic Expedition. http://www.secretsoftheice.org/

Search Credits Introduction Search Credits Introduction

62. South-Pole.com: Arctic & Antarctic History On The Net This site is dedicated to the stamps, postal history and heroic explorers of the great White Continent. of future wars". The first American casualties in antarctica came in a tragic PBM Mariner http://www.south-pole.com/homepage.html

Welcome to the home page of South-Pole.com. This site is dedicated to the heroic explorers of our polar regions and the surrounding islands. The tales of these brave souls were often related in expedition mail sent home to anxious loved ones and beneficiaries. As you browse through this site, you will witness an extensive mix of reference material that will be useful to philatelists and students of polar history alike. For example, to the left you will notice a letter addressed to Capt. Nathaniel B. Palmer (1799-1877), who went to sea at the age of 14. At the age of 20, he played a major role as captain and part-owner of the HERO on the Fanning-Pendleton Sealing Expedition. The following season, as commander of the JAMES MONROE , he and British sealer George Powell together discovered the South Orkney Islands. While the history of Arctic adventure essentially begins with the nineteenth century quest for the Northwest Passage and North Pole, the early explorers to Antarctic seas made sojourns solely for commercial reasons, some of which, incidentally, made new discoveries. The majority of these voyages, along with the highest development of the whaling and sealing industry, came in the nineteenth century when operations took place in every ocean of the world. Many of the peri-Antarctic islands were discovered by sealers or whalers and the first landings on half of them were made by men engaged in the whale and penguin oil industry. A particular problem with many sealing voyages was the secrecy with which the industry was conducted; should a captain and crew discover a new sealing area, they normally concealed its location in the hope of having no competition when exploiting it on subsequent voyages. The early sealing industry declined as the population of Fur seals and Elephant seals were reduced to such an extent that the industry became virtually unprofitable.

63. The New South Polar Times AMONG THE MAGI RESEARCH TRACKS IN THE DESERT SNOW by Martin P. Sponholz. An online book about a scientist/explorer s adventure in antarctica. http://205.174.118.254/nspt/home.htm

THE NEW SOUTH POLAR TIMES (Archive) Sunset at the South Pole [New South Polar Times] [South Pole Crew] [Special Feature] [Antarctic Exploration] ... [Among the Magi] Welcome The New South Polar Times is a newsletter written by the staff of the Amundsen-Scott South Pole Station, South Pole, Antarctica. Founded by Katie Wallet, of Spotsylvania County Schools, and Lt. Tom Jacobs NOAA's officer-in-charge at Amundsen-Scott, this Internet newsletter provides students and teachers around the world with information on Antarctica, the scientific research taking place there, and fun facts about life at the station. The title, The New South Polar Times , was suggested by Lt. Jacobs and named for the first newsletter to be written in the Antarctic, The South Polar Times . The South Polar Times was a newsletter for and by the men on Robert Scott's ship, The Discovery, written during Scott's first expedition to Antarctica, July 1901- September 1904. It was on his second expedition to the Antarctic that Scott lost the race to the South Pole to Roald Amundsen by just 34 days. The station at the South Pole is named for these two brave men. We hope you will find this newsletter a jumping off point for studying the fascinating continent of Antarctica. If you have any suggestions for this newsletter, please send them to

64. Glacier Glacier This World Wide Web (WWW) site, designed for students in grades 7 to 12, supplies extensive information on the continent of antarctica and the research that is carried on there. The http://rdre1.inktomi.com/click?u=http://www.glacier.rice.edu/&y=02E214D67EF5

65. Antarctic Philately: Antarctic Expedition Maps MAPS OF antarctica AND ASSOCIATED EXPEDITIONS. The shape of antarctica and its relationship to the other continents is a mystery to many people. http://www.south-pole.com/map.htm

MAPS OF ANTARCTICA AND ASSOCIATED EXPEDITIONS T he shape of Antarctica and its relationship to the other continents is a mystery to many people. Likewise, the map below does not follow conventional cartography methods of placing "North" at the top of the map. Oddly, you need to travel south to reach the South Pole, but once there, no matter in which direction you leave, you will be heading north. As time permits, I will be adding individual detailed maps of the heroic expeditions of the past. Territorial Claims and Scientific Research Stations Expedition Maps E.H. Shackleton's 1914-17 ENDURANCE EXPEDITION BYRD I EXPEDITION Map ... Map BYRD III: USASE 1939-41 East Base Operations BYRD III: USASE 1939-41 West Base Operations Lincoln Ellsworth's Transantarctic Flight of 1935 RONNE ANTARCTIC RESEARCH EXPEDITION OPERATION WINDMILL ... Peri - Antarctic Islands Map

66. Antarctica Scientific Journeys From McMurdo To The Pole antarctica Scientific Journeys from McMurdo to the Pole Featured on this Exploratorium Museum website are live Webcasts, stories, features, and notes from the field about scientific life in http://rdre1.inktomi.com/click?u=http://www.exploratorium.edu/origins/antarctica

67. List CONRAD, LJ, Bibliography of Antarctic exploration. FOGG, Gordon SMITH, David, The exploration of the Antarctic. The Last Unspoilt Continent. http://www.scelder.org.uk/list.htm

Home scelder.org.uk A ALDRIDGE, Don The Rescue Of Captain Scott ALEXANDER, Caroline Mrs Chippy's Last Expedition:1914-1915 ... No Surrender! Capt. Scott's Journey to the South Pole. B BAINBRIDGE, Beryl The Birthday Boys BEGBIE, H. Shackleton- A Memory ... The Voyages of the 'Scotia' C CAMERON, Ian To The Furthest Ends Of The Earth. Antarctica: The Lost Continent. CHAPMAN, Walker ... That First Antarctic Winter D DAVIS, John King With The 'Aurora' In The Antarctic 1911-1914 Trial By Ice. The Antarctic Journals of John King Davis ... Shackleton's Boat Journey. The Story of 'James Caird'. E ELIAS, Edith L. The Book Of Polar Exploration EVANS, Admiral Sir Edward South With Scott ... The Mystery of the Polar Star F FIENNES, Ranulph Captain Scott FILCHNER, Wilhelm To The Sixth Continent. The Second German South Pole Expedition. ... Antarctica and the South Atlantic. G GERLACHE DE GOMERY, A. Voyage of the Beliga-Fifteen Months in the Antarctic GRAN, Tryggve. The Norwegian With Scott. ... The Race to the White Continent H HANSEEN, Helmer Voyages Of A Modern Viking HAYES, Gordon J. The Conquest of the South Pole ... Scott Of The Antarctic J JAMES, David

68. An Historical Timeline Of Antarctic Exploration AN HISTORICAL TIMELINE OF ANTARCTIC exploration. I created this Historical Timeline of Antarctic exploration for use as a handout http://www.antarctic-circle.org/timeline.htm

AN HISTORICAL TIMELINE OF ANTARCTIC EXPLORATION I created this Historical Timeline of Antarctic Exploration for use as a handout for talks on Antarctic history. It was done somewhat hurriedly and I haven't got around to correcting a few of the errors that I know exist. Please feel free to comment or point out mistakes. It was created in Pagemaker at a size of 38 by 25 inches. The largest at which I've printed it out is 17 by 11 inches, just readable. It has been converted into an Adobe Acrobat document which will come up in your browser window when you click here Robert B. Stephenson CONCISE CHRONOLOGY OF APPROACH TO THE POLES This chronolgy was prepared by Robert K. Healand , Archivist and Curator, Scott Polar Research Institute. It appears here courtesy of Mr Headland and SPRI. Note: Only the Antarctic portion is included here. The following Antarctic and Arctic lists give explorations, in chronological order, towards the South Pole and North Pole, their attainment (air and surface, and by sea in the Arctic), and the first crossings of the regions. There are several claims included which are unverified and extremely doubtful, although some of these pretensions have been well publicised. R. K. Headland

69. National Archives Of Australia - Publications - Fact Sheets - Fact Sheet 194 - A Australian Antarctic exploration and research. exploration of the Australian Antarctic Territory. Australia has been involved in Antarctic http://www.naa.gov.au/Publications/fact_sheets/fs194.html

Australian Antarctic exploration and research Exploration of the Australian Antarctic Territory Australia has been involved in Antarctic exploration since 1911, through Sir Douglas Mawson and the Australian Antarctic Expedition, followed by the British-Australia-New Zealand Antarctic Research Expedition (BANZARE) from 1929 to 1931. The Australian Antarctic Territory was formally proclaimed by Mawson aboard the Discovery in Antarctic waters on 7 February 1933. The consequent Australian Antarctic Territory Acceptance Act 1933 came into effect from 24 August 1936. In 1947 the Australian National Antarctic Research Expeditions (ANARE) established sub-Antarctic stations at Macquarie and Heard Islands and at Mawson on the Antarctic continent. Antarctic research Research by ANARE into areas such as Antarctic climate and weather and the depth of the ice shelf had been occurring since 1947. The International Geophysical Year (IGY) of 1957 provided a year of combined research effort on Antarctica, and the background to the Antarctic treaty of 1959, which was to maintain international cooperation and peaceful research on the continent. The treaty provided for complete freedom of scientific research in Antarctica, for conservation of wildlife and the prohibition of military activity, nuclear testing and disposal of radioactive waste. Antarctic cooperative research includes studies in biology, botany, seismology, meteorology, upper atmosphere physics, magnetology, cosmic radiation, oceanography and glaciology. Other areas of research include tide gauge operations, radio echo-sounding to determine ice thickness, and global climate and environment change.

70. Arctic And Antarctic An Historical Timeline of Antarctic exploration. Antarctic exploration. Antarctic exploration from Getting to the Pole to personal accounts. http://www.teachers.ash.org.au/aussieed/arcticantarctic.htm

Antarctic 70 South ... - describes itself as ' the No.1 source for Antarcticles(tm), is an award winning website, recognised as a (if not the) leading independent news and information resource on Antarctica and other polar related topics. ' Exceptionally worthwhile site for this type of information. Antarctic Circle, The - a series of information about various locations and personalities associated with the Antarctic and it linked areas. Antarctica Online - Australian Antarctic Division - a mass of information from the Australian Antarctic Division established by the Commonwealth government. Also check out the Antarctic Stations Antarctic Webcams Antarctica - information from the CIA World Factbook about Antarctica. Antarctican, The - an online magazine (Univ. of Tasmania). Designed to cater for scientific material and the people interested in it. Antarctica - One World Magazine - this site will provide you with information about various expeditions to the Antarctic continent as well as the treaty which has been developed to ensure the saving of the Antarctic continent from predators of any kind (especially human !). Antarctic Sun, Welcome to The

71. Antarctic History Belgium s important part in early Antarctic exploration. Chapter by Chapter. 20 Chapters of history reading with images. Explorers. http://www.70south.com/resources/history

Antarctic History Search Home News Messages ... Further Reading Advert Antarctic History Antarctica has a fascinating history full on controversy, tragedy and heroes. This section contains information about the history of this great continent in various sections, namely: Belgium . Belgium's important part in early Antarctic exploration. Chapter by Chapter . 20 Chapters of history reading with images. Explorers . Essential info about the key explorers. Photo: Scott's Hut at Cape Evans. Josh Landis, 2000. [NSF] If you would like to contribute an article to this section, please check the Content Contribution page and contact the Useful Tools Send this page to a friend Print this Page Subscribe to the newsletter Your Opinion What do you think of the content on this page? Excellent Good Fair Poor Note: All information is subject to change without prior notice. ©1998 - 2004

72. LookSmart - Directory - Antarctic Exploration By Dumont D'Urville Antarctic exploration by Dumont D Urville In 1840, after several attempts, French explorers found the South Magnetic Pole and claimed land for France. http://search.looksmart.com/p/browse/us1/us317836/us317911/us53828/us10156149/us

@import url(/css/us/style.css); @import url(/css/us/searchResult1.css); Home IN the directory this category YOU ARE HERE Home Library Humanities History ... Antarctica Antarctic Exploration by Dumont D'Urville - In 1840, after several attempts, French explorers found the South Magnetic Pole and claimed land for France. Directory Listings About allRefer Reference - Dumont d'Urville, Jules Sebastien Cesar Focuses on achievements, life, background, voyages, and career of the French navigator. Read on La Perouse. d'Urville, Jules Dumont - Antarctic Explorers French naval explorer was one of the first to investigate New Zealand. Read a biography, and learn about his Antarctic expedition. State Library of Tasmania Images - The Race to Antarctica Far Flung Places is the overall theme of a series of Hobart exhibitions. March to August 2003 features D'Urville's successful 1837-40 search for the Magnetic Pole. We're always looking for ways to improve your search experience. Tell us how we're doing. Join the Zeal community and help build the "Antarctic Exploration by Dumont D'Urville" Directory Category IN the directory this category About Us Advertise with Us Advertiser Log-in Terms of Service

73. Early Days Of Antarctic Exploration Early Days of Antarctic exploration. For almost two centuries, the South Pole drew armadas of explorer s and exploiters down to the http://www.cftech.com/BrainBank/TRIVIABITS/AntarcticExplor.html

Early Days of Antarctic Exploration For almost two centuries, the South Pole drew armadas of explorer's and exploiters down to the far latitudes in search of Antarctica. But the land guarded itself against detection with rough seas that shot waves a hundred feet high, frost mists that obscured visibility and icebergs patrolling the waters. Who dared to enter these waters? The first forays carried the curious and the adventurous, but the abundant wildlife soon brought the hunters and traders. The fur seals of the Antarctic and the elephant seals of the South Georgia, South Sandwich and other islands, near the Convergence were all but exterminated for their skins and blubber. According to estimates made by the Antarctic explorer James Weddell, 320,000 sealskins and 940 tons of elephant seal oil were taken at the South Shetlands in just two seasons. Source: The New York Times Book Review, March 30, 1997 pg. 10 For more information try a book or magazine search Index Menu Main Menu Shopping Area Message Board

74. Unit 2 Antarctic Exploration Unit2 Introduction, next. Students will find answers to these questions • When did people first explore the Antarctic? Who were http://classroomantarctica.aad.gov.au/Unit2_menu.html

Students will find answers to these questions: Materials: Expeditioner Profiles A3 map of Antarctica Antarctic distance matrix Comparison map of Australia, New Zealand and Antarctica ... Gallery of Antarctic images See also Classroom Resources View the web-standard (html) version (no pictures)

75. A Century Of Discovery: Antarctic Exploration And The Southern Ocean A century of Discovery Antarctic exploration and the Southern Ocean. Announcement A century of Discovery Antarctic exploration and the Southern Ocean. http://www.bshs.org.uk/news/displayrecord.php?eventID=477

76. HMS Endurance Tracking Project What sort of qualities or characteristics do you think you the first people to explore antarctica had? Many explorers became sick or injured in antarctica. http://www.visitandlearn.co.uk/interactive/antarcticexploration.asp

Home About the Project 2003/2004 Deployment Contact Us ... Links Goldie Bear's Antarctic Adventure Antarctic Exploration Goldie Bear has taken up the challenge of exploring Antarctica. He has some pretty big snowshoes to fill, as explorers like Amundsen and Shackleton have gone before him. But while Goldie gets his equipment packed, see what you can discover about Antarctic exploration. Scott at the Pole Before the 1800s, no one had explored Antarctica. But then, brave explorers from various countries began to wonder what was at the bottom of the world. Whatever was there, it was a mystery that had to be solved. To help Goldie, can you describe what it means to explore? What sort of qualities or characteristics do you think you the first people to explore Antarctica had? When Ernest Shackleton wanted crew to join him on his expedition to be the first person to cross the Antarctic continent. He put an advert in the paper: Men wanted for a hazardous journey. Small wages, bitter cold. Long months of complete darkness. Constant danger, safe return doubtful.

77. BBC - History - Different Approaches To Antarctic Exploration Different Approaches to Antarctic exploration. By Sian Flynn. http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/discovery/exploration/south_approaches_06.shtml

@import url('/includes/tbenh.css') ; Home TV Radio Talk ... A-Z Index MONDAY 7th June 2004 Text only BBC Homepage History Topics ... Help Like this page? Send it to a friend! Different Approaches to Antarctic Exploration By Sian Flynn Page 6 of 6 1. Different agendas 2. Camp conflicts 3. The devil's in the detail 4. Nutrition ... Print entire article Find out more Books South: The race to the Pole by Pieter van der Merwe (Greenhill, 2000) A First-rate Tragedy by Diana Preston (Mariner, 1999) The South Pole Pinnacle of Antarctica by John E Rugg (1st Books, 2001) About the author Sian Flynn curated the South: the race to the Pole exhibition (September 2000 to January 2002) at the National Maritime Museum, London, bringing together nearly 200 objects relating to Scott, Shackleton and Amundsen, as well as contributing to the accompanying book. Previous Published: 01-07-2002 Articles Race to the Pole Multimedia Zone Shackleton - A Voyage of Endurance Historic Figures Ernest Shackleton BBCi Links BBC News - Science battles for Scott's reputation External Web Links National Maritime Museum The Scott Polar Research Institute The British Antarctic Survey The BBC is not responsible for the content of external websites.

78. BBC - History - Exploration great prize. The Different Approaches to Antarctic exploration by Sian Flynn. Everest. Mount Everest. Who really conquered Everest? http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/discovery/exploration/index.shtml

@import url('/includes/tbenh.css') ; Home TV Radio Talk ... A-Z Index MONDAY 7th June 2004 Text only BBC Homepage History Topics ... Help Like this page? Send it to a friend! Exploration The history of exploration is littered with stories of heroism, bravery and tragedy. Find out about the conquest of the Americas , the race to the South Pole , and the charting of the world's oceans by sailors in the 18th-century Royal Navy The Three Voyages of Captain Cook Captain Cook's voyages are re-evaluated in this Radio 4 series . Listen to the programmes and an interview with the National Maritime Museum's Nigel Rigby. Captain Cook Life at Sea by Andrew Lambert Life for a sailor in Captain Cook's navy wasn't all blood, sweat and tears. Andrew Lambert reveals the professionalism of the Royal Navy that made Britain a real power. Women in Nelson's Navy by Nick Slope The Pacific before Cook by Nigel Rigby Captain Cook: Explorer, Navigator and Maritime Pioneer , by Glyn Williams Historic Endeavour , by Alexander Cook Endeavour 's Scientific Impact by Steve Cafferty Cook, Tupaia and Maori

79. Erskine Press - Antarctic Titles: Books On Antarctic Exploration, Antarctic Book Books on Antarctic exploration, Antarctic books, Roald Amundsen, Shackleton Expedition, South Georgia. http://www.erskine-press.com/antarctic_titles.htm

THE ANTARCTIC COLLECTION The Exploration of the Sixth Continent The Antarctic wastes have long held a fascination for man. This sixth continent was the last to be explored and its exploration and demystification formed the stuff of legend. The tragic story of Robert Falcon Scott and the British National Antarctic Expedition of 1910-12 is known throughout the world. The Erskine Press has published a series of books dealing with the HEROIC AGE OF ANTARCTIC EXPLORATION. Some of these books are now out of print but the following are still available and fall into three distinct categories - Diaries, Facsimiles and Translations, plus Miscellanea All the books are copiously illustrated with photographs, line drawings and maps. They are all hardback and cloth bound. The Diaries have pictorial jackets in two colours and are blocked in gold on the spines. The Translations and Facsimiles are cased in accurate reproductions of the originals and blocked in gold, silver or white on front and spine accordingly. Click on the titles for further details.

80. Cabinet Magazine Online - A Timeline Of Antarctic Exploration Issue 3 Summer 2001 A timeline of Antarctic exploration Jan. 1773 James Cook crosses into the Antarctic Circle at 67° 15’ S., the first explorer to do so. http://www.cabinetmagazine.org/issues/3/i_antartic.php

Issue 13 - Futures Issue 12 - The Enemy Issue 11 - Flight Issue 10 - Property ... Limited Editions Issue 3 Summer 2001 A timeline of Antarctic exploration Frances Richard A Do-It-Yourself Chronology of Antarctic Exploration Compiled by a Reader to Accompany The Worst Journey In the World Jan. 1773 James Cook crosses into the Antarctic Circle at 67° 15’ S., the first explorer to do so. Various expeditions under Bellingshausen, Weddell, Biscoe, Balleny, and Wilkes map portions of the Antarctic coastline, determining that rock is present beneath the ice, and that the landmass is large enough to be classified as a continent. James Clark Ross pushes his ships, the Erebus and the Terror (after which two Antarctic volcanic peaks are named) through the pack-ice to 78° 11’ S. The Challenger Expedition spends 3 weeks within the Antarctic Circle, collecting marine specimens and disproving current theories that the cold, dark Antarctic seas cannot support life. Henryk Johan Bull makes the first known landing on the Antarctic mainland. The Borchgrevink party spends the first human winter in Antarctica.

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