81. Paleontology 137 - Paleoclimatology paleontology 137 J Bret Bennington. that apply paleontological data to inferring ancientclimate do so the presence of massive, carbonate reefs is considered a http://people.hofstra.edu/faculty/J_B_Bennington/137notes/paleoclimatology.html

Paleontology 137 J Bret Bennington Paleoclimatology Fossils can be used in a variety of ways to gain insights into the climate conditions of the past. Obviously, climate has a major influence on the distrubution and form of organisms. If we understand these influences and their effects on modern floras and faunas, and if we can confidently assume that fossil floras and faunas responded in the same ways to the same climatic effects (a big if) then we can use fossils to reconstruct past climates. Generally, because of the fact that paleoclimate inferences based on fossils usually rely on some assumption of comparability of modern organisms to past organisms, the farther back in time one tries to make paleoclimate inferences the less precise or reliable they become. Thus, an abundance of detailed fossil-based paleoclimate data have been amassed for the Quaternary, but for the Paleozoic the conclusions are fewer, more general, and often less reliable. Paleotemperature Estimates Direct estimates of the temperature of seawater can be obtained from certain calcareous fossils using the ratio O18:O16 preserved in the calcite of the shell.

82. David Meyer lie chiefly in the field of invertebrate paleontology, but extend to coral reefecology, paleoecology the study of such aspects of ancient organisms as http://www.uc.edu/geology/faculty/meyer.html

Professor of Geology Department of Geology University of Cincinnati Cincinnati, Ohio 45221-0013 telephone 513-556-4530 e-mail David.Meyer@UC.EDU Education B.S., University of Michigan, 1966 Ph.D., Yale University, 1970 15-GEOL-521- Paleontology 15-GEOL-695- Paleoecology 15-GEOL-351- Age of Dinosaurs 15-GEOL-526- 15-GEOL-822- Paleontology Seminar 15-GEOL-163- Planet Earth My research interests lie chiefly in the field of invertebrate paleontology, but extend to coral reef ecology, paleoecology, and taphonomy. Specifically, I am concerned with paleobiology, the study of such aspects of ancient organisms as ecology and functional morphology, in relation to the evolutionary history of organisms. I am particularly interested in the Phylum Echinodermata, especially the crinoids, which have a long and diverse fossil record. My research is divided between studies of present-day echinoderms and fossil forms. My research on living crinoids involves the use of SCUBA and submersible diving in regions of the Caribbean and Western Pacific. Most recently I have revisited reef study sites on the Caribbean islands of Bonaire and Curacao to assess the long-term status of crinoid populations, first examined in the 1960s and 70s. An unusual hurricane that affected lush coral reefs of these islands has prompted a new line of research for me into coral reef ecology and paleoecology. Masters student Jill Bries conducted a study of damage to the reefs resulting from Hurricane Lenny in 1999. Her work led me to examine Pleistocene reefs preserved there and to compare them with other Pleistocene reefs across the Caribbean. In collaboration with former student Ben Greenstein, we are investigating preservation potential of reefs in regions experiencing different histories of hurricane disturbance.

83. LATE TRIASSIC GASTROCHAENID AND LITHOPHAGINID BORINGS (MOLLUSCA Journal of paleontology, 66183–193. Introduction to reef ecosystems and theirevolution, p. 1 The History and Sedimentology of ancient Reef Systems Topics http://www.psjournals.org/paleoonline/?request=get-document&issn=0022-3360&volum

84. NUTRIENTS FROM LAND AND PHANEROZOIC REEF DEVELOPMENT KIESSLING, Wolfgang, Institute of paleontology, Humboldt Univ, Museum of Natural marineteleconnections and the nutrient requirements of ancient reef builders. http://gsa.confex.com/gsa/2003AM/finalprogram/abstract_57965.htm

Paper No. 188-3 Presentation Time: 2:05 PM-2:20 PM NUTRIENTS FROM LAND AND PHANEROZOIC REEF DEVELOPMENT KIESSLING, Wolfgang , Institute of Paleontology, Humboldt Univ, Museum of Natural History, Invalidenstr. 43, Berlin 10115 Germany, wolfgang.kiessling@museum.hu-berlin.de. Modern reefs are sensitive to elevated nutrient concentrations owing to the adaptation of reef-building zooxanthellate corals to oligotrophic settings. The history of reef building, however, includes periods, when nutrient-opportunistic reef builders dominated the global reef factory. This could be attributed to elevated nutrient concentrations in the oceans caused by enhanced influx from the continents. The hypothesis is tested with a paleogeographic database on Phanerozoic reefs and published information on geochemical proxies and terrestrial evolution. Using the Phanerozoic Strontium isotope curve as a rough proxy for continental weathering and influx of terrestrial nutrients through time, several significant correlations indicate that changes in terrestrial weathering indeed have a significant influence on reef composition. Positive excursions of the Sr curve coincide with a reduction of the mean alpha diversity in reefs, an increase in aragonitic reef builders, and a rise of microbial mounds. 2003 Seattle Annual Meeting (November 2–5, 2003)

85. Introduction To The Brachiopoda abundant. They diversified into a number of different morphologiesand even participated in the buildup of ancient reefs. At the http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/brachiopoda/brachiopoda.html

Introduction to the Brachiopoda Of lamp shells and lophophores. . . Brachiopods are marine animals that, upon first glance, look like clams. They are actually quite different from clams in their anatomy, and they are not closely related to the molluscs. They are lophophorates , and so are related to the Bryozoa and Phoronida. Although they seem rare in today's seas, they are actually fairly common. However, they often make their homes in very cold water, either in polar regions or at great depths in the ocean, and thus are not often encountered. There are about 300 living species of brachiopods. Depsite their relative obscurity today, brachiopods have a long and rich paleontological history. During the Paleozoic era, they were extremely abundant. They diversified into a number of different morphologies and even participated in the build-up of ancient reefs. At the end of the Paleozoic, some 250 million years ago, they were decimated in the worst mass extinction of all time, the Permo-Triassic event. Their numbers have never been as great since that time. Click on the buttons below to learn more about Brachiopoda.

86. Mesozoic Corals Of Slovenia An indispensable book for paleontologists and other geologists interested inancient reefs. She is specialised in paleontology of Mesozoic corals and http://www.zrc-sazu.si/www/piir/mcs.htm

Mesozoic Corals of Slovenia by D RAGICA T URNŠEK December pages figures full-page plates Hardback ISBN 961 6182 44 7 65 US$ Zbirka ZRC (ZRC Series) vol. This monograph is a synthesis of 25 years' research on the Mesozoic corals of Slovenia. The most important part is a catalogue of 211 scleractinian species from 92 localities. Each species is presented with a complete synonymy, a short description, main taxonomic emendations, geographical distribution, stratigraphical range and a full page of illustrations. The introductory chapters provide a stratigraphical, sedimentological and paleogeographical framework. An indispensable book for paleontologists and other geologists interested in ancient reefs. Dragica Turnšek is a senior research fellow at the Ivan Rakovec Institute of Palaeontology, ZRC SAZU, and a member of the Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts. She is specialised in paleontology of Mesozoic corals and stromatoporoids. Contents Introduction; Historical review; Summary description of localities; stratigraphic position and paleoenvironmental setting;

87. John Maunder's Newfoundland And Labrador Natural Sciences Website - Links To Ear Strange Science The Rocky Road to Modern paleontology and Biology The StructuresStructures Built by Organisms Stromatolites, thrombolites, and patch reefs. http://home.thezone.net/~jmaunder/earth.htm

John Maunder's Newfoundland and Labrador Natural Sciences Website Links to Earth Science Website Goal: To compile an extensive reference resource for students of the natural history of Canada's easternmost province. Always under construction! Please check back periodically. All links last checked February 21, 2003. Page last updated February 21, 2003. Navigate Website: Homepage Links to Astronomy and Space Science Links to Biology and Ecology: Animals Links to Biology and Ecology: Plants, Lichens, Fungi, Protists, Bacteria and Viruses ... Links for Young People Navigate this Page - "Links to Earth Science": Atmospheric and Near-Earth Physical Features and Phenomena Auroras Lightning Magnetosphere ... Snow, Ice and Frost Atmospheric and Near-Earth Physical Features and Phenomena Auroras General Aurora [The]: Information and Images Very impressive site from the University of Alaska. Includes an Aurora Forcast page that custom-generates daily aurora maps centered on any general locality in the Northern Hemisphere. Check out the daily maps centered on Newfoundland and Labrador Aurora Borealis - Northern Lights Aurora Borealis - The Northern Lights An excellent Norwegian site - very relevant to Newfoundland and Labrador.

88. Paleontology And Geology Glossary: De If the dinosaur or paleontology term you are meaning link crocodile ) was a ancientarmored aetosaur (it Coral reefs, brachiopods, and crinoids were abundant. http://www.enchantedlearning.com/subjects/dinosaurs/glossary/indexde.shtml

EnchantedLearning.com is a user-supported site. As a bonus, site members have access to a banner-ad-free version of the site, with print-friendly pages. Click here to learn more. (Already a member? Click here. ZoomDinosaurs.com Dinosaur and Paleontology Dictionary A B C D ... Z Click on an underlined word for more information on that subject. If the dinosaur or paleontology term you are looking for is not in the dictionary, please e-mail us De Da De Di Do Dr Ds-Dy DEATH STAR THEORY The Death Star Theory refers to the fact that mass extinctions are periodic, and may be caused by the Earth's passing through a cloud of comets (the Oort cloud ) every 26 million years. Some people have hypothesized that there is a yet-to-be-discovered dark star or perhaps a planet (called, appropriately enough, Nemesis) orbiting in the outer reaches of our solar system. This body disrupts the Oort cloud (once every 26 million years), sending comets into the inner parts of the solar system, some of which hit Earth and cause mass extinctions. DEINOCHEIRUS (pronounced DINE-oh-KIE-rus) Deinocheirus ( meaning "terrible hand") was a large, long-legged, bipedal, meat-eating, big-eyed, bird-like dinosaur from the late Cretaceous period, about 70 million years ago. This Coelurosaurid Ornithomimosaur (ostrich-mimic)

89. Zeal.com - United States - New - Library - Sciences - Paleontology - Fossils - B about ammonites, crabs and other ancient seadwellers Invertebrate paleontology ImageGallery http//www.yale.edu Jurassic Reef Park http//www.palaeo.de/edu http://zeal.com/category/preview.jhtml?cid=10214036

90. DOE Document - Carbonate Rocks. III. Organic Reefs AAPG Reprint Series No. 15 contains 11 papers representing many of the most important modern contributions to reef geology and illustrating the application of sedimentologic, stratigraphic, and http://rdre1.inktomi.com/click?u=http://www.osti.gov/energycitations/product.bib

91. GeoNews December 1996 Ancient Sea Rocks to explore what was once an ancient sea floor. All experts on Silurian geology andpaleontology, they travel Silurian sites as the Thornton Reef, Waldron Shale http://www.isgs.uiuc.edu/news/geonews/dec96/ancientr.html

Illinois State Geological Survey GeoNews Online Ancient sea rocks, an international attraction They have come to Illinois to explore what was once an ancient sea floor. The attraction? A chance to learn what the midwestern United States was like during the Silurian Period about 400 million years ago, and to take home fossils of animals that flourished long before the age of the dinosaur. The fossil seekers from England, eastern Europe, and China have more than a casual interest. All experts on Silurian geology and paleontology, they travel the world to study Silurian-aged rocks and fossils. Geologists Donald Mikulic of the ISGS and Joanne Kluessendorf from the University of Illinois are guiding the paleontologists and sedimentologists on a comprehensive tour of the Silurian System in the central United States. The small international contingent is exploring such famous Silurian sites as the Thornton Reef, Waldron Shale, and Niagara Escarpment in Illinois, Ohio, Indiana, and Wisconsin. "New discoveries have been made in this area," says Mikulic. Studies on conodonts (tiny toothlike fossils) were conducted by ISGS geologist Rodney Norby and sedimentological work was performed by Mikulic and Kluessendorf. "On this field trip," continues Mikulic, who organized the tour and raised funds to subsidize some participants' fees, "we are highlighting these recent studies, as well as past research on Silurian rocks and fossils in Illinois and surrounding states.

92. PALEONTOLOGY will cover the principles of paleontology, the basic in dating and in decipheringancient environments, and distribution of environments in a Cretaceous reef. http://www.geo.arizona.edu/geo3xx/geo308/

2003 PALEONTOLOGY: GEOS 308/EEB 308 Karl W. Flessa Gould-Simpson Rm 309/319 kflessa@geo.arizona.edu Office hours: TuTh 1-2 or by appt Teaching assistants: Pennie Liebig GS313; pliebig@geo.arizona.edu Jana Van Alstine GS322; janava@geo.arizona.edu Why learn about fossils? Some more-or-less practical reasons: (1) Fossils reveal when, and how fast, organisms appeared, evolved, and became extinct; (2) Fossils are reliable indicators of the age of sedimentary rocks; and (3) Fossils are indicators of past environments. Non-practical reasons include the pleasure of discovery, reconstructing the life of the past, and being able to critique the entire Jurassic Park series. The lecture part of this course will cover the principles of paleontology, the basic morphology and geological significance of important fossil groups, the use of fossils in dating and in deciphering ancient environments, and the major features of evolution as seen in the fossil record. The laboratory part of the course will illustrate the concepts discussed in lecture, introduce you to important groups of fossils, provide field experience in collecting and analyzing fossils, and develop research and writing skills. There is a REQUIRED FIELD TRIP in this course.

93. Queensland Museum - Palaeontology & Geology ancient Bugs! Fossil insects from the Triassic of Queensland; Ye Olde Barrier ReefsFossil reef systems and their faunas from 380 to 360 Million years ago in http://www.qmuseum.qld.gov.au/organisation/sections/PalaeontologyGeology/index.a

Step Inside Inquiry Centre Features Education ... Geoscience Palaeontology and Geology Media Room Museum Library Annual Reports Publications ... Staff Cambrian crinoids (Sea lillies) from western Queensland. Palaeontology and Geology Dr Peter Jell Dr Alex Cook Mr Scott Hocknull Ms Kristen Spring ... Dr Alan Bartholomai (Hon) Prof Trevor Clifford (Hon) Dr Steve Salisbury (Hon) Dr Mary Dettmann (Hon) Dr Mary Wade (Hon) Dr Don McKenzie (Hon) Dr Sue Turner (Hon) Ms Judith Bracefield (Hon) Section The Queensland Museum Palaeontology section is charged with collecting, describing and storing in perpetuity the rich fossil heritage of the State. The many staff and volunteers are involved in a number of projects throughout the State which enrich our knowledge of the history of life of Queensland, and add to the tourism potential of many places. The staff look after the seven million fossils in the State collections, undertake education, display and public activities, and go out and find new things. They make replicas of fossils for use in the Tourist market, and prepare fossils for display and research. Current Projects Riversleigh Remnants: The fossil history of Australia’s rainforests and arid zone Ancient life and climate change in Queensland as recorded in cave deposits Fossil fruits and seeds from beneath basalts in Queensland Australia's Megafauna: Was the extinction of the megafauna caused by humans or climate? Changes to ecosystems in Australia and their effect on modern and extinct species

94. Paleo Links Public Museum provides this Virtual Silurian Reef for you The Rocky Road to ModernPaleontology and Biology Mars missions and the possibility of ancient life on http://geosrv01.bgsu.edu/Yacobucci/paleo.htm

Paleontology Links (Updated on: The following websites have lots of interesting information, pictures, links, etc. and can get you started if you would like to explore a topic further. www.nhm.ac.uk/hosted_sites/paleonet/ PaleoNet, for paleontologists; includes lists of links to paleontological societies and museums around the world, pictures, and a searchable archive of PaleoNet mailing list postings. http://p aleosoc.org The Paleontological Society website. www.geosociety.org The Geological Society of America website. www-odp.tamu.edu/paleo/toc.htm Palaeontologia Electronica , the first online paleontological journal. Research articles, editorials, book reviews, and more, all with great graphics. www.nhm.ac.uk/hosted_sites/paleonet/paleo21 Paleontology in the 21st Century; statements on the future of the field, based on a 1997 meeting of over 100 paleontologists. http:// ipa.geo.ukans.edu:591/Directory/ pdnd .html Directory of Paleontologists of the World, including institution and specialities. www.ucmp.berkeley.edu

95. Raw Human Waste Killing Off Coral Reefs? Sponsored in part by. Raw Human Waste Killing Off Coral reefs? Black banddisease has stricken round coral in many reefs throughout the seas. http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2002/06/0627_020627_coral.html

Sign up for our free e-mail newsletter Also see: Today's Top Stories This Story The Environment E-mail this story Sponsored in part by Raw Human Waste Killing Off Coral Reefs? Ben Harder for National Geographic News June 27, 2002 In many parts of the world where sewage treatment is lacking, raw human waste spills into the open sea. Now, research suggests that certain microbes in the human gut are responsible for two coral diseases that have devastated large patches of reef. Billions of bacteria live in the intestines of each person. Many of these microbes, including Serratia marcescens, don't typically cause illness in people. Others, such as Arcobacter, can cause diarrhea in children when too abundant. But these two intestinal bugs and many others are much less benign when they meet coral, according to scientists who have linked the bacteria with white pox and black band disease, which have decimated two types of coral in recent years. A healthy blade of elkhorn coral (right) grows next to a blade infected with white pox near Key West, Florida. Photograph courtesy of the University of Georgia RELATED LESSON PLANS Use this National Geographic News article in your classroom with these Xpeditions lesson plans: Aquarium Habitats The Pros and Cons of Artificial Reefs More News Kids News The Environment Travel National Geographic Channel Special Series Emerging Explorers TravelWatch National Geographic Out There Oceans ... Pulse of the Planet White pox has nearly wiped out hornlike elkhorn coral in some reefs in the Caribbean and elsewhere. Black band disease has stricken round coral in many reefs throughout the seas.

96. The Silurian 443 To 417 Million Years Ago The Silurian 443 to 417 Million Years Ago This site describes the Silurian period, a time during which the Earth underwent considerable changes that had important repercussions for the http://rdre1.inktomi.com/click?u=http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/silurian/silurian.

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