61. Earth Resources/Materials, Geology, Geomorphology, Paleontology Agate Fossil Beds National Monument; ancient World Web Hooper (Dr. Ken) VirtualPaleontology Museum - Carleton Jurassic reefs in Germany; K-Paleo - Kuban s http://www.usra.edu/esse/ford/ESS205/g300www/g300wwwgeos.html

62. Biggest Ever U.S. Fish Study Aids Florida Conservation Worldwide, the ancient, slowgrowing reefs have been imperiled by But coral reefsalso are probably the first ecosystems to C. Archaeology and paleontology. http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2002/07/0730_020730_fishcensus.html

Sign up for our free e-mail newsletter Also see: Today's Top Stories This Story Wires E-mail this story Sponsored in part by Biggest Ever U.S. Fish Study Aids Florida Conservation Dahleen Glanton Chicago Tribune July 30, 2002 In the most ambitious study of marine life ever undertaken in the United States, scientists spent a month recently counting the fish in the Florida Keys, from the waters south of Miami to the coral forests beyond Key West. As Florida's human population soared to more than 16 million in recent decades, the once abundant stock of snappers, groupers, and grunts has significantly declined because of recreational and commercial fishing. Researchers say that 70 percent of all fish species have been overharvested, and the average size of the grouper, a huge fish, is 10 percent smaller. Bluestriped grunts swim through the Florida Keys, where a major scientific census of the region's fish has been done as part of marine conservation and restoration efforts. Photograph by Brandon D. Cole/CORBIS "Liquid Planet" airs every Wednesday during National Geographic Today

63. Ariel A. Roth Ariel Roth s interests include living and ancient coral reefs in some Pleistocene,Devonian, and Silurian reef facies. Journal of paleontology 6011471158. http://origins.swau.edu/who/roth/default.html

Ariel A. Roth (Click for full C.V.) Ph.D. University of Mchigan 1955 Coral Reefs and Flood Geology General Interests Ariel Roth's interests include living and ancient coral reefs, evidences of a worldwide catastrophic flood, and issues of philosophy of science. Current Research Although Roth has never been at a loss for things to do, he has recently completed a major work: Origins: Linking Science and Scripture, published by Review and Hearld Publishing Co. Photo: Group of educators in the Alps near Saulzburg, Austria discussing with Dr. Roth the origin of the Lofer cyclothems. Three of the cyclothems (designated as 1-3) are visible in the cliff. Under consideration is evidence that these were dposited rapidly, in contrast to the usual interpretatiion that it took many thousands of years to deposit each of these. Selected Publications Bossiella orbigniana . Marine Biology 52:217-225. Roth, A.A. 1996. The age of fossils. Dialogue 8(2):23. Roth, A.A. 1998. The disadvantage of collective ignorance. The Record (Australia), August 29, 1998, p.3. Roth, A.A. 1998.

64. Professor George Stanley in scope and deal with invertebrate paleontology, paleoecology and paleogeographywith specialization on modern and ancient reefs, especially those of the http://www2.umt.edu/Geology/faculty/stanley/stanley.htm

George D. Stanley, Jr., Office: SC 302 Phone: (406) 243-5693 fossil@selway.umt.edu B.A. The University Tennessee Ph.D. The University of Kansas Research Interests Invertebrate paleontology, and evolution Corals and reef invertebrates and reef evolution Paleoecology and taxonomy Evolution of reefs and carbonate buildups Modern coral reef ecology Use of fossils in assessing plate tectonics and paleogeography Triassic and Jurassic stratigraphy and paleontology Courses Taught Invertebrate Paleontology Paleontological Techniques History of Life Mass Extinctions and Catastrophism Paleobiology Curation Techniques (for volunteers) Stanley with a class on the Great Barrier Reef of Belize Paleo field trip in Montana Current Activities My research and teaching are international in scope and deal with invertebrate paleontology, paleoecology and paleogeography with specialization on modern and ancient reefs, especially those of the early Mesozoic. I am busy working with students on several paleontological projects: NSF-sponsored project on reef evolution and recoveries from mass extinctions in Cordilleran in reef of early Mesozoic age and another one using Triassic silicified fossils to reconstruct paleogeography.

65. Geology 315 Ecological Services Exposé (ESE) *(see below). I. INTRODUCTION TO paleontology,Reading. Mar 3, M, Communities II ancient v. modern reefs, Ch. http://classes.colgate.edu/csoja/geol315/315sched.htm

Geology 315 Lectures, Exams, Student Presentations and Reading Assignments Textbook: Prothero, D.R. 1998. Bringing Fossils to Life. + Additional Readings (see below) + "Ecological Services" Exposé (ESE) (see below) I. INTRODUCTION TO PALEONTOLOGY Reading Jan 20 M Course introduction Preface W Understanding the fossil record vii-viii; Ch. 1, Art. 1 F Ch. 2-4; H/w M Invertebrate classification II Disc. of h/w II. MARINE ECOLOGY AND PALEOECOLOGY Jan 29 W Marine ecosystems and trophic relationships Ch. 8:117-134 F Fossils as paleoenvironmental indicators Art. 2 Feb 3 M Taphonomy and paleocommunities Ch. 1,8; Art. 3 III. ORIGIN OF LIFE Feb 5 W Precambrian biotas Art. 4-5 F Origin of metazoans Art. 6-7 M Porifera Art. 12 W Student Presentations click here for list of readings IV. CAMBRIAN BIOTAS Feb 14 F Annelids Ch. 8 M Arthropods Ch. 14 W Communities I: Burgess Shale fauna Ch. 1, Art. 9-10 F Burgess Shale (video) V. PROTISTS AND CNIDARIA Feb 24 M Microfossils: single-celled organisms Ch. 11, Art. 11 W Coloniality in Cnidaria Ch. 12

66. Research View | The University Of Montana Winter 2003. Better Big Sky Science. NSF EPSCoR Funnels Funding to Montana. Language Leader. Educator Works to Save. Fading Indian Culture. ancient Oceans. UM Paleontologist Studies. reefs and Life http://www.umt.edu/urelations/rview/winter2003/oceans.htm

Winter 2003 Better Big Sky Science NSF EPSCoR Funnels Funding to Montana Language Leader Educator Works to Save Fading Indian Culture Ancient Oceans UM Paleontologist Studies Reefs and Life Across the Eons Math Mogul UM Professor Designs Widely Used Curriculum Economics 101 Expert Helps Leaders Understand State's Diverse Economy PALEONTOLOGY Ancient Oceans UM Paleontologist Studies Reefs and Life Across the Eons (Left) Researcher George Stanley holds a coral fossil from UM's Paleontology Research Collection. (Right) Ancestor of all: Stanley holds a 530-million-year-old fish fossil discovered at China's Chengjiang Biota that may be the forerunner of all vertebrates, including humans. If given access to a time machine, some people would cruise off to witness the signing of the Declaration of Independence or maybe the birth of Christ. But UM paleontologist George Stanley would take a longer jaunt perhaps jumping back 200 million years to visit the first reefs of the Mesozoic Era. Or maybe he'd zip back 540 million years to the dawn of the Cambrian Period when simple worms, jellyfish and multicellular critters living in the Earth's oceans suddenly at least in geologic terms exploded into myriad new forms.

67. Reefs And Atolls Of The Australian Outback The Australian Outback is legendary for its heat and aridity, but an Adelaide University researcher has discovered a Precambrian reef system in the heart of one of the country's most popular A row of reefs now stands along the edge of in that all the reefs have been tilted on their It provides a view of ancient reefs not often encountered http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2000-07/AU-Raao-3007100.php

Public release date: 30-Jul-2000 Contact: Dr. Nicholas Lemon nlemon@ncpgg.adelaide.edu.au Adelaide University Reefs and atolls of the Australian outback One Enorama reef shows as a low, scrub-covered hill in the foreground, surrounded by smoothly weathered shale. The pale, weathered diapir is in the background. A thin line of outcrop at the back of the hill running across the width of the image is the contact between the diapir and country rock. Click here for more photos. Full size image available through contact When the Australian explorer Charles Sturt went looking for an inland sea, he wasn't wrong; just a few million years too late. Oceans once covered great areas of what is now inland Australia. Their traces remain in fossils, minerals and geological formations that reveal much about how Earth has changed over time. Dr Nicholas Lemon from Adelaide University's National Centre for Petroleum Geology and Geophysics has been field-mapping a Precambrian reef complex in what is now the Flinders Ranges National Park. The work began in 1984 as part of his PhD project. Interest was renewed when Dr Lemon showed the area to a group of international geologists. "They were aware of similar occurrences in North America, but which were not of the same age, and they could see the importance of this outcrop," said Dr Lemon. Not far from the Brachina Gorge Geological Trail, the reefs at Enorama formed as a fringe around a diapiric island. In geological terms, a diapir is a mobile core containing minerals of low density such as salt. The core pushes upwards, deforming overlying rock to form a dome on the Earth's surface. The ancient diapir at Enorama formed an island in shallow seas, buoyed up by salt. There are similar examples today in the Persian Gulf.

68. Virtual Silurian Reef -- Table Of Contents The Virtual Silurian Reef is a K12 distance-learning project of the Geology Section of the Milwaukee Public Museum, funded by the Wisconsin Advanced Telecommunications Foundation. During the sea, reefs flourished in reefs as a vehicle for students to learn general principles, local details, and environmental significance of the study of the ancient http://www.mpm.edu/reef/intro.html

A distance-learning project of the MILWAUKEE PUBLIC MUSEUM funded by grants from the WISCONSIN ADVANCED TELECOMMUNICATIONS FOUNDATION and the OF BRILLION, WISCONSIN INTRODUCTION D uring the Silurian Period in earth history, 425 million years ago, when much of North America was covered by a shallow, tropical sea, reefs flourished in the area now occupied by Wisconsin and Illinois. This site uses these reefs as a vehicle for students to learn general principles, local details, and environmental significance of the study of the ancient past. The Silurian reef diorama at the Milwaukee Public Museum, which serves as the focus for the pages that follow. Take a swim around the reef! CONTENTS Basic concepts Distribution of Silurian reefs Reef organisms Biodiversity ... Send comments to: reef@mpm1.mpm.edu Milwaukee Public Museum, Inc.

69. PAST LIVES: CHRONICLES OF CANADIAN PALEONTOLOGY - Chapter 21 PAST LIVES CHRONICLES OF CANADIAN paleontology. Chapter 21. Drill cores of this reefmight disclose evidence of its ancient ecology, but paleoecology http://www.nrcan.gc.ca/gsc/calgary/canpal/pastlives/21_e.html

Français Contact Us Help Search ... GSCC Home Calgary Introduction 1. Earth's Bones 2. Deep Time 3. Pethei Stromatolites ... About the Authors PAST LIVES: CHRONICLES OF CANADIAN PALEONTOLOGY Chapter 21. Redwater and Ed Klovan The presence of tropical reefs a mile beneath the frigid plains of central Alberta was an intriguing and lucrative novelty for petroleum geologists, but it was almost too preposterous for the general public to accept Section of core from the Upper Devonian Redwater Reef. University of Alberta Collections. Photo by BDEC (c). In 1948 a large oil-bearing reef was discovered under the town of Redwater, but this reef consisted of original limestone, not dolostone. Drill cores of this reef might disclose evidence of its ancient ecology, but paleoecology was yet an unformed discipline and such work had to await another decade when an Albertan went to graduate school in New York City. Ed Klovan grew up at Lake Wabamun outside Edmonton. After an undergraduate degree in geology from the University of Alberta, he began graduate work at New York’s Columbia University in 1957. Columbia then was home to two of the brightest researchers in the fledgling field of paleoecology Norman Newell and John Imbrie, both of whom had a deep interest in modern reef ecology. Imbrie suggested to Klovan that he prepare a class seminar on the paleoecology of the Devonian reefs of central Alberta. By then hundreds of wells had been drilled into Leduc reefs, but Klovan’s library research was stymied because virtually nothing had been published on their nature and paleoecology. In failing to find a seminar topic, he had identified a thesis topic.

70. OUP USA: Reef Evolution: Rachel Wood to understanding ancient coral reef ecosystems. It will be a useful resource forstudents and researchers in evolution, marine biology, ecology, paleontology, http://www.oup.com/us/catalog/general/subject/EarthSciences/Paleontology/~~/cGY9

Check Out Help Search More Search Options Browse Paleontology Paleontology Browse Related Subjects Earth Sciences Geology Earth Sciences Ecology ... Evolutionary Biology Never Miss an OUP Sale! Free Email Alerts! More Oxford email lists Enter Sales Promo Code Related Links: Table of Contents Subjects Earth Sciences Paleontology Reef Evolution Rachel Wood paper 432 pages Jul 1999 In Stock Price: $64.50 $5.00 (US) $10.00 (INTL) Reviews Product Details About the Author(s) Using more than 250 illustrations and specially drawn ecological reconstructions of reef communities, Rachel Wood provides an evolutionary approach to understanding ancient coral reef ecosystems. It will be a useful resource for students and researchers in evolution, marine biology, ecology, paleontology, biodiversity, and geology. Learn more about this title...

71. Natural Selection: Subject Gateway To The Natural World This site provides an excellent place to start learning about the cycads, anancient group of seed plants that have Reef ecology; reefs; paleontology;. http://nature.ac.uk/browse/560.176.html

low graphics Top Stratigraphic palaeontology Mesozoic ... Alpine Jurassic working group Compiled by Dr Michael Rasser, a palaeontologist at Geologische Bundesanstalt, Vienna, this site aims to "present and support the work of geologists and paleontologists studying the Alpine Jurassic". The site includes a searchable literature database (currently containing 1134 records), descriptions of ongoing projects, a directory of people in the field and related links. Paleoecology; Paleontology/Jurassic; Catalogues / Paleontological Museum, University of Oslo Mammalia; Arachnomorpha; Trilobites; Paleontology; Animals, Fossil; Mammals, Fossil; Trilobita; Cretaceousfossils.com This site provides a stimulating introduction to fossils from the Cretaceous, with an emphasis on fossils from the US states of Texas, New Jersey, Montana, Wyoming, and South Dakota. The largest part of the site focuses on invertebrates including brachiopods and pelecypods, smaller sections on fossil vertebrates, plants and the geology of the region are also available. These sections are supported by images and descriptions, an overview of geological time, references, links to related sites and a section on non-cretaceous fossils. Paleobotany/Cretaceous; Plants, Fossil; Animals, Fossil; Paleontology/Cretaceous;

72. EarthScienceSeek.com Invertebrate Stanley, G. profile http//www.cs.umt.edu/GEOLOGY/FAC/stanley.htmlPaleontology of modern and ancient reefs, University of Montana. http://www.earthscienceseek.com/categories/Science__Earth_Sciences__Paleontology

@import url(http://www.animationseek.com/style.css); Search Directory Forum Earth Sciences Paleontology Paleontologists Invertebrate - Found 46 sites about Invertebrate Gould,_Stephen_Jay Interviews Baumiller, T. profile http://www.geo.lsa.umich.edu/dept/faculty/baumiller/ Evolutionary paleobiology, University of Michigan. Bennington, J B. profile http://people.hofstra.edu/faculty/j_b_bennington/ Paleobiology and paleoecology, Hofstra University. Bieler, R. profile http://pondside.uchicago.edu/ceb/faculty/bieler.html Gastropod evolution and systematics, the Field Museum. Borghi, L. profile http://acd.ufrj.br/geologia/professo/borghi.htm Paleozoic marine invertebrate trace-fossils in Brazilian basins; Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro. Brett, C.E. profile http://www.uc.edu/geology/brett/deptwebpage/ Invertebrate paleobiology, University of Cincinnati. Cohen, A.S. profile http://www.geo.arizona.edu/Faculty_Pages/Cohen.A.html Paleobiology and paleolimnology, University of Arizona. Collins, A.G. profile http://www.PaleoBio.org/agc/ Paleobiology, University of California-Berkeley.

73. Bomis: The Science/Earth Sciences/Paleontology/Invertebrates/Corals Ring Bomis The Science/Earth Sciences/paleontology/Invertebrates/Corals ring. 2. AncientCoral reefs. Natural History Notebook (Canada) fossil coral section. http://www.bomis.com/rings/Minvertebrates-corals-science

Bomis: The Science/Earth Sciences/Paleontology/Invertebrates/Corals ring Build a ring Suggest URL! Email ringmaster! Ring Info! See also... ...Science/Earth_Sciences/Paleontology/Invertebrates Home My Bomis Webmasters ... Ring Rankings Sneak preview of new search engine from Bomis Search Wikia for Corals Ring sites Corals Sponsored Link Find, compare and buy Jewelry! Simply Fast Savings www.Shopping.com Sponsored Link Cherry Pick Your Corals Specializing in Dry Goods www.roesmarineworld.com Fossilised Corals Images of fossilised corals - Geology Department, University of Newcastle www.newcastle.edu.au Ancient Coral Reefs Natural History Notebook (Canada) fossil coral section. www.nature.ca Virtual Silurian Reef Silurian Reefs in the Field www.mpm.edu Search Bomis for Corals Other Popular Bomis Searches harry potter osama bin laden scareer auto parts ... britney spears Help build the largest human-edited directory on the web. Submit a Site Open Directory Project Become an Editor

74. NYS Museum Press Release - Museum Series-2 through geologic time and how natural gas may originate with ancient reef and beachsands. The Museum s Center for Stratigraphy and paleontology focuses on http://www.nysm.nysed.gov/press/archive/premuseumseries2.html

Information Exhibits Programs Education ... Museum Press Room Contact: Joanne Guilmette Phone: 518/474-8730 FAX: 518/486-3696 Press Room email: nysmpress@mail.nysed.gov Museum Series Ancient Life and Environments in New York State FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE: Feb 2, 2001 ALBANY, N.Y. - The effects of changes in climate and the environment on ancient life in New York is the theme of the next Museum Series talks by New York State Museum researchers. The four talks on Ancient Life and Environments in New York State, are held on consecutive Wednesdays, begin Feb. 7 in the Museum Theater. All programs start at 7 p.m. and are free of charge. Geologists and paleontologists use their findings on marine life to suggest theories on the evolution of modern animal groups and plants. Also explored will be the causes and effects of changing sea levels through geologic time and how natural gas may originate with ancient reef and beach sands. The Museum's Center for Stratigraphy and Paleontology focuses on interpreting the regional and global controls on the early history and evolution of the natural environment and life in New York. The Center includes paleobiologists, stratigraphers and other geologists whose work contributes to understanding the rock and fossil succession in New York State and related regions. The Museum, committed to lifelong learning, is a program of the State Education Department.

75. Ancient Life Text - NYS Museum Utica are fossilbearing deposits of the ancient Utica Sea New York State Museum PaleontologyCollection, E 317. Earth’s Oldest Coral reefs text panel for free http://www.nysm.nysed.gov/education/teacher/ancient_life_text.html

Information Exhibits Programs Education ... Museum Education New York State Museum ANCIENT LIFE OF NEW YORK A Billion Years of Earth History Gallery Text and Labels Please take a stroll through a billion years of New York’s “deep time." [Introductory panel outside of the gallery] Like deep space, deep time takes us back through dimensions of life that are beyond the scope of human experience. Deep time is reconstructed by scientific evidence. Paleontology is the study of life through deep time. paleontology pay -lee-un- tahl James Hall [label for portrait of James Hall] First director of New York State Museum and one of the most important paleontologists of the nineteenth century. Throughout this exhibition: Unfamiliar Words - Some scientific terminology may be unfamiliar to you, so certain words within each panel are bolded . You can find these words either written out phonetically, or defined, or both, at the bottom of the appropriate panel. Fossil Names - All living and fossil organisms are given a unique scientific name. This two-part, descriptive name consists of the genus (jee-nuss) and the species (spee-seez), usually Latin or Greek words. The genus is capitalized, but the species is not. Both names are always written in

76. An Ancient Land ancient Life of the UK Natural History Museum s collection through selected paleontologyprojects. this site represents a virtual trip to the reefs of the http://www.geocities.com/CapeCanaveral/7689/ancient.html

GO TO: Ancient Geology Ancient Life Fossils Dinosaurs ... About Ancient Geology Gondwana Take a quick look at some geology and plate tectonics at Macquarie University. Hooper Virtual Paleontological Museum Enter the lobby of this Canadian museum and choose from a range of topics on landforms unique to Ottawa. More general topics are also covered. Geology and Geologic Time Here's a general introduction from the University of California with links to geological time scales. It Takes Time From the Royal Tyrrell Museum in Canada, here's a short overview with a diagram. The Third Planet Subtitled 'A Walk Through Geologic Time' this is one exhibit from the Milwaukee Public Museum. Ecology Past Here's a broad coverage of the topic, by the St Louis Science Center, that takes in abiotic forces, geological time, fossils and evolution. The Learning Web USGS presents a great educational site. The topics 'Global Change' and 'Earth Science' are relevant here. This Dynamic Earth From USGS an excellent site deals with plate tectonics. Bill Nye Episode Guides You'll find articles on dinosaurs, archeology and many more.

77. Trilobite Ecology And Ancient Environments Trilobite Ecology and ancient Environments This page last of oncocerid nautiloidsfrom the Virtual Silurian Reef paper by Desmond Collins (J. paleontology 70(2 http://www.aloha.net/~smgon/triloecology.htm

Trilobite Ecology and Ancient Environments This page last revised 08 FEB 2003 by S.M. Gon III Continental Drift in the Paleozoic Era Millions of years ago This animation of changing continental configurations courtesy of the PaleoMap Project developed by Christopher R. Scotese. Half a billion years ago , the Earth's marine environment was certainly not the same as it is today. It is likely that the ocean's chemistry, including salinity, was different, and the configuration of the ocean basins and continents was entirely unlike our modern globe, because of continental drift Biotic environments (the living community of plants and animals) were also different. While there were many species of marine plants and animals, many groups prominent today were missing, or poorly represented. For example, in the Cambrian and Ordovician , there were no jawed fishes , and Crustaceans (crabs, shrimps, etc.) which dominate the arthropod fauna of today's oceans, were present, but not prominent. A view of a Silurian reef (courtesy of the Virtual Silurian Reef ) How many trilobites can you find?

78. GE251 Field Trip To Ripogenus Dam ancient reef carbonate has been classified variously, but many Dam, Maine Journalof paleontology, v. 19 Wood, R., 1999, Reef Evolution Oxford University Press http://www.colby.edu/~ragastal/GE251/Ripogenus.htm

What is a reef? GE 251 Field Trip to Ripogenus Dam The term derives from the old Norse word rif that means a hazardous rib of rock, sand, or biological material lying close to the surface of the sea. But, due to the variance in biological meaning, the term reef has no universally defined meaning. The most widespread term is very restrictive - a rigid, wave-resistant framework consisting of large skeletal organisms. But, modern coral reefs possess unique ecological features and environmental requirements, both of which are difficult to discern in the fossil record. How to determine if an ancient reef formed a wave-resistant framework? Different geographic and oceanographic settings vary in wave structure, which makes any determination difficult. The presence of an in situ marine community which has formed some relief is evidence that the organisms could develop under specific hydrodynamic processes, but not necessarily that they were wave-resistant. Reefs also are comprised of both living, structurally sound components and those parts that have been obliterated resulting in reef rubble. Hence, the expression of a reef in the fossil record may have little similarity to that of a modern reef. Large skeletal organisms are not conspicuous components of reefs in the past. Different evolutionary grades of marine invertebrates and plants have existed, and much of the ancient record is comprised of cement and peloidal micrite (pellet-shaped carbonate mud clasts). Hence, over the long term, biological processes other than the growth of large, skeletal organisms can contribute to the framework of the reef. Modern and ancient reefs, then, are extremely varied and encompass a wide range of both inorganic and organic phenomena.

79. KPH Home Page these ideas have been tested in ancient reef cores from and the overall sediment budgetin reef systems. History of Life 128 Syllabus paleontology 320 Syllabus. http://www.oberlin.edu/faculty/kmhubbar/

Karla Parsons-Hubbard Assistant Professor of Geology Department of Geology Oberlin College 52 W. Lorain St. Oberlin, OH 44074 Ph. (440) 775-8353 Fax (440) 775-8380 karla.hubbard@oberlin.edu Education: BA Beloit College MS University of Rochester PhD University of Rochester (Picture at left taken at Cable Beach, Broome, western Australia) Research Interests: My main research focus has been on the processes of preservation (taphonomy) particularly of molluscs and echinoderms. I have been a member of a larger research group studying modern processes such as dissolution, epibiont overgrowth, and mechanical destruction on experimentally deployed organisms in a wide variety of environments from the shallow shelf, to the deep continental slope in both the Gulf of Mexico and in the Bahamas. Our research group is called the Shelf and Slope Experimental Taphonomy Initiative (SSETI) and is summarized here. The goal of this research is to understand the timing of fossilization processes in deep-water settings. The only way to do this is to measure them in modern settings and extrapolate to ancient assemblages. Our experiments, then, are deployed and retrieved by submersible at regular intervals and the changes in the shells are quantified. As an extension of this research, I have developed an interest in the paleoecologic implications for encrusting organisms. They may prove to be excellent indicators of paleobathymetry, nutrient levels, and other physical and chemical conditions acting on any particular organism during its life and after it dies and becomes fossilized. Some of these ideas have been tested in ancient reef cores from St. Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands.

80. Nearctica - Education - Subjects - Fossils By Period You can learn about the occurrence of Silurian reefs in the fossil Oceans of KansasPaleontology. A marvelous web site dealing with the ancient ocean life that http://www.nearctica.com/educate/subject/period.htm

Subjects - Fossils by Period Special Segments Butterflies of North America Conifers of North America Eastern Birds List of N.A. Insects Home Eastern Wildflowers General Topics Natural History Ecology Family Environment Evolution Home Education Home Conservation Geophysics Paleontology Commercial Organizations Return to Subjects Main Page To find more links, go to the geological periods section of the Paleontology segment of Nearctica Precambrian Cambrian Ordovician, Silurian, Devonian Pennsylvanian ... Quarternary PRECAMBRIAN The Divisions of Precambrian Time. University of California at Berkeley Museum of Paleontology. This is a wonderful site to learn about the Precambrian. The opening page has a chart of the Precambrian time line and you click on the period you want more information about. A very nice and very thorough introduction to the earliest prebiotic and biotic evolution of life on early. The Precambrian . Pamela Gore. An excellent synoptic introduction to the Precambrian. Some of the topics covered are the three main subdivisions of the Precambrian, the early origins of life on earth, and the fossil record including the earliest known records of multicellular (metazoan) life.

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