1. Hodges, L. T. --- Fossil Binding In Modern And Ancient Reefs Are these ancient reefs true reefs that took a long time to develop and stromatoporoids in some Pleistocene, Devonian, and Silurian reef facies. Journal of paleontology 6011471158 http://www.grisda.org/origins/14084.htm

FOSSIL BINDING IN MODERN AND ANCIENT REEFS Lance T. Hodges Department of Pharmacology and Physiology Loma Linda University Origins IN A FEW WORDS REACTION An extended period of time is necessary for organisms to build a modern reef. The same would seem to apply to ancient reefs described in the geologic record of the past. Are these ancient reefs true reefs that took a long time to develop? We shall consider some comparisons between modern and ancient reefs. A. Great Lakes Fossil Reefs The geological literature states that fossil reefs are found in many parts of the world. Many reefs are reported from the Paleozoic era which includes the Silurian and Devonian periods. The fossil reefs of the Great Lakes region in Silurian and Devonian rocks have been studied fairly intensively for about 60 years. These Great Lakes reefs are composed of a central mound or core of massive dolostone (Silurian) or limestone (Devonian), surrounded by flank beds which dip away from the central core. The cores may be a few feet to many hundreds of feet across. Parts of such reef complexes can be observed in limestone quarries, roadcuts, and outcrops. When the average person thinks of a reef, he envisions a beautiful, colorful, underwater scene with rock-like coral and algal growth, fish, and other marine plants and animals. He might then expect that corals and other calcareous rock-forming organisms would be essential and important parts of the fossil reefs which now are found elevated on dry land, and assumed to have grown in the ocean. This expectation is in fact the case for "modern" fossil reefs now found in such places as the Florida Keys, Jamaica, and Barbados. But what of the fossil reefs of the Great Lakes region? Are they composed largely of a framework of corals and other calcareous binding fossils?

2. Roth, A. A. --- Fossil Reefs And Time ancient fossil reefs found within Earth's sedimentary rocks are considered to be a challenge to Pleistocene, Devonian, and Silurian reef facies. Journal of paleontology 6011471158 http://www.grisda.org/origins/22086.htm

FOSSIL REEFS AND TIME Ariel A. Roth Geoscience Research Institute Origins WHAT THIS ARTICLE IS ABOUT Ancient fossil reefs found within Earth's sedimentary rocks are considered to be a challenge to the biblical concept of creation. Their presence is regarded as favoring models which propose that life developed gradually over many millions of years. The problem for the biblical model is that an abundance of time is required to grow a reef and the hundreds of fossil reefs found would require so much time to develop that they cannot be accommodated into the biblical time framework of a recent creation a few thousand years ago. Do these fossil reefs really negate the biblical account of beginnings? There are alternative interpretations that do not require long ages. For instance, these "reefs" may not be real reefs. There are serious questions about the authenticity of many fossil reefs, because they differ significantly from present reefs. Another possibility is that some fossil reefs could have been formed between the time of creation and the flood described in the Bible, and were subsequently buried by that world-wide catastrophe. Both alternatives seem plausible. INTRODUCTION Pilots of ships spend considerable time worrying about rocky structures called reefs which lie at or just below the surface of the ocean. These reefs are especially common in warm tropical seas, where coral, algae and associated organisms slowly build these insidious structures which have caused many a ship to founder. Reefs, sometimes called coral reefs, come in many sizes and shapes and represent some of our most complex marine ecological systems.

3. The Paleontological Society Biostratigraphy, Systematic and Evolutionary paleontology, and Vertebrate paleontology. The site is under features of modern and ancient reefs? Why were Jurassic reefs so different http://www.paleosoc.org/links.html

4. ISGS Earth Science Resource Links Computational paleontology The Computational paleontology homepage which is devoted to the use of features of modern and ancient reefs? Why were Jurassic reefs so different http://www.isgs.uiuc.edu/earthsci/paleo-misc.htm

Geologic Mapping At a Glance Earthquakes ... Images Updated: 8/21/2003 Upcoming Events Online Water Well Query New Publications ... Related links Paleontology Links Miscellaneous Links Amber Home A site created to deal solely with amber and its paleontological significance. Computational Paleontology The Computational Paleontology homepage which is devoted to the use of mathematical models, simulation, computer graphics and computers in general in paleontology. Environmental Studies at Emory University The Jurassic Reef Park (in German and English; written and webbed by Reinhold Leinfelder, Stuttgart), focuses on: What are the general features of modern and Ancient reefs? Why were Jurassic reefs so different from modern ones? Can Jurassic reefs tell us more about the Jurassic world? Can Jurassic reefs contribute to the understanding of present Global Change? The Paleobiological Fund The Paleobiological Fund is established to support and enhance paleobiological and paleontological research and education in order to increase our knowledge about the evolution of all life forms and processes through fossil data.

5. Facies Models information on both the sedimentology and paleontology of reefs. The model itself has been between modern reefs, especially Caribbean reefs, and ancient reefs is difficult because http://www.geology.iupui.edu/classes/g130/reefs/fm.htm

Facies Models NOEL P. JAMES , 1984, Reefs in Facies Models, Ed. R.G. Walker, Geological Association of Canada, p. 229-244. Department of Earth Sciences Memorial University of Newfoundland St. John's, Newfoundland A1B 3X5 List of Figures References INTRODUCTION A reef, rising above the sea floor, is an entity of its own making - a sedimentary system within itself. The numerous, large calcium carbonate secreting organisms stand upon the remains of their ancestors and are surrounded and often buried by the skeletal remains of the many small organisms that once lived on, beneath, and between them. Because they are built by organisms, fossil reefs ( Fig. 1 ) are storehouses of paleontological information and modern reefs are natural laboratories for the study of benthic marine ecology. Also, fossil reefs buried in the subsurface contain a disproportionately large amount of our oil and gas reserves compared to other types of sedimentary deposits. For these reasons, reefs have been studied in detail by paleontologists and sedimentologists, perhaps more intensely than any other single sedimentary deposit, yet from two very different viewpoints. This paper is an integration of these two viewpoints. I shall concentrate less on the familiar trinity of back-reef, reef, and fore-reef, but more on the complex facies of the reef proper. Since the first edition of Facies Models, there has been much new information on both the sedimentology and paleontology of reefs. The model itself has been presented elsewhere (James, 1983) and amplified using numerous examples from the modern and fossil record. In this present version the model remains unchanged but many of the underlying concepts and implications that flow from it have been revised and/or enlarged.

6. Our Hoosier State Beneath Us: Paleontology: Corals: Reef Builders In Ancient And Thus geologists study ancient reefs just as they have studied corals formore than a century. Our Hoosier State Beneath Us paleontology. http://www.indiana.edu/~librcsd/etext/hoosier/PA-07.html

Corals: Reef Builders in Ancient and Modern Seas (PA-07) Corals, brightly colored marine animals when alive, have lived in the sea as individuals and in colonies for about 475 million years. As each animal secretes an external skeleton, corals are prominent reef-building organisms. They are predatory even though they are attached and cannot move around. Tentacles armed with stinging cells are used to capture prey. More than 400 million years ago many reefs existed in the seas that covered this region. Petroleum occurs in fossil reefs and in rocks structurally affected by reefs. Reef areas can be used for storing natural gas. And in Indiana, reefs are sources of excellent aggregate and high purity limestone. Thus geologists study ancient reefs just as they have studied corals for more than a century. Our Hoosier State Beneath Us: Paleontology

7. Stanley, G. paleontology of modern and ancient reefs, University of Montana. http://www.cs.umt.edu/GEOLOGY/FAC/stanley.html

8. Claudia Johnson of scleractinian corals and ancient rudist bivalves in require information integratedfrom paleontology, geology and Evolution of Ecosystems; reefs and Global http://www.indiana.edu/~geosci/people/faculty/johnson.html

Home News Courses Prospective Students ... Site Search INDIANA UNIVERSITY DEPARTMENT OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES Claudia C. Johnson Assistant Professor, Geological Sciences Geobiology Ph.D. 1993, University of Colorado, Boulder phone: 812-855-0646 office: GY501 writeEmail('claudia','indiana.edu','E-mail'); Complete Curriculum vitae Geobiology Research Page Research The focus of my research is to evaluate the processes driving evolution in the tropics. For my research endeavors I use the tropical reef ecosystem as the empirical, non-taxonomic, quantitative database that I analyze using statistical methods. I then synthesize patterns and processes affecting reef evolution and demise, and evaluate the biotic changes in the context of the tropical ocean-climate system. Questions driving my research inititatives are the following: Why are there biotic replacements of one group by another in tropical ecosystems? What are the rates and magnitudes of the replacements, and what are the processes involved? Will a similar biotic replacement occur in our future reef ecosystem as we move toward a "greenhouse" state? My research is funded by the following grants: NSF EAR 0224868, 7/1/2002-6/30/2003: Sequence stratigraphy and paleocommunity analysis of an Oligocene reef tract, Lares Limestone, Puerto Rico

9. PALEONTOLOGY The founder of the evolution paleontology VO.Kovalevsky, emphasizing the other organisms,sphinctozoans participated in building of ancient reefs existed in http://www.fegi.ru/FEGI/museum/paleo_e.htm

PALEONTOLOGY YU.D.ZAKHAROV. PERMIAN-TRIASSIC CEPHALOPODS OF PRIMORYE. V.G.ZIMINA. MIDDLE-LATE PALAEOZOIK FLORA OF THE SOUTH FAR EAST G.V.BELYAEVA. SPHINCTOZOANS - ACTIVE REEF -BUILDERS G.I.BURII. CONODONTS OF SIKHOTE-ALIN YU.D.ZAKHAROV. PERMIAN-TRIASSIC CEPHALOPODS OF PRIMORYE. SAMP. 4 (57/94). Olenekoseras miroshnikovi (Burij et Zharnikova) (="Keyserlingites"). T1. Russian Island, Olenekian. Collected by Ju.D.Zakharov. The museum of the FEGI keeps the monographic collection of Triassic ammonoids ( Sample 3 ), collected by a doctor of geological-mineralogical sciences Yu.D.Zakharov for years on Russky Island, coasts of Amursky and Ussuriisky bays, and in Artemovka River basin. The collection is represented by 102 species of 66 genera. Findings of Paleozoic and Mesozoic ammonoids in the Far East specify the global correlations of Permian-Triassic deposits and thereby contribute to the development of subdivided stratigraphic schemes important for search-surveying works. A new species of ammonoids (Timorites markevichi Yu.Zakharov) was found in Permian deposits in Vladivostok surroundings, in 1986 by a researcher of the Institute Dr. P.V.Markevich. It is only the third site on the territory of the former Soviet Union, where Permian cephalopod of this genus appeared. Ectococh-lian fossil cephalopods - ammonoids - existed during 200 million years and died about 67 million years ago (in ancient times they were considered the horns of heathen god Ammon, that explains their name). The founder of the evolution paleontology V.O.Kovalevsky, emphasizing the significance of this fossil animal group for the development of the geochronological scale, called figuratively the ammonoids “minute hand of geological clock”.

10. Paleontology, Miscellaneous - Part Of Kuban's Paleo Place paleontology Devoted to the application of mathematical models, simulations,and computer graphics in paleontology. Compares modern and ancient reefs. http://members.aol.com/fostrak/palemisc.htm

Miscellaneous Fossil-Related Web Sites Glen J. Kuban, E-mail: gkpaleo@yahoo.com Part of Kuban's Paleo Place ArchNet-Archaeology Resources Sea-monster of Shark? by Glen Kuban - Addresses claims that a modern "plesiosaur" carcass was netted off the coast of New Zealand in 1977. Enquiring minds want to know. Ben Roesch's Cryptozoology Page - Devoted to the search for unconfirmed animals, including living dinosaurs. Ben is perhaps the world's most knowledgeable teenage cryptozoologist. PaleoChat - A real-time chat room devoted to Paleontology, Paleoanthropology, and Evolutionary Biology. Computational Paleontology - Devoted to the application of mathematical models, simulations, and computer graphics in paleontology. Geologic artifact tours Morphometrics at SUNY Stony Brook The Jurassic Reef Park - By Reinhold Leinfelder, Stuttgart, Gernamy. Compares modern and Ancient reefs. Reefs - The Reef Group at the University of Stuttgart, Germany. A HREF="http://www.geo.arizona.edu/ceam/"> Taphonomy of invertebrates

11. Science, Earth Sciences, Paleontology, Paleontologists: Invertebrate Stanley, G. paleontology of modern and ancient reefs, University of Montana.Stock, CW - paleontology of stromatoporoids, University of Alabama. http://www.combose.com/Science/Earth_Sciences/Paleontology/Paleontologists/Inver

Top Science Earth Sciences Paleontology ... Bambach, R.K. - Paleoecology, Virginia Tech (emeritus professor). Baumiller, T. - Evolutionary paleobiology, University of Michigan. Bennington, J B. - Paleobiology and paleoecology, Hofstra University. Bieler, R. - Gastropod evolution and systematics, the Field Museum. Borghi, L. - Paleozoic marine invertebrate trace-fossils in Brazilian basins; Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro. Brett, C.E. - Invertebrate paleobiology, University of Cincinnati. Cohen, A.S. - Paleobiology and paleolimnology, University of Arizona. Collins, A.G. - Paleobiology, University of California-Berkeley. Cook, Alex - Palaeozoic gastropods, stromatoporoids, and reef systems, Queensland Museum, Brisbane, Australia. Cotton, T. - Trilobite systematics and evolution, University of Bristol. Daley, G.M. - Paleoecology, University of Wisconsin. Datillo, Ben - Invertebrate paleontology, Weber State. Flessa, K.W. - Invertebrate paleobiology, University of Arizona. Foote, M. - Evolutionary paleobiology and morphometrics, University of Chicago. Geary, D.H.

12. Paleontology Links LINKS TO paleontology. Terrestrial Ecosystems. http//www.palaeo.de/edu/JRPInformation about ancient coral reefs. http//www http://homepage.smc.edu/robinson_richard/paleontologylinks.htm

LINKS TO PALEONTOLOGY Return to Geology Central Return to Geology Links http://www.abdn.ac.uk/geology/profiles/rhynie Site featuring early Terrestrial Ecosystems http://www.palaeo.de/edu/JRP Information about ancient coral reefs http://www.geocities.com/christiandarki/fish.htm Virtual museum exhibit of ancient fish from the Devonian period http://www.itis-molinari.mi.it/geo.html Global Paleomagnetic Database - paleomagnetic analysis, paleolatitude and declination plots http://www.aloha.net/~smgon Learn about Trilobites! http://www.nceas.ucsb.edu/~alroy/nafmsd.html North American Fossil Mammals Systematic Data Base.3200 named species, includes clickable maps of fossil locations and trivia. http://flood.nhm.ac.uk/cgi-bin/dino More than 100 dinosaur facts and descriptions http://www.jpinstitute.com Jurassic Park Institute, a science-based and educationally focused program http://www.mpm.edu/reef/intro.html The Virtual Silurian Reef http://www.strangescience.net/ Strange Science: The Rocky Road to Modern Paleontology and Biology http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/arthropoda/trilobita/trilobita.html

13. Caribbean Introduction - Coral Reefs aspects of stratigraphy, paleontology, sedimentology, geochemistry Fossil reefs containan unusually sensitive and to compare modern and specific ancient reefs. http://www.carleton.ca/Museum/cruise/caribbean/coralintro.html

CORAL REEFS Coral reefs are of enormous importance to the marine environment; as complex climax communities, as sites of food production, and as nurseries for many creatures. Therefore, their preservation and encouragement are important to both the general condition of the oceans and to the well being of coastal people. The necessity to understand coral reefs is far from solely an academic pursuit. In the modern seas these structures not only act as a living barrier, protecting heavily inhabited shorelines, but are also important sources of tourist income in many countries. Fossil reefs buried in the subsurface contain a disproportionally large amount of our hydrocarbon resources compared to other types of sedimentary deposits; probably more than a third of the world's reserves and an important share of certain metallic ores. This fact alone has resulted in reefs being studied in more detail by paleontologists and sedimentologists than perhaps any other type of sedimentary deposit. Of historical interest, coral reefs were strategically important in the Pacific Ocean during the Second World War and even more unfortunately, they were the sites of nuclear tests from the late 40's to the 60's and also more recently with the highly contested French nuclear tests.

14. Laurentian University Faculty Publications: !!First Last!!, Dept. Of Earth Scien Massif, northwest France. Journal of paleontology, 68 (3 reefs under stress thefossil record ancient reef ecosystem expansion and collapse. Coral reefs, 13 http://laurentian.ca/admn/GRAD_STUDY/FACPUBLICATIONS/EARTHSCIENCES/pcopper.html

COPPER, Paul Phone: (705) 675-1151, ext. 2267 Fax: (705) 675-4898 E-Mail: pcopper@nickel.laurentian.ca Visit our PARRC [Paleozoic Reef Research Centre] website. Books / Livres Copper, P. (2003). Silurian (late Llandovery-Ludlow) atrypid brachiopods from Gotland, Sweden and the Welsh Borderlands, Great Britain . NRC Press, 215p. 29 plates, 97 text-figs. Copper, P. and Jin, J.S., eds. (1996). Brachiopods . Rotterdam, NE: Balkema Press, 373p. Chapters in Books / Chapitres de livres Copper, P. & Scotese, C. (2003). "Megareefs in Mid-Devonian supergreenhouse climates." In Extreme depositional environments: mega end members in geologic time P. Copper. (2002). "Reef development at the Frasnian/Famennian mass extinction boundary," In Late Devonian biotic crises: ecological, depositional and geochemical records Available also in the new electronic-only Virtual Journal of Geobiology: see http://earth.elsevier.com/geobiology P. Copper. (2002). "Silurian and Devonian reefs: 80 million years of greenhouse between two ice ages" In: SEPM Special Publication 72: Phanerozoic reef patterns Available at http://www.sepm.org/

15. Paul Copper Journal paleontology (publ focussed on what happens to tropical marine ecosystemsat times of global stress, particularly what happened to ancient reefs in the http://laurentian.ca/geology/FACULTY/copper.html

Directory Academic Faculty Paul Copper Full Professor Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada B.A., M.A. (Saskatchewan), Ph.D.(London), D.I.C. PARRC (Paleozoic Reef Research Centre) Department of Earth Sciences Laurentian University Sudbury, Ontario, Canada Telephone: (705)675-1151 ext 2267 Fax: (705) 673-6508 email: pcopper@nickel.laurentian.ca Paleozoic Reef Research Centre (PARRC) PARRC consists of the following researchers interested in mid-Paleozoic reefs and reefal settings, especially from Anticosti, Banks Island Ontario: Paul Copper pcopper@nickel.laurentian.ca , Earth Sciences, Laurentian University: stratigraphy, Ordovician-Devonian reef distribution and biotas. Mass extinctions , Brachiopods, Corals Darrel Long dlong@nickel.laurentian.ca , Earth Sciences, Laurentian University: Sedimentology of reefs and siliciclastics Evan Edinger eedinger@mun.ca , assistant faculty, Memorial University: paleoecology of reef settings Leif Tapanila leif@burgoyne.com

16. Geologysite.htm ** University of California at Berkeley, Museum of paleontology; Trilobite Junction,A Guide to Reef madness Offers an overview of modern and ancient reefs. http://www.salem.mass.edu/~lhanson/hotsites/sedimentary_paleo.htm

Paleontology and Sedimentary Geology Paleontology University of Arizona's extensive online list of Paleontological Resources Paleonet System of listservers, www pages, and ftp sites designed for professional paleontologists and graduate students. University of California at Berkeley Museum of Paleontology Trilobite Junction A Guide to the (8) Orders of Trilobites, maintained by Sam Gon III Sedimentary Geology USGS Bedform Sedimentology View QuikTime and MPEG movies of bedforms and crossbedding Folk's The Petrology of Sedimentary Rocks : Published Online by The Walter Geology Library Duke University's extensive photo library ( Part 1 and Part 2 ) of sedimentary structures Quiz time! SEPM Society for Sedimentary Geology Special Publications Worth Publisher's Sedimentation and Sedimentary Rocks GERM Global Subducted Sediment: Geochemical database Web Resources for Sedimentary Geologists Lecture notes: Sharon Gabel's Stratigraphy and Sedimentology Page Journal of Sedimentary Research Reef madness : Offers an overview of modern and ancient reefs Hanson Email Salem State College Geological Sciences Last Modified 5/6/01

17. Geology Virtual WWW Library - Geology paleontology Online U of California Museum of paleontology Collections Online ofNewcastle Jurassic Reef Park - Introduction to ancient reefs The KT Boundary http://www.geologynet.com/geologylinks.htm

Mathematical Geology Associations and Societies Metamorphism and Metamorphic Rocks Communications ... Universities/Research Institutes General Geology A Geologist's Lifetime Field List - Some Places and Things a Geologist Should See Ask an Earth Scientist - University of Hawaii Ask-A-Geologist - Your Questions Answered by a Geologist, USGS Dictionary of Mining, Mineral and Related Terms - From the USGS Earth - All About the Earth's Geology. Includes Other Planets also. Geologic Time - Introduction by The USGS Geological Time Scale - Short Explanation and Diagram The Inside of the Earth - Introduction to the Earth's Structure and Composition by the USGS Inside Geology - Introduction to Geology at Geologylink.com Introduction to the Earth - Physical Geology from U of Houston Introduction to Rocks and Minerals A Classic Introductory Text to Rocks and Minerals Introduction to Petrology - Introduction to Petrology and Rocks The K-T Boundary - Description of the K-T Boundary Paleontology Time Line - University of Western Australia Time and Geology Links to More Information sci.geo.geology

18. ScienceDaily -- Browse Topics: Science/Earth_Sciences/Paleontology/Invertebrates More books about Corals . Links about Corals ancient Coral reefs Natural History Notebook (Canada) fossil coral section. Virtual http://www.sciencedaily.com/directory/Science/Earth_Sciences/Paleontology/Invert

Match: sort by: relevance date Free Services Subscribe by email RSS newsfeeds PDA-friendly format loc="/images/" A A A Find Jobs In: Healthcare Engineering Accounting College Contract / Freelance Customer Service Diversity Engineering Executive Healthcare Hospitality Human Resources Information Tech International Manufacturing Nonprofit Retail All Jobs by Job Type All Jobs by Industry Relocating? Visit: Moving Resources Moving Companies Mortgage Information Mortgage Calculator Real Estate Lookup Front Page Today's Digest Week in Review Email Updates ... Invertebrates Corals (3 links) See Also: Science: Biology: Ecology: Aquatic Ecology: Marine: Coral Reefs Science: Biology: Flora and Fauna: Animalia: Radiata Science: Biology: Flora and Fauna: Animalia: Radiata: Cnidaria News about Corals Fish No Exception To Trend In Marine-organism Disease (April 14, 2004) full story Invasive Species: A Few Bucks And A Click Away (April 12, 2004) full story Researchers Discover New Family Of Atlantic Corals, Upset Prior Coral Classifications (February 27, 2004) full story Comparing Ecological Impacts Of Fishing Gears (December 18, 2003)

19. Login To BioOne processes into the description of ancient geological features. and Permian algalgenus Journal of paleontology. and Falmouth Bays, Antigua, WI Coral reefs. http://www.bioone.org/bioone/?request=get-document&issn=0883-1351&volume=017&iss

20. NORTH DAKOTA STATE GEOLOGIST Stratigraphy paleontology. Coral reefs Carbonate Buildups. Chapter 10 The Roleof Framework in Modern. reefs and Its Application to ancient Systems. http://www.state.nd.us/ndgs/staff/rbb_h.htm

Randolph "Randy" B. Burke Geologist EDUCATION B.S., Geology 1971 Colorado State University at Pueblo M.S., Oceanography 1979 University of South Florida Ph.D., Geology 1989 University of North Dakota RESEARCH INTERESTS Petroleum Geology PROFESSIONAL AFFILIATIONS American Association for the Advancement of Science American Association of Petroleum Geologists Geological Society of America International Coral Reef Society International Association of Sedimentologists Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists Sigma Xi PUBLICATIONS Gonzalez, M.A., Burke, R.B., and Diehl, P.E., 2003. Black Gold: The Role of the Geological Survey in the Exploration, Discovery, and Development of Oil Prospects and their Economic Implications to North Dakota: North Dakota Geological Survey Educational Series 29 (CD). Burke, R. B., 2003.

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