Geometry.Net - Basic_A: American History Presidential

42. The History Place - Presidential Portraits
The Herbert Hoover presidential Library, Calendar of Upcoming The Essence of Place African american history in the Midwest. February 14. Comeand view the film american Castles presidential Estates. Visit the
http://www.historyplace.com/specials/portraits/presidents/
1. George Washington - Term of Office 2. John Adams (1797-1801) 3. Thomas Jefferson (1801-1809) 4. James Madison (1809-1817) 5. James Monroe (1817-1825) 6. John Quincy Adams (1825-1829) 7. Andrew Jackson (1829-1837) 8. Martin Van Buren (1837-1841) 9. William H. Harrison (1841) 10. John Tyler (1841-1845) 11. James K. Polk (1845-1849) 12. Zachary Taylor (1849-1850) 13. Millard Fillmore (1850-1853) 14. Franklin Pierce (1853-1857) 15. James Buchanan (1857-1861) 16. Abraham Lincoln (1861-1865) 17. Andrew Johnson (1865-1869) 18. Ulysses S. Grant (1869-1877) 19. Rutherford B. Hayes (1877-1881) 20. James A. Garfield (1881) 21. Chester A. Arthur (1881-1885) 22. Grover Cleveland (1885-1889) 23. Benjamin Harrison (1889-1893) 24. Grover Cleveland (1893-1897) 25. William McKinley (1897-1901) 26. Theodore Roosevelt (1901-1909) 27. William H. Taft (1909-1913) 28. Woodrow Wilson (1913-1921) 29. Warren G. Harding (1921-1923)

43. Primary Sources: Presidential
depiction of the seven presidential elections of top history Channel Speeches http//www.historychannel TeachingPolitics Images of american Political history
http://www.needham.k12.ma.us/high_school/nhs_media/presidential.html

GATEWAY SITES Advertising African American Cartoons, Political ... Women Studies Return to
Primary Sources
HomePage
Presidential
Papers / Speeches / History
See also Gateway Sites
America in Caricature, 1765-1865
http://www.indiana.edu/~liblilly/cartoon/cartoons.html

Political Cartoons of the Lilly Library; topics include About Caricatures, The Colonial Years 1765-1798, The War of 1812, Abraham Lincoln 1860-1865.
Cartoons of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era

http://www.cohums.ohio-state.edu/history/projects/uscartoons/GAPECartoons.htm Cartoons from the Anti-Trust movement, Anti-Imperialism Movement, Election of 1900, Careers of Teddy Roosevelt and William McKinley. Core Documents of U.S. Democracy
http://www.access.gpo.gov/su_docs/locators/coredocs/index.html
From the U.S. Government Printing Office; documents that are legal, legislation, regulatory, or from the Office of the President.
Documents for the Study Of American History
http://kuhttp.cc.ukans.edu/carrie/docs/amdocs_index.html
Extensive collection of documents, writings, letters for the study of American history, 15th century through present. The Era of William McKinley http://www.cohums.ohio-state.edu/history/projects/mckinley/

44. USA Freedom Corps: Volunteer Service Initiatives: American History, Civics & Ser
of 2004, the NEH will host one week intensive seminars for K12 teachers at sitesimportant to american history, such as presidential residences, colonial-era
http://www.usafreedomcorps.gov/content/initiatives/history_civics/index.asp
Tell us your interest: Select a Category Education / Tech Faith-based Orgs Health Human Services Public Safety Give us your zipcode: OR state: AL AK AZ AR CA CO CT DE DC FL GA HI ID IL IN IA KS KY LA ME MD MA MI MN MS MO MT NE NV NH NJ NM NY NC ND OH OK OR PA PR RI SC SD TN TX UT VT VI VA WA WV WI WY
Overview Students in Service to America Take Pride in America Volunteers for Prosperity ...
Sign up to receive regular e-mail updates from the USA Freedom Corps
Teaching American History and Civic Education Americans need to understand our history in order to be engaged and effective citizens in a democratic society. Yet according to the U.S. Department of Education's National Assessment of Education Progress (NAEP), which tracks both Civics and American History understanding among K-12 students, less than one quarter of America's students are proficient in either subject. On September 17, 2002, President George W. Bush observed the 215th anniversary of the signing of the United States Constitution by announcing new policies and initiatives to support the teaching of American History and Civics and provide Americans with greater access to some of our countryÂs national treasures. We the People ÂWe the People,Â a new initiative administered by the National Endowment for the Humanities (NEH), includes competitive grant programs and other public programs to support the teaching of American history and civics. At the President's direction, the effort started in 2003 and with a significant, multi-year investment, ÂWe the PeopleÂ will include the following:

45. Hechavarriaj
US presidential history. Students will a journey through history exploring pastand current and how the principles and values of american democracy are
http://www.teachnet-lab.org/miami/2001/hechavarriaj.htm
U.S. PRESIDENTIAL HISTORY How It Works: Students will a journey through history exploring past and current presidents. The students will be able to understand the structure, functions, and purposes of government and how the principles and values of American democracy are reflected in American constitutional government. Students are also engaged in researching presidents through the use of technology showcased in a HyperStudio presentation. Students learn the fundamentals of technology by copying, pasting, and saving items needed to complete their research. As a finale, students will be able to become the president of their choice and present themselves to their class. Standards: The students will learn about the role of the citizen in American democracy. The students will read biographies and short stories related to American presidents. The students will identify the Declaration of Independence, their United States Constitution and the Bill of Rights as the documents that serve as the basis for American democratic principles. The students will discuss the major democratic principles and concepts outlined in the United States Constitution and Bill of Rights; i.e. freedom, justice, equality, voting, majority and minority rule.

46. History Channel Classroom:
Curriculum Links Save Our history presidential Yact The USS Sequoia is suitablefor classes on american history and culture, social studies, maritime history
http://www.historychannel.com/classroom/admin/study_guide/archives/thc_guide.220
Save Our History
Presidential Yacht: The USS Sequoia She was classified as the presidential yacht for seven presidents from 1932-1977 and designated a national landmark in 1988. This one-hour documentary explores the Sequoia from the dining room where JFK celebrated his 46th and final birthday, to the rear deck where Nixon made his decision to resign, and looks at the efforts undertaken to keep this ÂWhite House of the waterwaysÂ afloat. National Standards
This teacherÂs guide fulfills the following National Standards for History in the Schools: Historical Understanding Standards 1,2,3,4 and 5 for United States History grades 5-12 (Era 10). Curriculum Links
Save Our History: Presidential Yact: The USS Sequoia is suitable for classes on American history and culture, social studies, maritime history, and historic preservation. Pre-viewing activities
1. Create a Timeline: The USS Sequoia was built in 1925 and her history covers three-quarters of a century. Many historic figures set foot on her decks. What events and changes took place during that time period? Students may create a timeline beginning in 1925 and ending in 1977, when the Navy decommissioned the Sequoia
2. Identify historical figures: Who were the following people, and why do we remember them?

47. History Channel Classroom:
debates. For the first time in american history voters were able tosee their presidential candidates debate one another. Television
http://www.historychannel.com/classroom/admin/study_guide/archives/thc_guide.044
History in the Making
Presidential Debates In 1960, presidential candidates Richard M. Nixon (Republican) and John F. Kennedy (Democrat) agreed to face each other in a series of debates. For the first time in American history voters were able to see their presidential candidates debate one another. Television, then in its infancy, was quickly becoming a mainstay of American life and culture. With the 1960 debates, it proved to be an integral part of American politics as well. Today, we cannot imagine a political campaign without television advertisements and/or debates. But in 1960, few realized the impact the medium would have on the future of American politics. History in the Making: The Presidential Debates takes you back to the historic 1960 presidential debates and provides an analysis of the event. It would be useful for classes on American History, American Culture, Political Science, Civics, and Communications. It is appropriate for middles school, high school and college. OBJECTIVES Students will examine the 1960 presidential debates and gain an understanding of the impact of television on the election results. They will explore the role of television in American politics in the second half of the twentieth century as well as the evolution of the relationship between the camera and the candidates.

48. AHA Information: Carl N. Degler Presidential Address (1986)
AHA presidential Addresses, In Pursuit of an american history. By CarlN. Degler, President of the american Historical Association, 1986.
http://www.historians.org/info/AHA_History/cndegler.htm
AHA Presidential Addresses
In Pursuit of an American History
By Carl N. Degler,
President of the American Historical Association, 1986 Annual address of the president of the American Historical Association, delivered at Chicago, Illinois, December 28, 1986. From the American Historical Review , Vol. 92, No. 1. (Feb., 1987), pp. 1-12. More about Carl Degler Biography Extended Bibliography Books by Carl Degler In Search of Human Nature: The Decline and Revival of Darwinism in American Social Thought Out of Our Past Place over Time: The Continuity of Southern Distinctiveness The Other South: Southern Dissenters in the Nineteenth Century ... At Odds Over the last twenty years, American history has splintered. Indeed, the fragmenting has become so obvious that it is a commonplace in discussions of the state of the American field. The justification for following this line of interpretation rests on two purposes of history. These are not the only uses or purposes, and by advancing them I betray my personal biases. But biases are surely excusable in a profession that no longer expects objectivity. First, history is socially useful. To ask "Who are Americans?" is to raise a question of central importance to citizen and society alike. It is especially relevant to a nation as extensive, as diverse, as recent, and as susceptible to change as ours is. Second, our identity, whether national or individual, comes primarily from history, from the past. The present, after all, is merely a nation's skin, its body is the past.

49. AHA Information: Frederick J. Turner Presidential Address (1910)
AHA presidential Addresses, Social Forces in american history. By FrederickJ. Turner President of the american Historical Association, 1910.
http://www.historians.org/info/AHA_History/fjturner.htm
AHA Presidential Addresses
Social Forces in American History
By Frederick J. Turner
President of the American Historical Association, 1910 Annual address of the president of the American Historical Association, delivered at Indianapolis, December 28, 1910. From the American Historical Review , Volume 16, No. 2, p. 217-233 The transformations through which the United States is passing in our own day are so profound, so far-reaching, that it is hardly an exaggeration to say that we are witnessing the birth of a new nation in America. The revolution in the social and economic structure of this country during the past two decades is comparable to what occurred when independence was declared and the Constitution was formed, or to the changes wrought by the era which began half a century ago, the era of Civil War and Reconstruction. The total deposits in all national banks have more than trebled in the present decade; the money in circulation has doubled since 1890. The flood of gold makes it difficult to gauge the full meaning of the incredible increase in values, for in the decade ending with 1909 over 41,600,000 ounces of gold were mined in the United States alone. Over four million ounces have been produced every year since 1905, whereas between 1880 and 1894 no year showed a production of two million ounces. As a result of this swelling stream of gold, aided by a variety of other causes, prices have risen until their height has become one of the most marked features and influential factors in American life, producing social readjustments and contributing effectively to party revolutions.

50. [Regents Prep U.S. History] Presidential Decisions: Commander
Regents Prep US history presidential Decisions Commanderin-Chief. 1953, blackand white soldiers did so side-by-side for the first time in american history.
http://regentsprep.org/Regents/ushisgov/themes/presidentialactions/commander.cfm

Regents Prep U.S. History Presidential Decisions
Commander-in-Chief Civilian control of the military serves to balance the needs of defense and security with accountability to the democratic populace. NOTE: The examples listed below are selected for their value in study for the Regent's Examination,
and represent a small fraction of the possible examples Lincoln's decisions during the Civil War:
During the Civil War, Abraham Lincoln found himself thrust into the role of Commander-in-Chief almost immediately after his inauguration, as the southern states began to secede from the Union. Lincoln made several important decisions during the war that not only helped to win the war and preserve the Union, but tested the Constitution.
Increased funding and military size -
Lincoln called up many of the state militias in the northern states and increased the size of the Union armed forces. He also allocated increased funding to the armed services, despite lacking Congressional approval (a technical violation of the Constitution's spending provisions, later approved by Congress after the fact)

51. The Journal Of American History
declares Ira Berlin in his presidential address to growing attention to slavery inAmerican popular culture the tensions between memory and history and argues
http://www.indiana.edu/~jah/issues/904.shtml
Issues List of Issues Current Issue Web site Reviews Subscribe to the ... JAH
Search the JAH at the
March 2004
Volume 90, No. 4
Presidential Address
Articles
Round Table
Special Essay ... Next Issue Presidential Address American Slavery in History and Memory and the Search for Social Justice "Slavery has a greater presence in American life now than at any time since the Civil War ended," declares Ira Berlin in his presidential address to the Organization of American Historians. Berlin traces the growing attention to slavery in American popular culture and politics. But encounters between historical analysis and charged popular memories of the past have not always gone smoothly. Berlin explores the tensions between memory and history and argues that scholarship on slavery must test memory against history's truths and infuse history with memory's passion. [Full-text at the History Cooperative] [Top] Articles "Mania Americana": Narcotic Addiction and Modernity in the United States, 1870-1920 For much of the past century, Americans have taken the concept of addiction for granted. Timothy A. Hickman uses a close reading of popular and medical texts to historicize addiction, resituating the concept in the cultural context of its emergence during the Gilded Age and the Progressive Era. He argues that bourgeois fears that modern life was eroding autonomy and willpower crystallized in the image of the passive, enervated drug addict. Hickman shows that the new discourse of addiction expressed broad cultural tensions and formed part of an ongoing struggle over modernity.

52. Journal Of American History: The 2000 Presidential Election, Postelection Contes
54 that there may be no further counting of Florida s disputed presidential votes AWashington Post analysis reveals that in many African american precincts in
http://www.indiana.edu/~jah/election2000/
The 2000 Presidential Election, Postelection Contest: A Chronology
November December January April ... June November 2000 Nov. 7 Election day. By late evening, each of the major presidential candidatesGov. George Bush of Texas (Republican) and Vice President Albert Gore Jr. (Democrat)has close to an Electoral College majority. Nov. 8 Shortly after 2 a.m., the major television networks call Florida and the election for Bush. Gore telephones Bush to concede. Less than an hour later, learning that Bush's slim margin of victory in Florida will trigger an automatic recount, he retracts his concession. By 4:15 a.m., the major networks withdraw their declaration that Bush has won. In Palm Beach County an unexpectedly large vote for third-party candidates leads to questions about the "butterfly ballot" used there. Nov. 9 An incomplete count in Florida puts Bush's lead at 1,784 votes (Bush 2,909,135; Gore2,907,351). Because of the narrow margin, a machine recount is mandated by state law is ordered in all 67 counties. Rev. Jesse Jackson calls for a Justice Department investigation into alleged irregularities, including denial of rights to minority voters, in the presidential election in Flordia. Nov. 10

53. Black Voices -- Presidential Proclamation
Back to Black history Month Menu, NATIONAL AFRICAN american history MONTH,1998BY THE PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA A PROCLAMATION.
http://www.blackvoices.com/feature/blk_history_98/proclamation/
");document.write("
Back to
Black History
Month Menu
NATIONAL AFRICAN AMERICAN HISTORY MONTH,1998
BY THE PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
A PROCLAMATION African American history is one of the great human chronicles of all time. It is the story of men and women who, with extraordinary courage and faith, prevailed against centuries of slavery and discrimination to build lives for themselves and their families and to contribute immeasurably to the strength and character of our Nation. It is the story of millions of people who arrived on these shores in chains, yet who had the greatness of heart and spirit to love this country for its possibilities. It is the story of generations of heroes who with their labor, voices, vision, and blood sought to change the essence of our society our laws, institutions, and attitudes to reflect the fundamental American ideals of freedom, justice, and equality. African American history is ultimately the story of America's struggle to become a more perfect union. Each year during the month of February, we focus on a particular aspect of African American history to broaden our knowledge and deepen our appreciation of the countless contributions African Americans have made to the life of our Nation. This year's theme, "African Americans in Business: The Path Towards Empowerment," presents an opportunity not only to celebrate these contributions, but also to build on them.

54. American Historical Association Presidential Address, SERSAS, 1998
focused text with full documentation see Miller, Joseph C., presidential Addresshistory and Africa/Africa and history, The american Historical Review (v
http://www.ecu.edu/african/sersas/jmahapa.htm
History and Africa /Africa and History
JOSEPH C. MILLER President, American Historical Association
(University of Virginia) Presidential Address
American Historical Association
Washington, DC
8 January 1999
(Editor's Note: Joseph Miller's oral presentation appears here; for a much longer, slightly differently focused text with full documentation see Miller, Joseph C., "Presidential Address: History and Africa/Africa and History," The American Historical Review (v. 104, no. 1, February 1999), p. 1-32.) IT IS MY PRIVILEGE THIS EVENING to address my historian colleagues as an Africanist about what studying Africa has taught me about history. Africa, as you will recall, was the continent that Hegel and the late-nineteenth-century founders of our discipline excluded from the moral, scientific, progressive methodology they defined as a place inhabited by "people without history". Africa, for them, was a place as remote as they could imagine affectively, culturally, geographically ... far beyond being out of reach intellectually. For them, it was as distant as their sort of history was for the succeeding generations of students in France's colonies in Africa, who began history lessons taught in the colonial style their by reciting "Our ancestors, the Gauls ... ". In my capacity as your president, I am proud to follow Philip D. Curtin as an Africanist. But Professor Curtin, in his 1983 address, spoke about Africa only incidentally, devoting himself instead to themes of comparative and world history. The years intervening since he spoke have brought Africa solidly within the practice of our profession. It is possible now to reflect on Africa's former exclusion from universal history and to chart some of the intellectual pathways along which he and the founding generation of Africanist scholars all around the world not least in Africa, and prominently including Jan Vansina, my other inspiration as a historian at the University of Wisconsin, as well as in other fields of African studies how they created a history of people who had had none.

55. Hidden Power: Presidential Marriages That Shaped Our Recent History (G K Hall La
Hidden Power presidential Marriages That Shaped Our Recent history (GKHall Large Print american history Series). Hidden Power presidential
http://www.biography-reviews.com/Hidden_Power_Presidential_Marriages_That_Shaped
Hidden Power: Presidential Marriages That Shaped Our Recent History (G K Hall Large Print American History Series)
Hidden Power: Presidential Marriages That Shaped Our Recent History (G K Hall Large Print American History Series)
by Authors: Kati Marton
Released: April, 2002
ISBN: 0783897618
Hardcover
Sales Rank:
List price:
Our price: Hidden Power: Presidential Marriages That Shaped Our Recent History (G K Hall Large Print American History Series) > Features:
Large Print
Book > Hidden Power: Presidential Marriages That Shaped Our Recent History (G K Hall Large Print American History Series) > Customer Reviews: Average Customer Rating:
Hidden Power: Presidential Marriages That Shaped Our Recent History (G K Hall Large Print American History Series) > Customer Review #1: Im rethinking my own marriage after reading this one
In contrast to the star-struck cheeriness of the well known pop-historian of first ladies, Carl Sferrazza Anthony, Kati Martons book is excellent. Martons reason for not writing on certain presidential couples is essentially that these relationships offer little that would interest a readera trick Sferrazza Anthony would have done well to consider. Although Marton offers few new facts, her book is unique because of the side-by-side analysisoften comparisonof presidential couples. Anyone who doesnt appreciate good gossip has no buisness picking up this book. Analyzed at length is the issue of presidential mistressescontinually present in the White House, it appears. Interesting is how the first ladiesRoosevelt, Kennedy, Johnson, and Clinton each handled these affairs in her own way. Seeking clues with regard to enhancing my own marriage, I found lots and lots of helpand Im only up to the Johnsons.

56. Great American Speeches: Speech Archives
years, provokes largest economic depression in US history, Oct 12million Americanslose their jobs Franklin D. Roosevelt wins the 1932 presidential election by
http://www.pbs.org/greatspeeches/timeline/
Welcome to the Speech Archives. You have discovered one of the most comprehensive on-line collections of speech texts of contemporary American History. Here you can read the speeches and backgrounds of many of the most influential and poignant speakers of the recorded age. To help put each speaker in historical context, we have also provided a brief timeline of historical events. To learn about the speaker and what he or she was talking about, click on the background link. To skip the background and read the text of the speech only, click on the speech link. To listen to an audio sample, click on the audio link, and to watch a short video excerpt, click on the video link. Additional background stories and audio and video links will be added as each episode of Great American Speeches airs on PBS over the next five weeks. Speeches are arranged sequentially by era. To find a particular speech, scroll down through the page, or you can jump to a specific decade by using the 10-year timebar below.
- pre 1900 - Former slave Booker T. Washington founds Tuskeegee Institute to educate black Americans, 1881.

57. National African American History Month, 2002 Presidential
PRESIDENT S PROCLAMATION NATIONAL AFRICANamerican history MONTH 2002.NATIONAL AFRICAN-american history MONTH, 2002 THE WHITE HOUSE.
http://www.lakehurst.navy.mil/hro-lakehurst/eeo/bhm_pres.htm

58. Making History On The Web History Resources On The Web
Program; Gilder Lehrman Institute of american history. Immigration history ResearchCenter (IHRC) University George Washington; presidential Inaugural Speeches;
http://www.iath.virginia.edu/seminar/links.html
History Resources Available Through the World Wide Web
Search Engines and Indexes
Local, State, and Federal Historical Organizations
Museum Exhibits
Teaching Tools ...
Resources at the University of Virginia
Search Engines and Indexes Altavista Search Engine
Americas History Archives
Database of History Web Services from the Institute for Early American History and Culture.
Guide to Museums and Other Cultural Resources Listed by the Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County ...
Yahoo
Local, State, and Federal Historical Organizations
Archives and Archivists
American Antiquarian Society.
The American Historical Association
American Memory from the Library of Congress ...
The United States House of Representatives.
Museum Exhibits
Museum Online Resource Review
New York Public Library.
Virtual Antebellum Richmond
Teaching Tools
ASEC, the American Studies Electronic Crossroads at Georgetown University
From Revolution to Reconstruction.
Principio History Projects
Millersville State University Study of Sesquicentennial of Columbus's
Journals, Presses, and Electronic Organizations
American Association of University Presses
Association for History and Computing, Groningen, the Netherlands

59. Abraham Lincoln Presidential Career Links
1860 Election. 1860 Nomination for President (Great american history);1860 presidential Election and Conventions (HarpWeek); Illinois
http://showcase.netins.net/web/creative/lincoln/education/presidential.htm

Home News Books Speeches ... Discussion
Abraham Lincoln
Presidential Career Links
Administration
Abraham Lincoln: Leader for All Ages (Claremont Institute)
Abraham Lincoln: Presidential Years (University of Virginia)
A House Divided: America in the Age of Lincoln (Chicago Historical Society/Gilder Lehrman Institute)
Allen Guelzo on Lincoln and Abolitionism (Washington Post)
A Passive President? (The Atlantic Monthly)
David Donald on Abraham Lincoln: What Makes a Strong Leader? (PBS)
Lincoln and Seward by Gideon Welles (Making of America)
Lincoln and the Civil War (Harper's Weekly)
Lincoln at the Smithsonian Presidential Exhibit
Lincoln on Civil Liberties (Washington Post)
Racial Satire and the Civil War Case Study: Abraham Lincoln (University of Virginia)
The Presidential Papers of Abraham Lincoln (Lehrman et al)
Mr. Lincoln's White House (The Lincoln Institute)
Books
Behind the Scenes by Elizabeth Keckley (University of Michigan)
Books about Lincoln's Presidential Career
Interview with Dean Mahin
Nineteenth Century Lincoln-Related Publications (Making of America)
One War at a Time by Dean Mahin
Six Months at the White House with Abraham Lincoln (Making of America)
The Life and Public Services of Abraham Lincoln (Making of America)
1860 Election
1860 Nomination for President (Great American History)
1860 Presidential Election and Conventions (HarpWeek)
Illinois and the 1860 Election (Illinois Periodicals Online)
Lincoln's Acceptance of 1860 Nomination (Library of Congress)
Lincoln and Hamlin Election Ticket (Library of Congress)

60. Presidential Proclamation-Black History Month 2003
National African american history Month, 2003 By the President of theUnited States of America Proclamation. African americans have
http://www.ornl.gov/adm/hr_ornl/bhm03/proclamation.html
For Immediate Release
Office of the Press Secretary
January 31, 2003 National African American History Month, 2003 By the President of the United States of America Proclamation African Americans have played central roles in some of the most triumphant and courageous moments in our Nation's history. During National African American History Month, we honor the rich heritage of African Americans and pay tribute to their many contributions to our Nation. As we celebrate this year's theme, "The Souls of Black Folk: Centennial Reflections," we remember the successes and challenges of our past. We also resolve to honor the achievements and legacy of these proud citizens by continuing to improve our society so that it fully lives up to our founding ideals. In 1915, Dr. Carter Godwin Woodson recognized the need for our country to gain a more complete and informed understanding of our past. He founded the Association for the Study of Negro Life and History and established the first Negro History Week to emphasize that "We have a wonderful history behind us . . . "Through the pioneering efforts of Dr. Woodson and the hard work of the Association, this observance officially became Black History Month in 1976. For generations, African Americans have strengthened our Nation by urging reforms, overcoming obstacles, and breaking down barriers. We see the greatness of America in those who have risen above injustice and enriched our society, a greatness reflected in the resolve of Jackie Robinson, the intellect of W.E.B. DuBois, and the talent of Louis Armstrong. We also gain a deeper appreciation for the African American experience in the writings of James Baldwin, Ralph Ellison, and Zora Neal Hurston, as well as in the music of Mahalia Jackson, Billie Holiday, Duke Ellington, and countless others.

A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

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