101. Fetal Alcohol Syndrome on alcohol Abuse and alcoholism (NIAAA), April 1985, p 1; K Warren, alcohol RelatedBirth Defects Current Trends in Research, alcohol health and Resenrch http://www.silcom.com/~sbadp/effects/fas.htm

F E T A L A L C O H O L S Y N D R O M E NCADD FACT SHEET There is no known safe dose of alcohol during pregnancy, ...nor does there appear to be a safe time to drink during pregnancy. DEFINITIONS Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) is one of the top three known causes of birth defects with accompanying mental retardationand the only preventable cause among those three. FAS can be prevented by abstaining from alcohol consumption during pregnancy.' FAS is characterized by a cluster of congenital birth defects that develop in the infants of some women who drink heavily during pregnancy. These defects include prenatal and postnatal growth deficiency; facial malformations such as a small head circumference, flattened midface, sunken nasal bridge and flattened and elongated philtrum; central nervous system dysfunction; and varying degrees of major organ system malformations.2 Fetal Alcohol Effects (FAE) , a less severe version of FAS, is characterized by milder or less frequent FAS signs. Low birthweight, subtle behavioral problems or a partial display of physical malformations, for example, may be seen in the newborns of women who consumed less alcohol during pregnancy than women with FAS newborns.3 INCIDENCE AND RISK FACTORS Nearly 5,000 babiesone in every 750-are born with FAS every year. (FAS prevalence rates range from one in 1,000 to one in 200.) Comparatively, FAE may affect 36,000 newborns each year.4

102. The New York Times Health News MORE health NEWS • All Headlines • Print Edition Only, Enlarge This Image BarbaraP When Retirement Leaves an Emptiness, Some Fill It With alcohol By BONNIE http://www.nytimes.com/pages/health/

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103. Alcohol's Effect On Health Of College Students: Dr. Ruth Engs alcohol health and Research World, 1992,16,7380. Jacobson, JM alcoholismand tuberculosis. alcohol health and Research World, 1992,16,39-47. http://www.indiana.edu/~engs/quest/aldo.html

Ruth C. Engs and Marlene Aldo-Benson, The Association of Alcohol Consumption with Self-Reported Illness. Psychological Reports, 76:727-736, 1995 Home Page Article List Questionnaires Books ... Resume THE ASSOCIATION OF ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION WITH SELF-REPORTED ILLNESS IN UNIVERSITY STUDENTS(*) Ruth C. Engs Department of Applied Health Science Indiana University, Bloomington Marlene Aldo-Benson Indiana University and Methodist Hospital of Indiana, Indianapolis This study was funded by Indiana university. Requests for reprints should be sent to Dr. Ruth C. Engs, Poplars 615, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405. Copies of the Lifestyle Questionnaire are also available without charge. Click here for copy of the STUDENT HEALTH QUESTIONNAIRE SUMMARY INTRODUCTION [sometimes called "binge drinking"] . Acute conditions related to alcohol intoxication such as hangover, vomiting or injuries are common among this group (Hanson and Engs, 1992; Meilman, et al, 1989). Because college students tend to be relatively healthy, they were considered ideal for a study examining the risk of infectious illness, as a reflection of immune function, and acute health problems associated with alcohol intake. The purpose of this study was to examine self reported acute and infectious illness in relation to the mean amount of alcohol consumed per week.

104. Please Note PLEASE NOTE. The NIAAA Web site has been redesigned. Please go to the Home Pageto make your selection and update your bookmark. http//www.niaaa.nih.gov. http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/please-note.htm

PLEASE NOTE The NIAAA Web site has been redesigned. Please go to the Home Page to make your selection and update your bookmark. http://www.niaaa.nih.gov

105. Wellness Articles http://www.healthinkonline.com/modules/SelfCareWellness/vitWellness.asp?wellID=2

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