61. Medical Encyclopedia: Albinism (Print Version) Decreased visual acuity; Functional blindness. Signs and tests. The most accurateway to determine albinism and the specific type is genetic testing. http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/print/ency/article/001479.htm

To print this page, use the print option from your browser. To close this window, click on the "x" in the upper right hand corner of the window. Medical Encyclopedia: Albinism URL of this page: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001479.htm Alternative names Hypopigmentation; Oculocutaneous albinism; Ocular albinism Definition Albinism refers to a group of related conditions. These conditions are the result of altered genes that cause a defect of melanin production. This defect results in the partial or full absence of pigment from the skin, hair, and eyes. Causes, incidence, and risk factors Albinism results when the body is unable to produce or distribute pigment, called melanin, because of one of several possible genetic defects. In Type 1 albinism defects in the metabolism of tyrosine lead to failure in converting this amino acid to melanin. This is due to a genetic defect in tyrosinase the enzyme responsible for metabolizing tyrosine. Type 2 albinism is due to a defect in the "P" gene. Those with this type have slight pigmentation at birth. In the most severe form of albinism (called oculocutaneous albinism), those affected appear to have hair, skin, and iris color that are white or pink as well as vision defects. This is inherited via an autosomal recessive process.

62. Albinism - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia albinism is a genetic condition resulting in a lack of pigmentationin the eyes, skin and hair. Cats also can carry genetic albinism. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albinism

63. Albinism - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia (Redirected from Albino). albinism is a genetic condition resulting in a lack ofpigmentation in the eyes, skin and hair. Cats also can carry genetic albinism. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albino

64. Axolotls - Genetics albino larvae (D/Dm/m a/a), one of which is that male melanoid albino in the aboutwhat he intended to do with some of his axolotls on the genetics page of his http://www.caudata.org/axolotl/genetics.htm

The Axolotl is studied around the world for a number of reasons, as mentioned on the cover page of this site, but all of the traits which make it so suitable for study, as for all living things, are dependent on its genes. This page will attempt to give a brief overview of axolotl genetics, mainly from the viewpoint of the hobbyist, who tends to be most interested in colour. In the same way that a/a results in a lack of melanophores, m/m (melanoid) results in a lack of iridophores. Such animals are very dark, with no reflective pigment cells at all. M/m or M/M would result in normal iridophore development. Animals homozygous for ax (i.e. ax/ax) are axanthic, meaning they have no visible xanthophores or iridophores. Such animals are almost as dark as melanoids. Animals homozygous for both the albino gene and the axanthic gene appear to be slightly off-white (yellowish). The following table summarises the colour genes. You may have noticed the d gene. This gene is a developmental mutant and not a pigment mutant like the others. Animals homozygous or heterozygous for D produce large numbers of yellow xanthophores. In combination with melanophores, we get the wildtype colouration (dark brown/olive-green). However, in animals homozygous for d, the normal pigment cells are produced, but they never migrate off the neural crest of the embryonic animal, resulting in the white phenotype. This phenotype is white, but has dark eyes. It is known as leucistic. d/d in combination with the a/a mutation, gives a white albino.

65. Medical Genetics Human genetics on the Internet. MEDICAL (CLINICAL) genetics. Databases / Indexes / Link Collections. Alphabetical List of Specific Diseases/Disorders Karolinska Institutet NOAH - The National http://alamo.nmsu.edu/~vlombran/MedGen.htm

HGI Human Genetics on the Internet MEDICAL (CLINICAL) GENETICS Databases / Indexes / Link Collections Alphabetical List of Specific Diseases/Disorders - Karolinska Institutet Blazing a Genetic Trail Connective Tissue Disorders Cystic Fibrosis Index of On-Line Resources ... The Porph Forum Lectures, Presentations, Brochures Clinical Genetics: A Self Study for Health Care Providers MDA Disease Brochures Endocrinology Related Links The Turner Center for Information, Counseling, and Research on Chromosome Anomalies Support Groups Alzheimer's Association Alzheimers.com Genetic Conditions/Rare Conditions: Support Groups and Information page Intersex Society of North America ... NOAH - The National Organization for Albinism and Hypopigmentation Links to Specific Genetic Disorders Adrenal Hyperplasia Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia Alagille Syndrome Diseases of the Liver Medical Research Articles on Alagille Syndrome The Allagille Syndrome Alliance Albinism International Albinism Center NOAH - The National Organization for Albinism and Hypopigmentation Alzheimers Alzheimers.com

66. Axolotls - Genetics - Color Phases Mutants And Phenotypes - Axolotl of the offspring being homozygous for any of any the phenotypical genes are as follow50% Albino, 4% White Overview of Axolotl genetics and Nomenclature 1996 http://www.geocities.com/Yosemite/4301/axolotlgenetics.htm

AXOLOTLS GENETICS index [Calixto] [Description] [Axolotl FAQ] [My Axolotls] ... [Genetics] contact -or- Sign The Guestbook version visits travel Da Homepage legal Chris Eng All Rights Reserved Mutants As of 1990, there have been 44 mutant genes identified, affecting stages of development from oogenesis to pigmentation. Colorful Axolotls For the keeper who is keeping an axolotl as a pet, as opposed to laboratory research, the different colors of the axolotl or its phenotype is usually of core interest. Phenotypes Albino - Deficient pigmentation in the skin. Animal lacks melanosphores Melanic - Extra or excess black pigmentation in the skin Xanthic - Yellow pigmentation caused by hydrolysis of guanine. Chromatosphores Iridosphores - Produces shiny iridescence Melanosphores - Produces the dark pigment Xanthophores - Produces the yellow pigment. Example - Expressing the Albino Phenotype The nomenclature used by the Axolotl Colony is as follows: a - The albino gene was present in previous generations a+ - The albino gene is not present in the animal. +/a - Recessive for the albino gene. The animal has the gene but does not display it.

67. Genetics Now, getting into slightly more difficult genetics, there’s what’s calledDouble Hets. Let’s take a Piebald and an Albino for example. http://www.geocities.com/bait4snake/genetics.html

window.status="Genetics"; G e n e t i c s A Crash Course In Genetics: When reading about morphs and genealogy, it’s sometimes hard as a beginner to understand what is meant by phrases like: 100% Het 66% Het 50% Het Heterozygous Homozygous Double Het Triple Het Poss We’re going to break it down in simpler terms. Read slowly. All genes are paired genes. Genes are either dominant or recessive (There IS such thing as co-dominant, but for argument sake, let’s skip that lesson until later). A dominant gene is a trait that’s shown. A recessive gene is a gene, that only when paired with another recessive gene, will it be seen. Let’s take brown-eyed people and blue-eyed people. The color brown in eyes is a dominant gene. The color blue in eyes is a recessive gene. When two alike genes are paired together, it’s called being Homozygous. Brown eyes will be labeled BB (homozygous for brown eyes) and blue eyes will be labeled bb (homozygous for blue eyes). When a brown-eyed person and a blue eyed person have children, the possible outcomes are: B B b Bb Bb b Bb Bb There are 4 possible outcomes, and as you can see they are all the same (Bb). What this will show is that any child born will have brown eyes. Even when brown is paired with blue, you will only see brown because brown is a dominant gene. But any child born from a brown-eyed and blue-eyed parent CARRIES the gene for blue eyes. This is called being Heterozygous for blue eyes. These children have a 100% possibility of being Heterozygous for blue eyes (4/4 = 100%). Now, when this is compared with, say, an Albino Ball Python, Albinism is the recessive gene. Albinism is a lack of all black pigment. RR will represent a regular Ball Python, and AA will represent an Albino Ball Python. When a regular and an albino are bred together, you will get:

68. The Genetics Of Human Eye Color An albino can have normal offspring if the other parent is normal formelanin production. Where can I find out more about human genetics? http://www.seps.org/cvoracle/faq/eyecolor.html

The Genetics of Human Eye Color Can a baby's eye color be predicted using the eye color of the parents, grandparents and siblings? Eye color is a physical trait that is genetically determined. A favorite pastime for many expectant parents is documenting the eye color of grandparents and extended family members to attempt to predict the eye color of their baby. Any discussion of the inheritance of eye color, requires a review of genetics. In basic terms, eye color is determined by the amount of a pigment called melanin that is in the iris of the eye. Brown eyes have lots of pigment, blue eyes very little. The amount of pigment is determined by a number of genes controlling pigment production. Generally speaking, brown is dominant, meaning that if one parent has brown eyes and the other has blue eyes, the baby will most likely have brown eyes. But the situation is really much more complicated than that. For a more complete description, read on. What is a gene and what does it have to do with eye color? If genes occur in pairs are both genes alike?

69. Albino Burmese Dot Com Is Your Favorite Albino Python Breeder! that genetics is a game of probability. In crossing two heterozygous animals (F1in the figure), the probability that a particular F2 snake will be albino is http://albinoburmese.com/genetics.html

70. Albinism albinism is a genetic condition which is inherited from an individual sparents. For Cats also can carry genetic albinism. Along http://www.fact-index.com/a/al/albinism.html

Main Page See live article Alphabetical index Albinism Albinism is a genetic condition which results in a lack of pigmentation in the eyes, skin and hair. It is an inherited condition caused by altered genes being passed on from an individual's parents. Various problems with vision and eyesight can result from the condition. This entry is intended only to cover human albinism, although many of the features mentioned would probably also apply to albinism in animals. Table of contents 1 Lack of Pigmentation 2 Classification 3 Visual Problems Associated with Albinism 4 Genetics ... 5 Animals Lack of Pigmentation The altered gene which results in albinism prevents the body making the usual amounts of a pigment called melanin . Melanin helps protect the skin from ultraviolet light coming from the Sun (see human skin color for more information). People with albinism lack this protective pigment in their skin, and can burn easily from exposure to the Sun as a result. Lack of melanin in the eye results in problems with vision, as the eye will not develop properly without the pigment. Individuals with albinism (called albinos) often have white hair and pale skin which makes them stand out from their families and friends, and from other members of their ethnic group. This can lead to social problems. Growth and development of children with albinism should be normal however, as should their general

71. GENETICS OF THE RINGNECK DOVE: Albino of mutants. ALBINO, an autosomal recessive. Gene symbol = al....... Return to Wilmer s Main Page. genetics OF THE RINGNECK DOVE, Streptopelia risoria.II. http://www.concannon.net/wilmer/Wilmer's WebPage/Gen_rn/Gen_RN/GEN_RN2.HTM

Dove Colors and Genetics Genetics of the Ringneck Dove. I. Overview II. Albino III. Ivory IV. Pied ... Return to Wilmer's Main Page GENETICS OF THE RINGNECK DOVE, Streptopelia risoria II. Description of mutants ALBINO, an autosomal recessive. Gene symbol = al. Adapted from ADAN Sep-Oct 1984: 3-5 This color originally occurred in Japan. It was described by Tange, 1932, 1949. Dr. Hollander and I imported it in 1967 from Dr. Takao Kashiwabara, Dept. of Animal Husbandry, Fac. of Agric. Ibaraki University, Tsuchiura, Japan. He sent us 3 males and 3 females, but evidently they were so inbred that they failed to produce a pure bred strain. Only after outcrosses with our ringnecks did we reextract the albino with high fertility. This was the source of my J strain of birds and all albino ringnecks in the U.S., so far as I know. By definition, albino is the absence of melanin. In some species other pigments such as xanthophylls or carotonoids are present. An albino red-winged black bird, for example, could have red and yellow epaulets. But in the ringneck dove and domestic pigeon also, feather and eye pigments are only melanin, so albinos are white with pink eyes. The albino squab when first hatched is difficult to distinguish from white, or even from the ivory-rosy = cream combination.

72. GENETICS OF THE RINGNECK DOVE, Streptopelia Risoria. of mutantsALBINO, an autosomal recessive. Gene symbol = al. ADAN Sep/Oct ‘84 35....... genetics OF THE RINGNECK DOVE, Streptopelia risoria. II. http://www.concannon.net/wilmer/Wilmer's WebPage/GENETICS_OF_RINGNECKS.htm

D ove color genotypes phenotypes Origins of ringnecks Stubby dwarf ringnecks ... Return to Wilmer's Main Page GENETICS OF THE RINGNECK DOVE, Streptopelia risoria by Wilmer J. Miller Adapted from ADAN May-Jun 1. Overview A standard of reference is important. I choose to use the wild type = standard type = "normal" which is dark color. This the color found in S. semitorquata, or S. decaocto, or S. roseogrisea , the ancestor of our domestic ringneck. Dark collared doves have a deep red eye, if they are kept outdoors subject to the solar radiation, or even if they are kept indoors and subjected to ultra violet light. Eyes of blond doves are also red, barely a shade lighter? Indoors the eye is a bit lighter red. Plumage of the dark dove may be described as dark gray, Evidently, no one has investigated the pigments involved in doves. However, very likely two types are involved in the plumage and eye color - - the eumelanin, black-browns, and phaeomelanin, red-yellows. These are very widespread among most all vertebrates. The gray plumage of dark doves becomes blackish in the neck ring, in the flight feathers and in the tail bar. Likely, the phaeomelanin is missing there. This notion is supported by the orange mutant (see Miller and Munsell, p. 5 Nov/Dec ADAN, 1985 issue), The tips of the tail feathers, especially toward the side (less in the middle ones) become whitish with no melanin or very little present. Juvenile dark doves and even blonds show a buff edge lacing that is most noticable in the wing shield coverts. This is lost in the adult plumage. A whitish trailing edge to some flight and secondary wing feathers is also seen. For a fuller description see Goodwin, D. , 1977, "Pigeons and Doves of the World".

73. Color Morphs And Genetics Chondro genetics. Ontogenic Color Change. The Calico Morph. High Yellow Morphs. HighBlue Phases and Morphs. Blue MitePhase Morph. Albino Chondros. Chondro genetics. http://www.finegtps.com/Morphs.html

Green Tree Python Color and Pattern Morphs Perhaps nothing about chondros is as fascinating or mysterious as all the various color varieties, and the way the neonates develop these adult colors. The general information presented here will answer some basic questions that are frequently asked and some of the facts (and fallacies) regarding this subject will be addressed. This page deals with captive bred color morphs. For information about the Geographic races and localities of GTPs, please see Geographic Races Some definitions may be in order so that no confusion will result from the terms as used on this page. I define a Morph as a definable color and/ or pattern trait that makes up a permanent adult appearance. Phase denotes a color or trait that appears for a while but may or may not be permanent , such as a temporary juvenile color. Designer indicates a morph that is not normally naturally occurring. High end refers to any chondro that is an outstanding example of its kind, regardless of whether it is a naturally occurring or designer morph. The group of morphs discussed below is not an exhaustive list, but it covers the common ones.

74. New England Reptile Distributors, Designer Ball Pythons, Reticulated Pythons, An squares and simple recessive genetics is that the numbers involved are theoretical.For example, according to theory, breeding a 100% hetalbino (Na) ball to http://www.newenglandreptile.com/genetics_simple_recessive.html

The Most Extensive Collection of Ball Python Mutations in Captivity NERD Herpetocultural Library Simple Recessive Genetics 101 At this point we'll assume that you've already read our Intro to Reptile Genetics page & are somewhat familiar with the terms we'll be using going forward. Most of the genetic terms on this page are "clickable" and will bounce you back to the glossary page if you need to refresh your memory. General Information Simple Recessive Genes - what are they and what do they do? Simple recessive traits are proven, inheritable genes that are only visible in their homozygous form. When a homozygous animal is bred to a wild type normal ), non-gene-carrying animal, all of their resulting offspring will be normal in appearance, but will carry the gene from the homozygous parent. This is due to a mutated allele being passed on from the homozygous parent to the offspring, and a normal allele being passed on by the wild type parent. Since the two alleles are different, they dictate that the offspring's

75. SupportPath.com: Albinism / Hypopigmentation genetic variation Utilizing photography and video interviews, POSITIVE EXPOSUREinvestigates the social and psychological experiences of people with albinism http://www.supportpath.com/sl_a/albinism_hypopigmentation.htm

Albinism / Hypopigmentation About Us Add-A-Link Email Gallery ... here Online Communities / Message Boards... NOAH's Albinism On-line Community Website: http://www.albinism.org/aoc.html Description: Moderated, Registration not required. Part of The National Organization for Albinism and Hypopigmentation (NOAH) website. Date Added: 03/28/2002 Online Chats... Note: Regularly scheduled chats are listed on our NEW Online Events Calendar Links in this section are primarily to chat rooms open 24/7 which may or may not be moderated. None Listed Usenet Groups... Note: Your browser must be properly configured to access Usenet groups from this site. None Listed Mailing Lists... None Listed National / International Organizations... INTERNATIONAL Genetic Alliance Website: http://www.geneticalliance.org/ Description: The Genetic Alliance describes itself as "an international coalition of individuals, professionals and genetic support organizations that are working together to promote healthy lives for everyone impacted by genetics". Website includes links to disease information, info on genetic issues, and detailed descriptions of support groups and organizations. Date Added: 08/27/2002 UNITED STATES The National Organization for Albinism and Hypopigmentation (NOAH) Website: http://www.albinism.org/

76. AZ Genetics / Genetics Primer We can say that the genetic code for the full colored guppy is CCand that the genetic code for the albino guppy is cc. Remember http://www.arihood.com/azgenetics/genprimr1.html

Genetics Primer Terms Basics Dominance Appearances Calculations Basics Chromosome are found in pairs. Opposite each other on the chromosome pair are two genes which together determine a feature. The gene's position on the chromosome is called it's locus . For example, a guppy's body color, whether it is gold, red or albino is determined by two genes, both of which are located at the same locus (or location) on the chromosome pair. When guppies mate, each parent provides half of the offspring's genes. The mother's and father's chromosomes each split so that there is no longer a pair, only half a pair. One chromosome from the father unites with one chromosome from the mother to form a new chromosome pair. When the genes match up at each locus, a new trait is established. Now, if the genes on both side of a locus are the same as the genes before the chromosome split during mating, then the feature will be identical to the parent. More often than not, this is not the case, so the offspring may have a different feature. Let's take an example of this. It is known in the real world that a gene exists in guppies for wild coloring (full coloring) and albinism. We can create a chart which will show the results of a mating of these two types.

77. AZ Genetics / Genetics Primer A phenotype describes the physical appearance (eg albino or full color),while the genotype describes the genetic structure (eg CC, Cc or cc). http://www.arihood.com/azgenetics/genprimr3.html

Genetics Primer Terms Basics Dominance Appearances Calculations Appearances Ok. Now we have a basis for calculating our expectations. We have gone over how to create a graph of expectations using the pair of genes from both parents. For a refresher on this, click here. For now, however, we turn our attention to the differences between what is perceived (seen) and what is reality (genetic). In the real world guppy genetics is very complex and in some strains is still not fully understood, so if you are having problems with a strain take heart! Even the pros don't fully understand guppies! We began our study by looking at albinism. In guppies, as in many fish, albinism is incomplete. This means that not all melanins (pigment, if you will) are suppressed, only those for black and brown are masked. There are two more terms that will be useful now. They are phenotype and genotype . A phenotype describes the physical appearance (e.g. albino or full color), while the genotype describes the genetic structure (e.g. CC, Cc or cc). It's easy to remember which means what if you remember that " PH " goes with PH enotype and PH ysical, and that "

78. Constrictors Unlimited-Genetics-Male Tiger Het Albino-Choose Female Reticulated Pythons. Tiger Het. Albino Male. Choose the genetics of your female fromthe list below. Please email me if your genetic trait is not on this list. http://www.constrictors.com/Genetics/Retics/Females/TigerHetAlbinoMale.html

Reticulated Pythons Tiger Het. Albino Male Choose the genetics of your female from the list below. Please e-mail me if your genetic trait is not on this list. Normal Heterzygous for Albinism Albino Tiger Super Tiger Tiger Heterozygous for Albinism Super Tiger Heterozygous for Albinism Heterozygous for Genetic Striped Genetic Striped Sales or Information: (405)424-8800 Cell Phone (405)414-6044 E-Mail: MikeWilbanks@Constrictors.com Postal Address: 1825 N.E. 23rd Street Oklahoma City, OK 73111 Logos, Pictures, Information and Site Content © 2004 Wilbanks, Inc. dba Constrictors Unlimited

79. Disease Reference - Albinism Information albinism. albinism is a genetic condition which results in a lack of pigmentationin the eyes, skin and hair. Cats also can carry genetic albinism. http://www.disease-reference.com/Albinism.htm

Albinism Albinism is a genetic condition which results in a lack of pigmentation in the eyes, skin and hair. It is an inherited condition caused by altered genes being passed on from an individual's parents. Various problems with vision and eyesight can result from the condition. This entry is intended only to cover human albinism, although many of the features mentioned would probably also apply to albinism in animals. Lack of Pigmentation The altered gene which results in albinism prevents the body making the usual amounts of a pigment called melanin. Melanin helps protect the skin from ultraviolet light coming from the Sun (see human skin color for more information). People with albinism lack this protective pigment in their skin, and can burn easily from exposure to the Sun as a result. Lack of melanin in the eye results in problems with vision, as the eye will not develop properly without the pigment. Individuals with albinism (called albinos) often have white hair and pale skin which makes them stand out from their families and friends, and from other members of their ethnic group. This can lead to social problems. Growth and development of children with albinism should be normal however, as should their general health, life span, intelligence, and ability to have children. Classification There are two main types of albinism: oculocutaneous albinism (OCA), where melanin pigment is missing in the skin, hair and eyes, and ocular albinism (OA), where the melanin pigment is mainly missing from the eyes, and the skin and hair appear normal. OCA is more common than OA.

80. CPEA Albinos Vs Double Dilutes The different types of albinism all affect pigmentation, and also carry with themsome other genetic problems including eye problems, blood clotting problems http://www.doubledilute.com/albino-no.htm

C remello P erlino E ducational A ssociation Is it Cremello, or Albino? For a printable version of this page, click HERE Is it a Cremello, or is it an Albino? by Lana Sibley When the horse receives a copy of the creme gene from each parent, you have a cremello (on a chestnut basecoat) perlino (on a bay basecoat) or smoky creme (on a black basecoat). But, just as it is not a recessive gene like the albino gene, it also does not carry the associated genetic defects. There is no indication that cremellos, perlinos or smoky blacks have the eye problems, blood clotting problems, or hearing problems that come with an albino gene. This is because the creme gene is a totally different type of gene. This site is not intended to give the visitor a complete education in the science of equine genetics, but merely to explain the creme gene in layman's terms, and thus help dispel some of the myths associated with it. If you have questions about these horses and their coloration, Please visit the Creme Gene Facts page, or our

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