61. Department Archeology Research Project ‘Origins of Modern Humans in Africa’. This project continuesthe research focus on african archaeology of the former department. http://www.sun.ac.za/archaeology/intro.htm

Introduction Research Project ‘Origins of Modern Humans in Africa’ Our research over the last three decades has been directed at two archaeological sites, Boomplaas Cave in the Cango Valley near Oudtshoorn and Klasies River main site on the Tsitsikamma coast. Together these sites cover the time from the appearance of Khoekhoe herders less than 2 000 years ago to 125 000 years ago. Based on this research we have argued for continuity in populations over this long period that includes the Later Stone Age and part of the Middle Stone Age. We have long championed the idea that the anatomically modern human remains dated to between 115 000 and 90 000 years recovered from Klasies River main site represent Middle Stone Age people living and behaving much as present-day hunter-gatherers in the Kalahari. This argument for the emergence of modern behaviour at an early date is contrary to the perception based largely on evidence from Europe that the emergence was relatively recent. Increasingly the findings at archaeological sites elsewhere in Africa support our main contention. Our arguments are set out in papers and theses Back to home page Back to Stellenbosch University home page

62. Serpentina - Origin Stories, Myths & Theories - African Origins Genetics, archeology, and cultural history confirm the african origin of modernhumans; demic migrations (wherein migrants take beliefs with them) out of http://www.serpentina.com/origin/afrorigins-darkmother.html

O RIGIN S TORIES ... RITIQUE DARK MOTHER OUT OF AFRICA Lucia Chiavola Birnbaum My research in the cultural history of Italy for Liberazione della donna. Feminism in Italy (1986) and Black Madonnas. Feminism, religion, and politics in Italy (1993,1997) uncovered a pervasive memory of a dark mother and her values: justice with compassion, equality, and transformation. This finding converges with the archeomythology of Marija Gimbutas documenting the civilization of the goddess in Old Europe, Elinor Gadon's demonstration of the ubiquity of signs of the goddess in prehistoric art, Judy Grahn's metaformic theory relating menstruation to women's creation of culture, and thousands of studies now blossoming in the field of women's spirituality. When studies in women's spirituality are placed alongside recent developments in genetics and archeology, notably the research of L. Luca Cavalli-Sforza in genetics and Emmanuel Anati in archeology, a change of paradigm is visible. Genetics, archeology, and cultural history confirm the african origin of modern humans; demic migrations (wherein migrants take beliefs with them) out of Africa to all continents after 50,000 B.C.E point to Africa as the matrix of the earliest known divinity — a dark mother. Work of ot her cultural theorists—notably Antonio Gramsci on the significance of folklore as transmitter of values, notably the "buon senso" of all peoples, and Noarn Chomsky who considers our genetic endowment to be "a memory of our earliest existence"has encouraged me to formulate a working hypothesis:

63. African Philosophy Resources At Erratic Impact's Philosophy Research Base african American history, biography of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., the Instituteof Egyptian Art and archeology, african Americans in the sciences, and more. http://www.erraticimpact.com/~topics/html/african_philosophy.htm

Major Topics Index New Book Search Used Book Search 20th Century Names ... Aesthetics African Philosophy Alternative Philosophy Anthropic Reasoning Atheism Artificial Intelligence ... Advertising African Philosophy Online Resources Texts: African Philosophy Used Books: African Philosophy Know of a Resource? Existentia Africana: Understanding Africana Existential Thought by Lewis R. Gordon The intellectual history of the last quarter of this century has been marked by the growing influence of Africana thoughtan area of philosophy that focuses on issues raised by the struggle over ideas in African cultures and their hybrid forms in Europe, the Americas, and the Caribbean. Existentia Africana is an engaging and highly readable introduction to the field of Africana philosophy and will help to define this rapidly growing field. Lewis R. Gordon clearly explicates Africana existential thought to a general audience, covering a wide range of both classic and contemporary thinkersfrom Frederick Douglass and W.E.B. DuBois to Frantz Fanon, Angela Davis and Naomi Zack. "'What does it mean to be a problem?' In the innovative essays of

64. Pan-African Studies Guide: University Libraries DT 351 .E53 1997. The Encyclopedia of precolonial Africa archeology, history,languages, cultures and environments EKSTROM Ref. DT 2 .E53 1997. http://library.louisville.edu/research/panafrican/historypa.html

University of Louisville UofL Libraries Resources by Topic Pan-African Studies Guide ... Print Sources History General Diaspora Geopolitics Language ... Slavery General Encyclopedia of Africa South of the Sahara EKSTROM Ref. DT 351 .E53 1997 The Encyclopedia of precolonial Africa: archeology, history, languages, cultures and environments EKSTROM Ref. DT 2 .E53 1997 EKSTROM Ref. HA 4675 .M55 1998 The History Atlas of Africa EKSTROM Ref. G 2446 .S1 K3 1998 Pan-Africanism: an annotated bibliography EKSTROM Ref. DT 30.5 .W54 1992 Phillip's Modern College Atlas for Africa EKSTROM Ref. G 2445 .G42 1998 The Peoples of Africa: an ethnohistorical dictionary EKSTROM Ref. GN 645 .O47 1996 Diaspora Africa and the African Diaspora: a selected working bibliography EKSTROM Ref. DT 16.5 .H84 1992 Africa and the West: A Documentary History from Slave Trade to independence EKSTROM Ref. DT 353.5 .E9 A34 2000 Explores the colonial encounter between Africa and the west through the use of primary source documents spanning from the beginning of the 15th century to the end of the 20th. Focuses on the history of Africa south of the Sahara. Organized thematically. Africana: the encyclopedia of the African and African American experience EKSTROM Ref. DT 14 .A37435 1999

65. Rutgers University Libraries: Indexes And Databases: African Studies reform, development and foreign relations, business and industry as well as artand architecture, african religion, archeology, linguistics, exploration and http://www.libraries.rutgers.edu/rul/indexes/search_guides/african_studies.shtml

@import url(/rul/includes/rul-style2.css); Indexes and Databases: African Studies Libraries Home Hours and Directions Ask a Librarian Advanced Users ... Staff Resources Rutgers Restricted Access Rutgers off-campus users must set up their web browser for remote access to library resources For help using these indexes see: How Do I Find an Article? Notes Plugins required: None. Description African Studies is an anthology of 17 databases and 589,300+ records. It is an exclusive combination of databases providing access to multi-disciplinary information on Africa. This database provides abstracts and annotated bibliographies on political, socio-economic, international and development issues, economic and social research, leaders, law, conflicts and conflict resolution, reform, development and foreign relations, business and industry as well as art and architecture, African religion, archeology, linguistics, exploration and travel, flora and fauna, geography, history, literature, missionary accounts. Records are subject classified and region/country classified. Dates covered 19th century to present.

66. MMD Archives Subject Index For: A Affected, (1). Affects, (3). Africa, (5). african, (4). After, (18). AG, (1).Again, (41). Arcadian, (1). Arch, (15). Archaic, (1). archeology, (1). Archival,(20). Archive, (20). http://mmd.foxtail.com/Archives/KWIC/A.html

Mechanical Music Digest Archives MMD Archives Subject Index (A) Entries are listed alphabetically. a* A.B A.C a.k.a A.O.W ... Ancients and* Anderson Andersson Andover Andrew ... Asylum at* Atari Atchison Athanasius Athens ... Info To Post a message in the MMD related to self-playing musical instruments, please send your message via email to: rolls@foxtail.com Please read our Republication Policy before copying information from or creating links to this web site. Contact our webmaster about technical problems you encounter using this web site.

67. Research In African Literatures--TOC Vol. 27 TidjaniSerpos The Postcolonial Condition The archeology of african Knowledge Fromthe Feast of Ogun and Sango to the Postcolonial Creativity of Obatala / 3. http://iupjournals.org/ral/raltoc27.html

Research in African Literatures Volume 27 Number 1 Number 2 Number 3 Number 4 The Black Atlantic C ONTENTS Volume 27, Number 1 Spring 1996 F. Abiola Irele Editor's Comments: Shakespeare and Company / 1 The Postcolonial Condition: The Archeology of African Knowledge: From the Feast of Ogun and Sango to the Postcolonial Creativity of Obatala / 3 SHAKESPEARE IN AFRICA Lemuel Johnson Shakespearean Imports: Whatever Happened to Caliban's Mother? Or, The Problem with Othello's / 19 Alamin M. Mazrui Shakespeare in Africa: Between English and Swahili Literature / 64 Lupenga Mphande Dr. Hastings Kamuzu Banda and the Malawi Writers Group: The (un)Making of a Cultural Tradition / 80 S. Ekema Agbaw Africanizing Macbeth : "Down-fall'n birthdom" / 102 IN MY FATHER'S HOUSE ROUND TABLE Tsenay Serequeberhan Reflections on In My Father's House William Slaymaker Agents and Actors in African Antifoundational Aesthetics: Theory and Narrative in Appiah and Mudimbe / 119 Katya Gibel Azoulay Outside Our Parents' House: Race, Culture, and Identity / 129 Lekan Oyegoke Leaky Mansion? Appiah's Theory of African Cultures / 143

68. ArchNet: Regions / Africa And Near East Resources for african Archaeology. Leptiminus Archaeological Project, Tunisia Universityof Michigan; african Studies Department University of Pennsylvania; http://archnet.asu.edu/archnet/regions/africa.php3

Resources for African Archaeology Internet resources related to archaeological sub-regions of Africa and the Near East. To register your server click here Updated: December, 2001 Absolute Egyptology SEPE: Survey and Excavation Projects in Egypt A Virtual Exploration of the Lost Labyrinth, Developing a Reconstructive Model and Planning System of Hawara Labyrinth Pyramid Complex and The Roman Period Cemeteries Egyptology in Poland ... Forschungssstelle Afrika - Heinrich-Barth-Institut Human Origins and Evolution in Africa Research Unit for the Archaeology of Cape Town Ancient Near East University of Calgary, Current Research in Africa ... Virtual Exhibition Galleria Mission Archéologique et Ethnoarchéologique Suisse en Afrique de l'Ouest National Museum of South Africa Northeast Nigeria, Archaeological Research Contact Info Johann-Wolfgang-Goethe-University of Frankfurt am Main, Germany Institute of Egyptian Art and Archaeology University of Memphis Archaeological Survey in the Eastern Desert of Egypt University of Michigan Leptiminus Archaeological Project, Tunisia

69. African Archaeology african Archaeology. All links leave the site and open a new window. africanHistorical Archaeologies (Contributions to Global Historical Archaeology) http://www.cyberpursuits.com/archeo/af-arch.asp

CyberPursuits Main Page Guides and More Regions Africa Australia and Oceania British Isles Egyptology Continental Europe Far East Central Asia Near and Middle East North America North Atlantic Topics Food and Diet Tools and Materials Underwater/Maritime Archaeoastronomy Geoarchaeology Megaliths Art in Archaeology Legal Issues Programs Academic Organizations Resources Publications and News Books Film and Photography Art and Posters Software and Games Search ArchNet Buy Archaeology Art and Prints Books Videos DVD Magazines Search by keywords: Visitors since October 2002 Free counters provided by Andale The links on this web site are provided for reference purposes. CyberPursuits has no control over the content of off-site links and cannot be held responsible for any harm real or perceived incurred as a result of launching to another site through a URL located on this Web site. African Archaeology All links leave the site and open a new window ArchNET Resources for African Archaeology Grinco's Archaeology: Images from South Africa The Koobi Fora Field School Lepcis Magna - The Roman Empire in Africa ... BANI (Base d'Anthropologie physique du Niger) French Mali Interactive Michael C. Carlos Museum: Permanent Collection: Sub-Saharan African Art

70. The Vanishing Evidence Of Classical African Civilizations field reports, which are now standard procedures within the archeological field. volumesof artifacts were already taken from their original african sites and http://www.geocities.com/M_Ampim/Vanishing/Update.html

THE VANISHING EVIDENCE OF CLASSICAL AFRICAN CIVILIZATIONS: “A 2001 Update” Prof. Manu Ampim The “Vanishing Evidence” series is a general summary of years of detailed observation and research. The full documentation supporting the conclusions expressed in this series of articles, including dozens of photographs, will be published in my forthcoming book, Modern Fraud: The Forged Ancient Egyptian Statues of Ra-Hotep and Nofret . I make no attempt here to “prove” such a complicated case as forgeries and the deliberate destruction of African artifacts in just a few short articles. Rather, this series is simply a preliminary report on my findings, which will be given extensive treatment in my book Modern Fraud. - MA SCOPE OF “THE VANISHING EVIDENCE” SERIES I originally wrote "The Vanishing Evidence of Classical African Civilizations" series in The Gaither Reporter in 1995-1996. The 3-part series documents the unintentional human-aided deterioration, as well as the deliberate and massive alteration, mutilation, and destruction of ancient Egyptian artifacts. The series covers three broad categories of this vanishing evidence: the Temple Evidence (part I), the

71. Ancient African Empires By History Link 101 InDepth resources on Ghana, Mali, Songhai, Nubia, Askum and Ethiopia; Archeologyof Africa; Timelines; Primary Texts; Islamic and Christian Traditions in Africa. http://www.historylink101.com/africa.htm

Ancient African Empires History Link 101's African Empires Page connects you to the best of Art, Daily Life, Maps, Pictures, and Research on Africa. Connect to sites of African Games, Music, and Dance Explore African Folktales and Myths Recipes from around Africa Site about Ghana, Mali, Songhai, Askum, Swahili Coast, and Great Zimbabwe Explanations of African Art Large set of sites with Galleries, Museums, and Collections of African Art African Masks, Sculptures, and Beads Large Link Sites to more Resources of Art on the web Sites with African Architecture, Wildlife, Landscapes, and Religious Pictures Pictures listed by Country Pictures from Nubia, Askum, Ethiopia and Swahili Ruins Large section of sites with pictures of Great Zimbabwe Climate Regions of Africa Highest Peaks of Africa Physical Maps of Africa Maps of Ghana, Mali, Songhai, Askum, and Swahili Empire. In-Depth resources on Ghana, Mali, Songhai, Nubia, Askum and Ethiopia Archeology of Africa Timelines Primary Texts Islamic and Christian Traditions in Africa Search this site powered by FreeFind Sign and View our Guest Book Join our Mailing List Other Picture Galleries New- Pictures of Turkey China Egypt Greece ... Mesoamerican Includes large section of royalty free pictures for educators.

72. AAA Newsletter #18 africanAmerican Archaeology. Newsletter of the african-American Archaeology Network Missouri Freedmen's Community. An african American Site Investigation in Rural http://www.newsouthassoc.com/newsletter18.html

African-American Archaeology Newsletter of the African-American Archaeology Network Number 18, Fall 1997 John P. McCarthy, Editor Contents "Where's the Newsletter?" Excavations at Little Africa - A Missouri Freedmen's Community An African American Site Investigation in Rural Delaware The Brown Lodge/Caldwell Pottery Site, Arrow Rock, Missouri ... News and Announcements Where¹s the Newsletter? A Letter From the New Editor Where indeed is the newsletter? Here it is - late, but hopefully worth the wait. I have to admit that producing a newsletter such as this involves a lot of hard work - much more than I realized when I agreed to take it over from Tom Wheaton. The greatest difficulty I have had has been finding enough suitable material to make up an issue. In addition, I have undertaken to redesign and refocus the newsletter as a source of useful information for researchers in African-American material culture, broadly defined. While I deeply apologize to one and all for the outrageous delay in producing this first issue under my editorship, hopefully with this issue African-American Archaeology (A-A A) will resume a more or less regular publication schedule. In addition to this Fall issue, I plan to produce an early winter issue to be mailed in early December, prior to the 1998 Society for Historical Archaeology Meeting in Atlanta. A late winter issue will report on the meeting, and with a sufficient flow of submissions, Spring/Summer and Fall issues will follow in due course.

73. African Art Syllabus INTRODUCTION TO african ARTS AND ARCHITECTURECourse Outline. Week 1 INTRODUCTION COURSE TOPICS AND PROCEDURES ( September 5) Week 2 LOOKING AT AND SEEING african ART ( September 10, 12) 1. Visona http://hum.lss.wisc.edu/hjdrewal/syllabus.aas2412001.html

INTRODUCTION TO AFRICAN ARTS AND ARCHITECTURE: Course Outline Week 1: INTRODUCTION: COURSE TOPICS AND PROCEDURES (September 5) Week 2: LOOKING AT AND SEEING AFRICAN ART (September 10, 12) 1. Visona et. al. HISTORY OF ART IN AFRICA Preface (Abiodun, R) pp.10-13 and Introduction (Blier) pp.14-23; Aspects of African Culture, pp. 44, 196, 283, 336, 424, 458. 2. Preble and Preble, ARTFORMS, pp.40-115. * 3. Vansina, ART HISTORY IN AFRICA, pp. 1-20, 78-120. [RB AFROMER 241 34] ** 4. Vogel, "African Sculpture: A Primer," in CLOSEUP, pp. 75-81. [37] ** 5. Willett, pp. 139-160** Week 3: INTRODUCTION TO AFRICA AND THE STUDY OF AFRICAN ART (September 17, 19) 1. Drewal, AFRICAN ART: A BRIEF GUIDE TO THE COLLECTION*. 2. Perani and Smith, pp.1-19. * 3. Vansina, ART HISTORY IN AFRICA, pp. 41-55. [35] ** 4. McNaughton and Pelrine, "African Art," in Martin and O'Meara AFRICA, Chap. 12, pp.223-272. [RB AFROAMER 241] ** 5. Willett, pp. 8-42** Week 4: AFRICAN ARTISTS AND AESTHETICS (September 24, 26) 1. Thompson, "Aesthetics" in BLACK GODS AND KINGS, CH3/1-7. *

74. African Studies - Art And Archaeology african Studies Internet Resources. african Studies. Email africa @libraries.cul.columbia.edu.african Studies Internet Resources home. WWW Virtual Library. http://www.columbia.edu/cu/lweb/indiv/africa/cuvl/AfArt.html

African Studies Internet Resources African Studies Email: africa @libraries.cul.columbia.edu African Studies Internet Resources home WWW Virtual Library ... Department home Art and Archaeology of Africa A-Afri Afro Art B ... Adire African Textiles (Dr. Duncan Clarke, London, UK) A commercial site that contains useful information on the history and manufacturing techniques of adire cloth and other textiles of western Nigeria; plus links. Africa Forum (H-Africa, H-Net Humanities and Social Sciences OnLine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan.) "Photography and colonial vision," by Paul S. Landau (May 19, 1999, Dept. of History, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut) Excerpt from "The visual image in Africa: an introduction" in Images and empires: visuality in colonial and post-colonial Africa, ed. by Paul S. Landau and Deborah Kaspin. The full text article reprinted from History in Africa. 22 (1995): 369-408. H-Africa Africa Forum Home Page H-Africa Network Home Page Africa Reparations Movement (UK) Campaign for Return of the Benin Bronzes (via ARC Net Ltd., UK) Note : this site has not been updated since 2002.

75. NativeWeb Resources: Anthropology & Archeology Archeological Survey in Eastern Egyptian Desert, Africa, 156. archeology researchprojects University of Calgary, Africa, 132. More sites on www.ucalgary.ca. http://www.nativeweb.org/resources/science/anthropology_archeology/

Search for: Home Login Contact Us Resources for Indigenous Cultures around the World Resources Community Services About Us Resource Center Internet Links Nations Index Geographic Region Index Search the Site ... Top 5 Percent Hosted Resources Hosted Pages NativeLaw News NativeTech Site Information Community About Us Hosting Information Resource Database ... Science Resources: 44 listings Name and Description Nation Location Hits African Archaeology Internet Resources Africa Internet resources related to archaeological sub-regions of Africa and the Near East. More sites on archnet.uconn.edu AKAN of Africa - Cultural Symbols Project Africa The art of a particular culture can reveal ever changing human images and attitudes, so awareness of a people's indigenous art, visual and cultural symbols can become an important medium for cross-cultural understanding. Anthro.Net A Anthropological Search Engine. Anthropologist in the field - Laura Tamakoshi South Pacific South America UT-LANIC More sites on www.lanic.utexas.edu US - Southwest More sites on www.nmculture.org

76. NativeWeb Resources: Anthropology & Archeology More sites on emuseum.mnsu.edu. Archeological Survey in Eastern Egyptian Desert,Africa, 1612. archeology research projects University of Calgary, Africa, 1329. http://www.nativeweb.org/resources/anthropology_archeology/

Home Login Contact Us Resources for Indigenous Cultures around the World Resources Community Services About Us Resource Center Internet Links Nations Index Geographic Region Index Search the Site ... Top 5 Percent Hosted Resources Hosted Pages NativeLaw News NativeTech Site Information Get your FREE EMAIL @NativeWeb.Net! Community About Us Hosting Information ... Resource Database Resources: 88 listings Name and Description Nation Location Hits African Archaeology Internet Resources Africa Internet resources related to archaeological sub-regions of Africa and the Near East. More sites on archnet.uconn.edu American Society for Ethnohistory An academic organization made up of anthropologists, historians, museum and cultural resource professionals that seeks to describe the history of the Native Peoples of the Americas through a methodology informed by ethnographic, cultural, ecological, linguistic, archaeological and historical information. ancientgreece-earlyamerica.com Algonquin US - Northeast Draws and builds upon the works of numerous scholars, archaeologists and artists; and with its two main sides you can explore the ancient "Minoan" world and the NativeAmerican/Colonial, in vivid detail not often seen on the Web....There are lots of Native New England artifacts never seen in the world before and a many-layered history of the land and early colonies that people of all ages can enjoy. Both sides include music, film clips, archaeological artifacts fresh from the ground, and more. Anthro Net Search Engine for Anthropology On the World Wide Web there are an estimated 250,000 sites that have content relating to the subject matter of anthropology. Unfortunately an estimated four-fifths contain little useful information. There are tens of thousands of anthropology sites containing redundant links to other pages that are collections of redundant links. Anthro.Net cuts through all of this by using advanced search technology to hunt down sites that contain useful content and information relating to anthropology.

77. H-Net Review: S. Terry Childs On Peter R. Schmidt And Roderick J. McIntosh, Eds. How can the trade in african archeological and ethnographic objects be curtailedif similar objects are usually presented to the Western public as exotic http://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.cgi?path=31441867676953

78. Foley Square, New York of the eighteenthcentury african Burial Ground, deposits relating to the eighteenth-centuryCrolius and Remmey stoneware potteries, and archeological features http://www.johnmilnerassociates.com/foley_sq_ny.htm

http://R2.gsa.gov/fivept/fphome.htm Upper left : Aerial view of the excavations at Five Points, Lower Manhattan. Lower left: Unusual cup found on the Courthouse Block showing Father Mathew, the priest who founded the temperance movement in Cork, Ireland, in 1838, preaching to his flock.

79. Slavery In America Photographs include archeological notes. Celebrating african AmericanArcheology http//www.cr.nps.gov/seac/afam/index4.htm. The http://www.slaveryinamerica.org/resources/gw_npr.htm

Essays Lesson Plans Image Gallery Encyclopedia ... Home National Park Service Online Resources for Slavery Compiled by Donna Hendry The National Park Service web site offers a variety of educational resources relating to the African-American experience during the time of slavery. To read a brief overview on the National Park Service, to click here Teachers have culled the best of the slavery related resources from the nps.gov site and we offer them here. Focus on People Prudence Crandall http://www.cr.nps.gov/nr/twhp/wwwlps/lessons/crandall/crandall.htm A Connecticut woman who ran a boarding school for young women, Prudence Crandall chose to close the school in 1833 and reopen it as a school strictly for "Young ladies and little misses of color". Only after an angry mob ravaged the school, did Prudence close the school for fear the students might be harmed. She continued to work for the abolitionist movement. The lesson plan, developed by the National Parks' Teaching With Historic Places staff, uses images of the school to discuss America's view of race and education. Frederick Douglass: Frederick Douglass emerged from slavery to work for the betterment of all African Americans and to awaken American society to the injustices of slavery.

80. African Burial Ground - History 2. Research Design for Archeological, Historical, and Bioanthropological Investigationsof the african Burial Ground (Broadway Block), New York, New York. http://www.flatironsolutions.com/africanburialground/ABG_History.htm

I. History A. Context and Significance of the Site African American history in New York City began in the Dutch colonies. The first Africans arrived in New Amsterdam as enslaved men in 1625 and 1626; the first enslaved women in 1628. They worked as farmers and builders and in the fur trade of the Dutch West India Company. Some helped build the wall intended to keep settlers safe from the native population at the location of today's Wall Street. In 1644, the Company granted "conditional freedom" to the enslaved on condition that they make an annual fixed payment of farm produce. The children of the "conditionally freed" people, born and unborn, remained the property of the Company. Most of the families received grants to lands they had been farming before becoming "free." At the time the area was generally undesirable swamp land. Today most of the area is in Greenwich Village. The Dutch continued to expand and to import enslaved Africans to meet growing labor needs. Between 1649 and 1659 they imported hundreds of men, women and children. In New Amsterdam, the first sales tax, an import tax of 10%, was imposed to discourage merchants from selling "human cargo" outside of the colony. Though not comprehensive, Dutch records do note that there were Africans who had never been enslaved who were living on the "free Negro lots" which today are located on land between from Astor Place and Prince Street.

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