61. African American Odyssey: Slavery--The Peculiar Institution (Part 1) an elephant tusk, emphasizes the pivotal role of africa in the Atlantic trading network. The South Atlantic trade network involved several international routes http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/aaohtml/exhibit/aopart1.html

African American Odyssey Introduction Overview Object List Search Exhibit Sections: Slavery Free Blacks Abolition Civil War Reconstruction ... Civil Rights Era SlaveryThe Peculiar Institution Part 1: The Atlantic Slave Trade Liberation Strategies Part 2 During the course of the slave trade, millions of Africans became involuntary immigrants to the New World. Some African captives resisted enslavement by fleeing from slave forts on the West African coast. Others mutinied on board slave trading vessels, or cast themselves into the ocean. In the New World there were those who ran away from their owners, ran away among the Indians, formed maroon societies, revolted, feigned sickness, or participated in work slow downs. Some sought and succeeded in gaining liberty through various legal means such as "good service" to their masters, self-purchase, or military service. Still others seemingly acquiesced and learned to survive in servitude. The European, American, and African slave traders engaged in the lucrative trade in humans, and the politicians and businessmen who supported them, did not intend to put into motion a chain of events that would motivate the captives and their descendants to fight for full citizenship in the United States of America. But they did. When Thomas Jefferson penned the words, "All men are created equal," he could not possibly have envisioned how literally his own slaves and others would take his words. African Americans repeatedly questioned how their owners could consider themselves noble in their own fight for independence from England while simultaneously believing that it was wrong for slaves to do the same.

62. Trade And Investment Stop protectionist backlash now Paris, 25 February 1999. Business helps to boost investment in africa Geneva, 20 January 1999. Key words in international trade. http://www.iccwbo.org/home/menu_trade_investment.asp

Trade and Investment Commission on Trade and Investment Policy Commission on Customs and Trade Regulations Policy statements 3 May 2004 22 October 2003 ICC views on European Commission "REACH" proposal 10 September 2003 ICC policy recommendations for the May 2003 French version ICC proposals on market access for non-agricultural products May 2003 French version ICC proposals for improvements to the WTO Dispute Settlement Understanding 7 March 2003 French version ICC's expectations regarding a WTO investment agreement 7 March 2003 French version New facts on globalization, poverty and income distribution To view complete text in English version, please click here (pdf file) Corporate Economists Advisory Group,15 January 2003 Precaution, science, risk and trade Nov 2002 French version Regional trade agreements and the multilateral trading system Nov 2002 French version Agricultural trade and the Doha Development Agenda 26 Nov 2002 French version World business and the multilateral trading system: ICC policy recommendations for the Qatar ministerial conference of the World Trade Organization 6 June 2001 French version Trade liberalization, foreign direct investment and customs modernization: a virtuous circle

63. INTERNATIONAL TRADE: DOING BUSINESS WITH AFRICA international trade DOING BUSINESS WITH africa. POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC CONSIDERATIONS. Thank you and good afternoon. It is always http://democracy-africa.org/articles/intltrade.html

Foundation for Democracy In Africa Home Foundation Events Archive ... Contact Us INTERNATIONAL TRADE: DOING BUSINESS WITH AFRICA POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC CONSIDERATIONS Thank you and good afternoon. It is always a pleasure for me to participate in discussions that will promote bilateral trade between Africa and the United State of America. This type of trade relationship strongly compliments the objective of the Foundation for democracy in Africa, the organization of which I have the privilege of serving as the executive director. I want to briefly speak about the Foundation and the Institute. The Foundation for Democracy in Africa (FDA) is non-profit, nonpartisan organization based in Washington DC corridor, founded on the principle that democracy is fostered through trade and Education. Without one, the others are not feasible for the long term. Since sustainability is fundamental to all democratic programs, The Institute for Democracy in Africa was born and housed at St, Thomas University for the purpose of providing potential young African leaders the Educational opportunity to study issues that impacts good governance and entrepreneurship. WHY ARE WE GATHERED HERE TODAY?

64. Welcome To The Foundation For Democracy In Africa in export trade or not today, international trade will soon come will allow you to become an international exporter and are wide open on the African continent. http://democracy-africa.org/

MEMBERSHIP Programs Benefits Application TRADE Matchmaker AGOA Trade Data E-Commerce IDA IDA THE FOUNDATION About Us Staff Job Opportunities Email Us ... [Admin Login] News Events Publications AGOA Civil Society Network Newsletter Volume 1, Issue 4 WHADN Newsletter Volume 1, Issue 2 AGOA Civil Society Network Newsletter Volume 1, Issue 3 WHADN Newsletter Volume 1, Issue 1 His Excellency Mr. Alpha Oumar Konare Chairman of the African Union Commission www.africa-union.org The 3rd Ordinary Session of the Summit Addis Ababa, Ethiopia July 1-8, 2004 Sign up here! AfrICANDO 2004 September 16 - 18, 2004 Miami, FLORIDA REGISTER TODAY A Report on the Minister Krispus Kiyonga's Capitol Hill Luncheon Remarks by H.E. Krispus Kiyonga at the Capitol Hill Luncheon held in his honor WHADN ETAP WHADN mission is to encourage and facilitate the utilization of the collective talents and resources of the African Diaspora in the Americas and Caribbean to advance the collective interests of Africans on the continent and throughout the Diaspora. This will be accomplished through joint projects by the WHADN and the African Union. We live in a globalized world in which more than three million people fly internationally each day and cell phones can reach callers in the most remote parts of the earth. Global trade in goods and services today totals US$8 trillion and, the global trade in capital equals US$288 trillion. Whether your company is involved in export trade or not today, international trade will soon come to you.

65. BBC NEWS | Business | Africa Ponders Making Trade Work Often, they have blamed international trade issues and in particular, the perceived Many economists argue that africa is unfairly excluded from global markets http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/3724867.stm

Home TV Radio Talk ... Programmes Last Updated: Tuesday, 18 May, 2004, 11:23 GMT 12:23 UK E-mail this to a friend Printable version Africa ponders making trade work Africa can do much to help itself, ministers feel Finance and economy ministers from around Africa are meeting this week in Kampala to discuss how to improve the continent's trade performance. The conference, under the auspices of the United Nations' Economic Commission for Africa, aims to address a mismatch in regional trade policy. Africa, ministers fear, is falling ever further behind the rest of the world in terms of trade growth. In 1980, African exports were 6.3% of the world total; now its share is 2.5%. Basic difficulties Identifying poor trade performance as a key cause of African poverty is nothing new. Economists have long pointed to its reliance on basic exports - commodities and raw materials rather than high-value manufactures - as a serious weakness. Poorest continent: How Africa compares with the rest of the world At-a-glance Nor is the continent short of high-profile meetings of senior policy-makers: the Kampala conference comes just a week after a summit of the Southern African Development Community, for example.

66. BBC NEWS | Science/Nature | West Africa's Ivory Trade Thrives They believe much of the ivory their teams found will have come from animals slaughtered by gangs in central africa. Any international ivory trade must be http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/3314069.stm

News Sport Weather World Service ... Programmes Last Updated: Monday, 15 December, 2003, 00:40 GMT E-mail this to a friend Printable version West Africa's ivory trade thrives By Alex Kirby BBC News Online environment correspondent Poachers' victim in central Africa A lively illegal trade in ivory is now flourishing in three populous states in West Africa, conservation groups say. They found more ivory in Nigeria, Ivory Coast and Senegal than the countries' own elephant populations could produce. The wildlife trade monitoring network Traffic and the global conservation group WWF say West Africa's vibrant ivory markets spur the poachers on. They believe much of the ivory their teams found will have come from animals slaughtered by gangs in central Africa. Any international ivory trade must be sanctioned by Cites, the United Nations Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species. Sidestepping the law Domestic trade within a country is a matter of national legislation. Ivory Coast banned the trade in 1997, and it is supposed to be controlled by law in Senegal and Nigeria. But a report by Traffic and WWF says investigators found more than 4,000 kilogrammes of "illegal" ivory on public display in nine cities in the three countries.

67. International Calling Codes - Pg2 of the 1994 Connecticut Governor s Award for international trade *. To reach the AT T international Operator, dial 00 252 Mogadishu 1. South africa +27 Acornhock http://www.the-acr.com/codes/cntrycd3.htm

* Winner of the 1994 Connecticut Governor's Award for International Trade * About ACR Guest Book Computer Specials Import / Export Library ... The General Store INTERNATIONAL CALLING CODES Welcome to ACR's International Calling Code Directory General Information: To place a call out of the U.S. dial: " 011 - country code - city code - number ". If you are calling to a country with an country code, do not dial 011. To help in your search, select the first letter of the country: A B C D ... V ACR thanks you for visiting. We hope you find this helpful. We have to check for phone books and zip code lookups on-line. Subscribe to our for up to the minute and buy like the big boys! Index -S- St. Helena 290 St. Kitts 869 St. Lucia 758 St Pierre et Miquelon 508 St. Vincent 784 Saipan 670 Rota 532 Susupe 234 Tinlan 433 San Marino 378 Sao Tome 239 Saudi Arabia 966 Abha 7 Abqaiq 3 Al Khobar 3 Al Markazi 2 Al Ulaya 1 Damman 3 Dhahran 3 Hofuf 3 Jeddah 2 Khamis Mushaait 7 Mecca 2 Medina 4 Najran 7 Qatif 3 Riyadh 1 Tabuk 4 Taif 2 Yenbu 4 Senegal Republic +221 Serbia, Republic of +381

68. The Missouri Department Of Economic Development coordinated and led customized company trade missions to africa and hosted has introduced newto- export companies to international trade opportunities and http://www.ded.mo.gov/business/internationalmarketing/africateam.htm

Services Worldwide Network Foreign ... Staff Africa Team Mark Wine, International Trade Specialist E-mail: mark.wine@ded.mo.gov World Region - Africa) Mr. Wine Mr. Wine received his Bachelor of Science Degree in Business Administration- Economics in 1973 from the University of Missouri-Columbia. Prior to joining the Office of International Marketing, he spent 27 years in private industry. A majority of that time was with The Pillsbury Company where he advanced to the position of area manager, responsible for the strategic planning, financial management, product procurement and marketing, human resources management and daily operations oversight of 7 facilities. In 1989, Mr. Wine started and operated his own marketing and promotion company working with many commercial and entertainment companies in Southwest Missouri. His career has also included commodity-marketing coordinator for 66 facilities of a large mid-western (USA) agricultural coop. Mr. Wine was born in 1952 and is a native of Missouri. He grew up in a rural agricultural area and currently owns and manages a 400-acre grain, forage and timber farm in Northeast Missouri. Click below to go to one of our overseas offices' web sites Ghana DED Home News Calendar ... Export Finance Missouri Department of Economic Development Office of International Marketing 301 West High Street, Room 720-C

69. New Jersey Commerce & Economic Growth Commission II 1030am1115am Doing Business in africa. CCA Presentation.ppt 2,725 kb; NJ Commerce trade Mission.ppt IV 145pm-320pm international Financial Organizations http://www.state.nj.us/commerce/internat_africa_presentations.html

Departments Business Advocacy Business Relocation Environmental Business International Trade Urban Businesses Brownfields / Reclamation Small Business Assistance Summary Information About NJ Commerce Advisory Council Business Incentives Business Services Economic Overview Financial Assistance Transportation Business Reports Economic Outlook Tourism Research Business Resource Center Interactive Business Maps Available Office Space Africa Trade Mission Presentations download . If you prefer to view them over the Web, Microsoft's Internet Explorer with support PowerPoint files. Please note that many of these files are large and it is advisable to save them to your computer before viewing.) PANEL I 9:15-10:25am African Diplomatic Corporation Egypt.ppt [70 kb] Ghana.ppt [54 kb] South Africa.ppt [3,103 kb] PANEL II 10:30am-11:15am Doing Business in Africa JUBOB.ppt

70. South Africa Fails To Make Use Of International Trade Agreement In Threatened Ab Press Release South africa fails to make use of international trade agreement in threatened abalone fishery, Abalone H. midae front http://www.traffic.org/news/press-releases/intl_trade.html

Press Release: South Africa fails to make use of international trade agreement in threatened abalone fishery Abalone H. midae front view of whole animal - eyes visible Cape Town, South Africa, 9 September 2003... Attempts to stem the illegal trade in South Africa's endemic abalone species could benefit by regulating international trade in the species in terms of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES), according to TRAFFIC*, the wildlife trade monitoring network and WWF South Africa. 'While TRAFFIC and WWF South Africa support all attempts to address the illegal harvesting of abalone, it is disappointing that the South African government has so far failed to make use of consumer state controls, such as those offered by CITES,' said Markus Burgener, Programme Officer with TRAFFIC East/Southern Africa in response to the draft policy on the allocation of abalone fishing rights released on Monday 18 August by the Minister of Environmental Affairs and Tourism, Mohammed Valli Moosa. Abalone H. midae fringe detail - finely branched

71. African Studies Center | Africa: Business & Trade trade African Middle East Information provided by the Canadian Dept. of Foreign Affairs and international trade, covering several African countries. http://www.sas.upenn.edu/African_Studies/About_African/ww_trad.html

Business Opportunities in Africa Series of reports prepared by staff of the American Embassy - Abidjan, cover business opportunities in the areas of agriculture, health, waste management, environment, service and industry. The African American The African American caters to the African American Business community, providing links and service to help a business prosper. The African Stock Exchanges Includes an overview of the companies listed on the Stock Exchanges in Africa, mostly Southern Africa. Calvert New Africa Fund The Fund is designed for the aggressive investor who is willing to accept above average risk in order to seek a higher potential rate of return. The Fund's share price and, therefore, the value of the investment could fluctuate significantly in response to economic, political or other major changes in some African countries. Information provided by the Canadian Dept. of Foreign Affairs and International Trade, covering several African countries. Information on African Oil Industry and Economy The MBendi pages are intended to provide information on Africa and the African oil industry for use by the international business person, traveller and investor. The system focuses on providing valuable information which will be updated on a regular basis. The International Trade Centre The International Trade Centre UNCTAD/WTO (ITC) is the technical cooperation arm of the World Trade Organization (WTO) and the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) for operational and enterprise-oriented aspects of international trade development. As the United Nations focal point for technical cooperation in trade promotion ITC works with developing countries and economies in transition to set up effective trade promotion programmes for expanding their exports and improving their import operations.

72. International Trade And Public Health international trade and Public Health. The pharmaceutical industry and American policymakers. US trade sanctions against poor countries. User fees in africa. http://www.geocities.com/medicinepolicy/

var PUpage="76001076"; var PUprop="geocities"; International Trade and Public Health Access to Medicines: WTO Negotiations and Medicine Access: October 2003. Just prior to the World Trade Organization (WTO) Conference in Cancun, trade ministers decided the fate of the "Doha Declaration" on public health, a document unanimously approved by the WTO in November 2001. The Doha Declaration verified that governments of poor countries could produce or import generic versions of patented medicines when facing public health problems. But the United States Trade Representative stalled the first in a series of meetings to implement the Doha Declaration. Working publicly with the Pfizer Corporation (see our primer on this issue), the USTR has now completed blocked effective use of the Declaration. The USTR and Pfizer claim that allowing that the poorest countries to import generic medicines would undermine their industry, even though these poorest nations provide only 1% of the pharmaceutical market. The USTR has also used trade sanctions against poor countries that attempt to use the public health safeguards verified in the Doha Declaration, and has drafted a series of bilateral and regional trade pacts that severely limit the capacities of Latin American, Asian and African countries

73. UNCTAD.ORG >> Digital Library >> Digital Library ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT IN africa trade PERFORMANCE AND COMMODITY DEPENDENCE (UNCTAD/GDS/africa/2003/1 INITIATIVES AND RELATED international DEVELOPMENTS, Report http://www.unctad.org/Templates/Page.asp?intItemID=1397&lang=1

74. UNCTAD.ORG >> Digital Library >> International Trade And Commodities Macroeconomic and Development Policies — Debt Management — Development of africa — international trade and Commodities — trade http://www.unctad.org/Templates/sitemap.asp?intItemID=2934&lang=1

75. Energy In Africa - Chapter 6. Trade And Cooperation africa and international trade. africa makes up only a very small share of world trade, and this share has been declining in recent decades. http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/cabs/archives/africa/chapter6.html

1. Africa in a World Context 2. Energy Use, Economy, and Carbon Emissions 3. Energy Statistics 4. Oil and Gas ... Appendix 6. Trade and Cooperation Economic and Trade Integration in Africa Africa and International Trade Major Regional Economic Groups Maps Economic and Trade Integration in Africa There are numerous trade groupings of various types within Africa (see below). A total of 39 African countries are members of the World Trade Organization (WTO), while 5 others (Algeria, Cape Verde, Ethiopia, Seychelles, Sudan) are observers. The 3rd WTO Ministerial Conference was held between November 30 and December 3, 1999 in Seattle, Washington. Major Regional Economic Groups Maps Arab Maghreb Union (UMA) Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA) Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) Southern African Development Community(SADC) ... Communaute Financiere Africaine (CFA) Franc Zones Africa and International Trade Africa makes up only a very small share of world trade, and this share has been declining in recent decades. Trade among African countries is low, and terms of trade with the developed countries are generally not in favor of Africa. Recent Developments in Regional Trade and Cooperation In late July 1999, Tanzania announced its intentions to withdraw from COMESA and instead concentrate on its membership in SADC. Two other countries - Lesotho and Mozambique - pulled out of COMESA in 1997, citing the expense of dual membership.

76. International Trade And Development - Social And Economic Policy africa, but the AIDS crisis is conspicuously absent from his agenda. Free trade doesn t work for the dead, said Asia Russell, director of international http://www.globalpolicy.org/socecon/trade/

about GPF What's New Newsletter Sitemap ... *Opinion Forum International Trade and Development Standard economic theory holds that a completely liberalized global market is the most efficient way to foster growth, because each country specializes in producing the goods and services in which it has a comparative advantage. Yet, in practice, cutting trade barriers and opening markets do not necessarily generate development. Rich countries and large corporations dominate the global marketplace and create very unequal relations of power and information. As a result, trade is inherently unequal and poor countries often experience not rising well-being but increasing unemployment, poverty, and income inequality. An additional problem is that free trade is not equally free. Agricultural subsidies and other trade barriers in the US and the EU prevent poor countries from gaining access to the most important markets, while they open up their own markets to US and EU exports. Critics of free trade point out that many of the world’s richest countries sheltered their economies by protection when they were at the start of their own growth. Further, trade is so dominated by transnational corporations that new trade rules mainly benefit those companies. A number of NGOs have started to promote “fair trade,” arguing that trade can promote development if it is environmentally sustainable and includes respect for human and labor rights. This page provides information on trade issues, including how to make trade contribute to development.

77. REALLY USEFUL SITES FOR INTERNATIONAL TRADE PROFESSIONALS - South Africa, Iraq, There are many more links to South africa at the FITA site. Go to FITA s international trade Web Resources at http//fita.org/webindex/index.html, click on http://www.fita.org/useful/archives/80.html

Wednesday, March 17, 2004 Issue 80 Volume 4 Number 6 IN THIS ISSUE: SOUTH AFRICA OUR FEATURED COUNTRY SITE EXPANDING EXPORTS HELP DESK USEFUL IRAQ LINKS SOOPLE Hello international traders! In this issue I take a look at a country that's way down in the Southern Hemisphere South Africa. It's a place with a growing economy and lots of potential as a market, so you'll want to take a look at the site I found about this southernmost African country. Next, I found a site that will help developing countries bolster their trade with the European Union. Also, I've got a site that has tons of links to help you do business in Iraq. Finally, I have an all-in-one search page that will make your Web searches faster and more accurate. If you'd like more information about international trade, go to FITA's International Trade/ Import-Export Portal ( http://fita.org ), an excellent source for trade leads, news, events, and a link library of 7,000 sites related to international trade. SOUTH AFRICA OUR FEATURED COUNTRY SITE http://www.mbendi.co.za/land/af/sa/p0005.htm

78. Endangered Species On EE-Link: International - Africa Consideration at CITES COP 10 in Harare, Zimbabwe The Convention on international trade in Endangered Brought to you by WildNet africa. Open in new window. http://eelink.net/EndSpp/international-africa.html

FAQ Main Page EE-Link News ... Old Site Main Sections Beginners Species Lists Species Highlights Laws and Policy ... Action Related Pages Global Africa Asia Europe - Continental ... Latin America Page Name: International - Africa Find links on this page for projects and resources in this region. Return to higher levels using the links at left. International - Africa Links: Please suggest a link to be added to the list below! Endangered Wildlife Trust Hot Site! "The mission of EWT is to conserve the diversity of plant and animal species in southern Africa. The Trust seeks to achieve its mission by conducting a programme of research, awareness and conservation action." Open in new window Issues for Consideration at CITES COP - 10 in Harare, Zimbabwe "The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Fauna and Flora (CITES COP-10). A southern perspective and material resource for the benefit of conservationists and journalists around the globe. Brought to you by WildNet Africa." Open in new window PBS: Elephants of Africa Site provides information on the home and life of elephants of Africa, ivory trade and poaching problem, and related resources. Open in new window Save the Elephants Focuses on research, education, grass-roots conservation, monitoring and protection of elephants.

79. South Africa Partnerships The end outcome of this research project will be a document entitled, international trade Opportunities Linking Eastern Iowa with Port Elizabeth, South africa. http://www.eicc.edu/international/safrica.html

Academic Theme Statement of Need Project Goals Project Summary/Outline of Activities ... Contacts and Links Academic Theme Businesses throughout the world are struggling to understand and adjust to the erosion of protected local markets and the emergence of free global markets. Many small - and medium-sized businesses lack the trained personnel, resources and international trade networks to seriously explore the development of international markets. As a part of broader community efforts to address this issue, both the Eastern Iowa Community College District (EICCD) and Vista University are providing assistance in three areas Increase the international literacy of their students; Provide specific educational programming in international business; Provide local companies with assistance in establishing global networks. Top Statement of Need The need for EICCD and Vista University to promote economic reform and the pursuit of international trade is compelling. Eastern Iowa experienced a wrenching economic downturn during the 1980's and into the very early 1990's. Out of this experience grew a consensus among the community leadership that the emergence of global markets represents an unparalleled opportunity to diversify and strengthen the area's economic base. EICCD is publicly pledged to ensure that their students and the community have the educational tools to take advantage of this opportunity.

80. WildNet Africa - CITES - Issues - Convention On International Trade In Endangere WildNet africa Issues - CITES - Convention on international trade in Endangered species of Wild Fauna and Flora and Fauna (CITES). http://wildnetafrica.co.za/cites/info/iss_004_03.html

Successes and Failures T o review the successes and failures of CITES some objective criteria are needed to define what constitutes a "success" in terms of the Treaty's own stated objectives. There is only one goal for CITES, which is stated in the preamble to the Treaty: "The Contracting States .... recognizing .... that international cooperation is essential for the protection of certain species of wild fauna and flora against over-exploitation through international trade .... have agreed as follows ..." and the articles of the Treaty then follow. Success in this goal has to be evaluated in terms of the individual objectives for each of the three Appendices of CITES. a) For Appendix I , we would need to find one or more case studies of species which satisfied the following conditions species which, immediately prior to listing on Appendix I, were threatened with extinction (and the matter of defining "threatened with extinction" would require something more objective than the de facto vote of the Parties to CITES);

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