81. Civilizations In Africa civilizations in africa Egypt A Learning Module Kush Axum The Iron Age South ofthe Sahara Ghana The Islamic Invasions The Almoravids Mali Songhay The Hausa http://www.wsu.edu/~dee/CIVAFRCA/CIVAFRCA.HTM

Civilizations in Africa Egypt: A Learning Module Kush Axum The Iron Age South of the Sahara ... Great Zimbabwe / The Mwenemutapa Empire Resources Internet Resources on Africa Administration About "Civilizations in Africa" Bibliography of Sources ©1996, Richard Hooker For information contact: Richard Hines Updated 6-6-1999

82. Ancient Africa's Black Kingdoms ancient Civilization did not begin in what we think of as the West. It did notstart in Europe, Rome, India, or Asia. Homo Sapiens migrated from africa to http://www.homestead.com/wysinger/ancientafrica.html

@import url(http://www.homestead.com/~media/elements/Text/font_styles.css); Kush Africa's Earliest Civilization Includes photo gallery The Role of Women in Ancient Nubia Ancient Nubian Princess Nubian Chronology "Its glory and its people" A-Group: 3800-3100 B.C. (Nubian) C-Group: 2300-1550 B.C. (Nubian) Kerma Culture: 2000-1559 B.C. Egyptian Domination: 1950-1100 B.C. ... Christian Period: A.D. 550-1400 The Kingdom is Possible Because of the Queen..... The King is the Sign..... While the Queen is the Symbol...... Basic Concept: Late Egyptian Religion King Taharqa of the 25th Dynasty King Menkaure and Queen Kha-merer-nebty II Ancient Civilization did not begin in what we think of as the West. It did not start in Europe, Rome, India, or Asia. Homo Sapiens migrated from Africa to inhabit all the continents except Antarctica, some 200,000 to 100,000 years ago. Early Humans in Africa History of Nubia. Excellent Site. Queen Hatshepsut Queen Tiye and King Amenhotep III The Global African Presence This is constantly growing list of articles on about the ancient African presence in many countries around the world as well as many articles on the American history of Africans displaced there. Editor Choice Egyptian Sculpture: Battalion of 40 Nubian armed archers ready for war (from tomb of a local prince or general named Nomarchus Mesehti of Asyut (Upper Egypt), under the ruler

83. Ancient African Civilizations questions about the racial and cultural links of ancient Egypt with the rest ofAfrica, and about its influence on subsequent civilizations, both Western and http://www.homestead.com/wysinger/africanhistory.html

@import url(http://www.homestead.com/~media/elements/Text/font_styles.css); ANCIENT AFRICAN CIVILIZATIONS TO ca. 1500 AFRICAN GEOGRAPHY The Continent now known as Africa (MAP) All but the last 10,000 or so years of human history belong entirely to the era known broadly as the Paleolithic (Old Stone Age).  The beginning of the Paleolithic is dated from when the hominid populations of Africa started to regularly make rudimentary tools from intentionally shaped stones for use in their daily lives.  The "stone ages"  (Old and New) ended when ancient humans began to use metals, such as copper or iron, as their principal tool making materials.  Metal decorations, tools and weapons began to appear about 8,000 years ago in some places, but were not in general use, even in the 'civilized world' of the time, until about 3,000 years ago.  Thus the stone ages, from the standpoint of time, constitute the bulk of human history. Scientific Evidence for Early Human Ancestors and Their Ways of Life Prehistory: probable sequences of human development in the Old Stone Age.

84. ThinkQuest : Library : Ancient Civilizations & Archaeology From the pharaohs of ancient Egypt, to the grand emperors of Abyssinia and site presentsa picture of the ideas and the traditions of African civilizations. http://www.thinkquest.org/library/cat_show.html?cat_id=31

85. Archaeology Prints And Posters Buy ancient African civilizations Zimbabwe at Art.com. ancient African Civilizat Buyancient African civilizations - Ghana/Mali/Songhai at Art.com. http://www.cyberpursuits.com/archeo/arch-posters.asp

CyberPursuits Main Page Guides and More Regions Africa Australia and Oceania British Isles Egyptology Continental Europe Far East Central Asia Near and Middle East North America North Atlantic Topics Food and Diet Tools and Materials Underwater/Maritime Archaeoastronomy Geoarchaeology Megaliths Art in Archaeology Legal Issues Programs Academic Organizations Resources Publications and News Books Film and Photography Art and Posters Software and Games Search ArchNet Buy Archaeology Art and Prints Books Videos DVD Magazines Search by keywords: Visitors since October 2002 Free counters provided by Andale The links on this web site are provided for reference purposes. CyberPursuits has no control over the content of off-site links and cannot be held responsible for any harm real or perceived incurred as a result of launching to another site through a URL located on this Web site. Archaeology Prints and Posters Egypt Pompeii Mediterranean Meso and South America North America Far East Megaliths Cave and Rock Art This store brought to you by Ancient African Civilizat...

86. CRIZMAC Art And Cultural Education Materials This program focuses on two great civilizations of ancient AfricatheSwahili on the easter coast and Great Zimbabwe in the south. http://www.crizmac.com/online_catalog/store.cfm?step=results&scategoryid=44

87. Social Studies Posters & Prints : Ancient African Civilizations Educational posters from the ancient African civilizations series Benin, Egypt,Ethopia, MaliSonghai, and Zimbabwe, make great teaching resources and http://www.creativeprocess.net/moreposters/history/hafricancivil.html

Hieroglyphic font Learn more about poster affiliate programs... Art.com AllPosters.com Test your IQ! FREE! Ancient African Civilizations Global PathMarkers educational posters history Ancient African Civilizations Posters Educational posters from the Ancient African Civilizations series: Benin, Egypt, Ethopia, Mali-Songhai, and Zimbabwe, make great teaching resources and curriculum support for the social studies, history and geopgraphy classroom and home schoolers. The Creative Process has searched the web for posters and prints that enhance educational environments through the power of visual media to motivate, stimulate, inspire, and teach your students! When we find the same poster is available at several sources you can check for price comparison, special discounts, framing options and shipping from the links at Creative Process. Please note that we do not stock these posters, they are available online at the links provided. Thank you for starting your search for educational posters at The Creative Process! Ancient African Civilizations - Benin Wall Poster AllPosters.com

88. Ancient African Civilizations ancient African civilizations, An article at Africana.com. Click here to visitour advertiser. Home Encarta Africana ancient African civilizations. http://www.africana.com/research/encarta/tt_210.asp

magnum('heritage') Browse Africana Home Research Center Channels: Blackworld Heritage Lifestyle Movies and TV Music Books People Arts Funstuff Health and Beauty Services: Africana Box Office Radio Africana Political Action Center Open Source Talk Back Welcome Guest Sign In Register Home Encarta Africana > Ancient African Civilizations Ancient African Civilizations Introduction The great chiefdoms, states, and empires of Africa were some of the last great civilizations of antiquity to come to the attention of the Western world. Before the fifteenth century, when the coasts of Africa fell increasingly within the European trading sphere, the states of the African interior were known in Europe only through frail rumors received at one remove from the Arabic world. By the time Europeans finally achieved the interior vastness of the continent in the nineteenth century, many of its great polities had been reduced by internal dissension or had withered away leaving only their ruins. Oral traditions also remained, but for many years they went unheard or uncredited by the ear of the colonizer. Since the last few decades of the colonial era, much has been reconstructed about the vanished African past, through the use of oral traditions, a few textual sources (mostly in Arabic), historical linguistics, and most of all by archaeological research. Virtually every new program of field research provides alterations to the status quo of African prehistory. However, outside of southeastern Africa, interdisciplinary studies incorporating oral histories, linguistics, and comparative ethnography are still very rare. Thus, it must be remembered that any synthesis in this rapidly changing field is imminently liable to augmentation. Despite this, it is possible to highlight the salient features of our current knowledge of the first African states.

89. Egypt -- Exploring Ancient Civilizations Egypt Exploring ancient civilizations. Game Board Egyptian Society Drama Projectancient Egyptian Society Asians and Asian Americans African Americans European http://www.freemaninstitute.com/egyptbook.htm

Egypt Exploring Ancient Civilizations ~ N E W B O O K ~ Site Map Open Letter Dr. Freeman The Institute ... Ancient Nubia Available Now An exciting, hands-on collection of ideas and activities designed to introduce students to the fascinating world of ancient Egypt. Unearth ancient treasures in your own archaeological dig, make a model of the Nile, create a pharaoh's crown or write your name in hieroglyphs. Map skills, time lines, even an ancient Egyptian game add to the wealth of information included in this outstanding resource! An Open Invitation to Participate in "THE MOMENT" Dr. Freeman's Latest Book Project Dr. Freeman took all of the photos in this book designed for Grades 3-6 Click on cover to order this resource. Soft Cover Retail Price, $11.99

90. Ancient Civilizations Mayans. 2000 BC1450 AD. Mayans Museum of ancient civilizations in the Americas a school project from students at the Springbrook School in Kent, WA; http://www.cybercom.net/~jham/ancient_civ/

Sumerians Babylonians Phoenicians Hebrews ... Ancient African Kingdoms Sumer 3500 B.C.1800 B.C. The Sumerians of Ancient Mesopotamia Sumerian Civlization Mesopotamia Virtual Classroom Mesopotamia 9000-500 B.C. ... Mesopotamia Geography, climate, People, Religion, Trade, Assyriology and Archeology) Sumerians and their Gods Sumer FAQs Mesopotamia The Sumerians ... Early Sumeria Babylonians 2000 B.C.539 B.C. Babylonia Hanging Gardens Hamurabi The Seven Wonders: The Hanging Gardens of Babylon ... The Babylonians ...information about the medical knowledge of the Babylonians Phoenicians 1200 B.C.700 B.C. Mesopotamia Vocabulary ..links from this page don't work, but the page itself contains useful information! Phoenicians The Phoenicians Archaeology in Malta: The Phoenicians The Ancient Phoenicians ... The Phoenicians Hebrews 1200 B.C.79 A.D. Photo Gallery of Syria and Palestine Inscriptions from the Land of Israel ...A collection of inscriptions from the Land of Israel that date from the Hellenistic period (c. 330 BCE) through the Persian conquest (614 C.E.). These inscriptions were written and carved in stone (and other durable materials) and inlaid in mosaics. They were written in Hebrew, Aramaic, Latin, and Greek by Jews, Christians, and pagans.They include epitaphs, commemorations, mile markers, and acknowledgements of gifts. Ancient Israel ....a time line Mayans 2000 B.C.1450 A.D.

91. Ancient African Civilizations ancient AFRICAN civilizations Kush and Axum Stanley Burstein, Editorand Translator. Stanley Burstein has researched, compiled, and http://www.markuswiener.com/reviews/burstein.htm

Markus Wiener Publishers 231 Nassau Street -Princeton, NJ 08542 Telephone: 609-921-1141 Fax: 609-921-1140 e-mail: inquiries@markuswiener.com News Catalogue New Titles ... Home ANCIENT AFRICAN CIVILIZATIONS Kush and Axum Stanley Burstein, Editor and Translator " S tanley Burstein has researched, compiled, and translated with commentary the most significant Greek and Roman sources concerning Black Africa. The result is a fascinating book about the people of the southern part of the Nile Valley, the gold mines of Nubia, the Hellenistic city of Meroë, capital of the Ethiopian Empire of Kush with its own highly developed culture (300 bc to 300 ad). This book is a masterpiece of scholarship and historical research." -Midwest Book Review "The ancient kingdoms of Kush and Axum were reflections of ancient Egypt to the north, but with the collapse of Egypt, Kush flourished and then gave way to Axum. . . . Burstein opens the volume with a brief survey of the two kingdoms; with introductions and important notes he then presents the ancient literary and epigraphical testimony for this region. . . . A brief bibliography and photographs aid this significant volume." -Choice Stanley Burstein, California State University, Los Angeles, is author of

92. COLOR: African Math Bibliography An Outline of africa s Role in in Ivan Van Sertima, ed. Blacks in Science Ancientand Modern Nile Valley, in Ivan Van Sertima, ed., Nile Valley civilizations. http://www.saxakali.com/COLOR_ASP/african.htm

African Math Bibliography Alic , Margaret. 1986. Hypatia's Heritage A History of Women in Science from Antiquity to the Late Nineteenth Century . London: The Women's Press Limited. Asante , Molefi, K. 1988. Afrocentricity. New Jersey: Africa World Press. Bajah , Sam, Tunde. 1980. African Science: Fact or Fiction A Multidimensional Approach With Bias Towards Science Education. Intellectual Life committee Monograph Number One. California State University: Dominguez Hills. Bernal , Martin. 1987. "Animadversions on the Origins of Western Science," in Arthur B. Powell and Marilyn Frankenstein, eds., Ethnomathematics: Challenging Eurocentrism in Mathematics Education . Albany, NY: SUNY Press. pp. 83-99. Boyd , Herb. 1991. African History for Beginners. NY: Writers and Readers Publishing. Diop , Cheikh Anta. 1967. The African Origin of Civilization: Myth or Reality. Lawrence Hill and Co., Westport. Presence Africaine, Paris. Diop , Cheikh, Anta. 1985. "Africa's Contribution to World Civilization: The Exact Sciences" in Ivan Van Sertima, ed., Nile Valley Civilizations . Journal of African Civilizations Ltd., Inc.

93. Edifying Spectacle Posters : Ancient African Civilizations - Zimbabwe Home ancient African civilizations Zimbabwe. ancient African civilizations- Zimbabwe Poster 18 x 25 in. See it Framed See it Mounted http://edifyingspectacle.org/posters/shop/item-414196.html

Edifying Spectacle Posters Search for Posters: Home Americana Animals Architecture ... Home : Ancient African Civilizations - Zimbabwe Ancient African Civilizations - Zimbabwe Poster 18 x 25 in See it Framed See it Mounted Date Added: 10/8/2003 Your Price Buy Now From AllPosters.com Similar Categories: History Travel Africa SiteMap ... Script Design by OneClickDesigns.com

94. Mr. Donn 039;s Ancient History Mr. Donn 039;s ancient History This is a collection of dozens of K12 lesson plans and activities for studying ancient history. The materials are produced by education students and teachers and http://rdre1.inktomi.com/click?u=http://members.aol.com/donnandlee/index.html&am

95. Among These Black Populations Developed The Major Ancient Civilizations Of Afric interpretation of Chinese prehistory, writing and civilization is influenced Chinesetexual material supporting an African presence in ancient China, 2 http://www.geocities.com/Tokyo/Bay/7051/Southchina1.htm

The Shang and Xia are of African Origin By Clyde A. Winters Hi Jeff: Sorry for the delay in replying to your post, but up until today I had lost anyway to communicate with this newsgroup because of Google's takeover of Deja.com. Due to the takeover I had no way to read the latest post to the news group. It is clear from this posting that much of your interpretation of Chinese prehistory, writing and civilization is influenced more by cultural nationalism than, objectivity and the "factual truth" according to Chinese textual material and archaeology. You present three major arguments 1) the Chinese language has not changed and that there is no Chinese texual material supporting an African presence in ancient China, 2) the Xia and Shang writing was like the Jia Gu Wen inscriptions, and 3) the archaeologists of China have not found any Negroid skeletal remains in ancient China. All of these arguments are without foundation and have no support at all from the evidence. First of all the Xia and Shang did not write in fanciful signs like the Jia Gu Wen script. The guwenzi or 'ancient script' of the Shang and Xia was called jiaguwen 'the oracular and divinatory' writing. It was incised on hard material like bone and shells. The writing of these people was a phonetic script. I present a copy of the Oracle bone writing at the following web site:

96. The Amazing Ancient World - Premier Ancient Civilization Internet Book ACT I lands. To study ancient Civilization is to travel across parts ofAfrica, southern Europe, the Middle East, and Asia to India. It http://www.omnibusol.com/ancient.html

THE AMAZING ANCIENT WORLD OF WESTERN CIVILIZATION: ACT I This Internet Book visited 14, 862,401 times since April 1997 (as of 12/2000) The PREMIER JOURNEY to The Ancient World, weaving together the Peoples of those lands and civilizations and the way they lived and - their thoughts, their hopes, their dreams, their lives. What is the Ancient World? Greece, Rome, Egypt, Mesopotamia, Babylon, Sumer, Nubia, Persia, Byzantium, Turkey? Or is it Assyrians, Chaldeans, Hebrews, Hittites, Akkadians, Etruscans, Minoans? Is it Alexander, Plato, Virgil, Socrates, Hammurabi, Aristotle, Nefertiti, the Pharaohs, Emperors, Caesar, Cleopatra, Sargon, Akhenaton, the Black Athena, Homer? Or is it the dinosaurs, Stonehenge, hunters, slaves, women, rulers, soldiers, or the Iliad, the Aeneid, the Odyssey, the Olympics? Is it found in the ruins, temples, forums, pyramids or in the remnants of ordinary life? Explore through this Web Book and the Online College Course. Ancient Civilization did not begin in what we think of as the West. It did not start in Paris or Berlin or London or Prague or Brussels or Stockholm. It grew out of the Mediterranean breezes, the sun and desert of Northern Africa, the Persian and West Asian lands. To study Ancient Civilization is to travel - across parts of Africa, southern Europe, the Middle East, and Asia to India. It is a linking voyage, not a reducing trip. It CONNECTS peoples, ideas, patterns, developments, organizations, wars, religions, art, architecture, food and drink. It is a human endeavor about a human story.

97. Kids.net.au Ancient_History Penn Charter School Sixth Grade, this multimedia presentation explores the ancientcivilizations of China, Canaan, India, Mesopotamia, Maya and early africa. http://www.kids.net.au/categories/Kids_and_Teens__School_Time__Social_Studies__H

Web Dictionary Thesaurus Seek: everything just pages from Australia Thesaurus Dictionary Categories School Time ... profile - Directory of web resources from the Oriental Institute at the University of Chicago. Includes links for students and teachers. Ancient Civilizations Museum on the Web profile - Presented by the William Penn Charter School Sixth Grade, this multimedia presentation explores the ancient civilizations of China, Canaan, India, Mesopotamia, Maya and early Africa. Just for Kids! Antiquity on the Web profile - Collection of links to sites about the ancient world. Exploring Ancient World Cultures profile - Guide to web resources on ancient Egypt, India, China, Greece, and Rome. Mysteries of Ancient East profile - A look at China, Egypt and Rome as they were 2000 years ago. Includes information on art, beliefs, food, history, and inventions of these ancient cultures. Virtual Ancient Civilizations Urbana Middle School profile - Clever ideas and class projects for Early Man, Mesopotamia, Egypt, Greece, Rome, China and ancient Africa. Odyssey Online profile - Information, games and activities for The Near East (West Asia), Egypt, Greece, Rome, and Africa.

98. Dr. Ivan Van Sertima the role of the African in world civilization, in particular his into six partsThe First Europeans African Presence in the ancient Mediterranean Isles http://www.cwo.com/~lucumi/sertima.html

J ournal of A f rican C ivilizations T he Journal of African Civilizations, founded in 1979, has gained a reputation for excellence and uniqueness among historical and anthropological journals. It is recognized as a valuable information source for both the layman and student. It has created a different historical perspective within which to view the ancestor of the African-American and the achievement and potential of black people the world over. It is the only historical journal in the English-speaking world which focuses on the heartland rather than on the periphery of African civilizations. It therefore removes the "primitive" from the center stage it has occupied in Eurocentric histories and anthropologies of the African. The Journal of African Civilizations is dedicated to the celebration of black genius, to a revision of the role of the African in the world's great civilizations, the contribution of Africa to the achievement of man in the arts and sciences. It emphasizes what blacks have given to the world, not what they have lost. St. Claire Drake, in his major two-volume work

99. Michael C. Carlos Museum Link to Ramesses I The Search for the Lost Pharaoh Exhibit. © 2004 EmoryUniversity For more information please see our frequently asked questions. http://carlos.emory.edu/

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100. Michael C. Carlos Museum Home page for the Michael C. Carlos Museum http://www.emory.edu/CARLOS/ODYSSEY

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