21. MapZones.com History Afghanistan Maps. Afghanistan Culture. afghanistan history. Afghanistan Economy. Afghanistan Provinces. Afghanistan Time and Date. Afghanistan, History, Back to Top. http://www.mapzones.com/world/middle_east/afghanistan/historyindex.php

Country Info Afghanistan Introduction Afghanistan General Data Afghanistan Maps Afghanistan Culture ... Afghanistan Time and Date Afghanistan History Back to Top Afghanistan's History, internal political development, foreign relations, and very existence as an independent state have largely been determined by its geographic location at the crossroads of Central, West, and South Asia. Over the centuries, waves of migrating peoples passed through the regiondescribed as a "roundabout of the ancient world," by historian Arnold Toynbeeleaving behind a mosaic of ethnic and linguistic groups. In modern times, as well as in antiquity, vast armies of the world passed through Afghanistan, temporarily establishing local control and often dominating Iran and northern India. Islam played a key role in the formation of Afghan history as well. Despite the Mongol invasion of Afghanistan in the early thirteenth century which has been described as resembling "more some brute cataclysm of the blind forces of nature than a phenomenon of human history," even a warrior as formidable as Genghis Khan did not uproot Islamic civilization, and within two generations his heirs had become Muslims. An often unacknowledged event that nevertheless played an important role in Afghan history (and in the politics of Afghanistan's neighbors and the entire region up to the present) was the rise in the tenth century of a strong Sunni dynastythe Ghaznavids. Their power prevented the eastward spread of Shiism from Iran, thereby insuring that the majority of the Muslims in Afghanistan and South Asia would be Sunnis.

22. Afghanistan History History Last updated in April 2003. I. History up to the establishment of Afghanistan. 652. Arab troops invade Afghan territory. A http://www.auswaertiges-amt.de/www/en/laenderinfos/laender/laender_ausgabe_html?

23. Afghanistan History Afghanistan. History. Last updated in April 2003. I. History up to the establishment of Afghanistan. 652. Arab troops invade Afghan territory. http://www.auswaertiges-amt.de/www/en/laenderinfos/laender/print_html?type_id=9&

24. Afghanistan, Afghanistan Hotels, Afghanistan Maps, Afghanistan News, Afghanistan complete Afghanistan Travel Information on the web Afghanistan Hotels, Afghanistan Maps, Afghanistan News, afghanistan history, Afghanistan War, Afghanistan http://www.budgettravel.com/afghanistan.htm

Countries Messages Site Map Activities ... Data Base!! Travel Information for Everyone Afghanistan Information Afghanistan Travel Kabul Baghlan Jalalabad Qandahar Kandahar Mazar-e-Sharif Mazar-i-Sharif - Afghanistan Travel and Afghanistan Tourism Information is for Traveler's finding the most complete Afghanistan Travel Information on the web - Afghanistan Hotels, Afghanistan Maps, Afghanistan News, Afghanistan History, Afghanistan War, Afghanistan Woman - Everything you want to know about Afghanistan traveling and more - Afghanistan is located in south asia - also is considered in the middle east by some - It is not a particularly safe place to visit for tourists until the Government is more stable - Afghanistan is bordered on the north by Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan and Tajikstan - On the northeast if touches China - to the east and south is Pakistan - and to the west is Iran - The Capial is Kabul - Travel Vacations/Packages Travel Insurance Air Fares Travel Books ... Car Rentals Related Travel Information: Afghanistan Shopping Art - Pictures - Carpets - Music - Ancient Articles - Pakol Hats - Afghan Maps - Books - Videos - Related Destinations: South-Asia (Afghanistan - Bangladesh - Bhutan - India - Iran - Maldives - Nepal - Pakistan - Sri Lanka - Tibet) - Central Asia (Kazakhstan - Kyrgyzstan - Tajikistan - Tukmenistan - Uzbekistan) - India Travel Agents Uzbekistan Turkmenistan All World Countries ... 400+ Worldwide Travel Destinations The order of information on this web page: 1. General Information - List of Afghanistan Web Sites - Huge Amounts of Information -

25. Afghanistan History A great information site about afghanistan history in English, Swedish, Persian or Dari and Pashto. History Geography Economy Languages http://medlem.spray.se/afghan/history_eng.htm

History Geography Economy Languages ... Zabul Links about the History of Afghanistan Kabul Online site Afghanistan Online site

26. Afghanistan History In Persian http://medlem.spray.se/afghan/far_history_scan_01.htm

27. North Carolina Center For South Asia Studies - Afghanistan History Conference NCCSAS Seminars Speakers afghanistan history Conference afghanistan history Conference. Boundaries, States, and Nations on http://www.ncsu.edu/tsac/seminars/afghanistan.html

NCCSAS > > Afghanistan History Conference Afghanistan History Conference Boundaries, States, and Nations on the Frontiers of Empire: Afghanistan and Its Neighbors John Hope Franklin International Center Duke University January 30-February 1 2003 Thursday, January 30 Informal Social Hour, Marriott Hotel Friday, January 31 8:30-8:45 Opening Remarks and Welcome Conference Organizers Provost Peter Lange, Duke University Panel I: State and tribe within the shifting contexts of imperial and national orders Session 1 Stephen Dale, History, Ohio State University Topic: "Khushal Khan Khattak and Pushtun Identity" Joseph Arlinghaus, South and Southwest Asia Intelligence Analyst, US Army, Fayetteville, NC "Pashtunization in the Mughal Province of Kabul." Session 2 Robert Canfield, Anthropology, Washington University, St. Louis

28. Afghanistan History Of Afghanistan Study Of Afghanistan Country Of Afghanistan A afghanistan history of Afghanistan Study of Afghanistan Country of Afghanistan discussed in the Arkansas Encyclopedia of famous Arkansans, landmarks, state http://www.anythingarkansas.com/arkapedia/pedia/Afghanistan/

Home Free Offers Directory A ... Z Islamic State of Afghanistan The Islamic State of Afghanistan (افغانستان in Persian and Pashto ) is a landlocked country in Central Asia . It is bordered by Iran in the west, Pakistan in the south and east, Turkmenistan , Uzbekistan and Tajikistan in the north, and China in the easternmost part of the country. Until the nation has its first general election (projected for June ), it continues to be referred to by the West as the Transitional Islamic State of Afghanistan History Main article: History of Afghanistan Afghanistan, often called the crossroads of Central Asia , has had a turbulent history. Through the ages, Afghanistan has been occupied by many forces. A separate Afghan nation came into existence in 1746 as the Durrani Empire , but control was ceded to the United Kingdom until King Amanullah acceded to throne in . Since then, the country has known many governments and several civil wars. The ruler of Afghanistan belonged to the Abdali tribal group, whose name was changed to Dorrani on the accession of Ahmad Shah . They belonged either to the Saddozay segment of the Popalzay clan or to the Mohammadzay segment of the Barakzay clan . The Mohammadzay furnished the Saddozay kings frequently with top counselors, who served occasionally as regents, identified with the epithet Mohammadzay.

29. Afghanistan History And while some history books refer to this time of Afghanistan’s history as one where attempts were made to “modernize” the country – all this really http://afghangovernment.com/briefhistory.htm

A Brief History of Afghanistan: By Adam Ritscher The story of Afghanistan is in so many ways a very tragic one. Afghanistan is one of the most impoverished nations of the world. It is one of the most war-torn, most ravaged, and most beleaguered of nations. It is a nation that has been beset by invasion, external pressure and internal upheaval since before the time of Alexander the Great. Its people are a people who have endured more than most of us can ever imagine. In fact, for many Afghanis, all that has changed in the last one thousand years are the weapons which have been used against so many of them. It is therefore with great sadness and respect that I tell the story of Afghanistan. First of all, who are the Afghanis? Afghanistan has historically been the link between Central Asia, the Middle East and the Indian sub-continent. It is therefore a nation made up of many different nationalities – the result of innumerable invasions and migrations. Within its current borders there are at least a dozen major ethnic groups – Baluch, Chahar Aimak, Turkmen, Hazara, Pashtun, Tajik, Uzbek, Nuristani, Arab, Kirghiz, Pashai and Persian. Historically the Pashtun nationality has been the most dominant. The term Afghan, for example, generally is viewed by other peoples in the country to refer to the Pashtuns. The royal families of the country were Pashtun, and today the Pashtun represent about 50% of the total population. Tajiks come in second with 25%, and the rest make up considerably smaller percentages.

30. Terrorism - Afghanistan And U.S. Foreign Policy Keeping the lessons from recent afghanistan history, Bush and his team need to aim not only for justice in the immediate aftermath of the attacks, but also for http://www.cdi.org/terrorism/afghanistan-history.cfm

Oct. 5, 2001 Printer-Friendly Version In his statements and speeches since Sept. 11, U.S. President George W. Bush has been careful to distinguish the members of Osama bin Laden's al Qaeda organization and the Taliban, from the people of Afghanistan and Muslims of the world. Still, with military action in Afghanistan expected soon, it is necessary to look hard at Afghanistan's past two decades of turmoil and seek to learn lessons from that past. And while there are many factors leading to the dismal situation of Afghanistan today, it also is the case that missteps in U.S. foreign policy are, in part, to blame. U.S. policy toward Afghanistan, Russia and the region during the 1980s helped, at least indirectly, nurture the growth of anti-American and fundamentalist forces now controlling Kabul, and indeed, even some of the terrorists now being sought by the United States for the Sept. 11 attacks against New York and Washington. In planning for intervention in Afghanistan now, the Bush administration must work hard to avoid the mistakes of the past. U.S Covert Operations in the Afghanistan War

31. Afghanistan History And George Orwell Back to Index. afghanistan history and George Orwell. This applies perfectly to our history textbook project and takes us to Afghanistan and its history. http://wais.stanford.edu/Afganistan/afghanistan_historyandgeorgeorwell21102.html

Back to Index Afghanistan history and George Orwell John Heelan of the UK comments on my observation: "In the Western Hemisphere, the US must assume almost total responsibility. In Africa and Eurasia, except for East and Southeast Asia, the EU should assume the leadership, with the strong backing of the US. Whether the EU has reached a point where it can assume that responsibility remains to be seen". John says this reminds him of George Orwell's San Francisco Chronicle has published an article about the library at San Francisco State University. The shelves are abandoned. The students are doing all their work on line. This makes more and more sense. I have a large library, including the huge Oxford English Dictionary . It is simpler to use the online version, so the printed book just sits there. It is hard to realize how much information in available on line. I checked Google for George Orwell, and up came 143,000 entries!! Would Orwell have been happy? Ronald Hilton - 2/11/02 Webmaster

32. Afghanistan History...info Please afghanistan history information please. Everyone is talking about Afghanistan, but before September 11, most Americans did not even know where it is. http://wais.stanford.edu/Afganistan/afghanistan_historyinfoplease112301.html

Back to Index Afghanistan history...information please Everyone is talking about Afghanistan, but before September 11, most Americans did not even know where it is. Our knowledge of that whole area is very thin. I erred when I said that the Pashtuns used to be called Parthians. In fact they were Pathans, a neighboring tribe. What the relationship is between these two tribes with almost identical names in I do not know. I suspect that they may be the same. Today the Pathans are known as Pashtu in Afghanistan and Pakistan. In all, the Pathans constitute one of the largest tribal groupings in the world. Ronald Hilton - 11/23/01 Webmaster

33. Afghanistan  History Contemporary History. the British, the Afghans concluded a treaty of friendship with the new Bolshevik regime in the Soviet Union; Afghanistan thereby became http://www.hawca.org/afghanhis.htm

Source: www.britannica.com Afghan Civil War Afghan Geography Afghan Customs Afghan Daily News Variations on the word "Afghan" may go back as early as a 3rd-century-AD S a s a nian reference to "Abgan." The earliest Muslim reference to the Afghans probably dates to AD 982, but tribes related to the modern Afghans have lived in the region for many generations. For millennia, the land now called Afghanistan has been the meeting place of four cultural and ecological areas: the Middle East, Central Asia, South Asia, and East Asia. Prehistory Paleolithic peoples probably roamed Afghanistan as early as 100,000 BC. The earliest definite evidence of human occupation was found in the cave of Darra-i-Kur in Badakhsh a n, where a transitional Neanderthal skull fragment in association with Mousterian-type tools was discovered; the remains are of the Middle Paleolithic, dating about 30,000 years ago. Caves near A q Kopr u k yielded evidence of an early Neolithic culture ( c.

34. Afghanistan History Afghan history. For millennia, the land now called Afghanistan has been the meeting place of four cultural and ecological areas the Middle East, Central Asia http://digilander.libero.it/Capellone76/af_storia.htm

Afghan history Variations on the word "Afghan" may go back as early as a 3rd-century-AD S a s a nian reference to "Abgan." The earliest Muslim reference to the Afghans probably dates to AD 982, but tribes related to the modern Afghans have lived in the region for many generations. For millennia, the land now called Afghanistan has been the meeting place of four cultural and ecological areas: the Middle East, Central Asia, South Asia, and East Asia. Prehistory Paleolithic peoples probably roamed Afghanistan as early as 100,000 BC. The earliest definite evidence of human occupation was found in the cave of Darra-i-Kur in Badakhsh a n, where a transitional Neanderthal skull fragment in association with Mousterian-type tools was discovered; the remains are of the Middle Paleolithic, dating about 30,000 years ago. Caves near A q Kopr u k yielded evidence of an early Neolithic culture ( c. 9000-6000 BC) based on domesticated animals. Archaeological research since World War II has revealed Bronze Age sites, dating both before and after the Indus Valley (or Harapp a n) civilization of the 3rd to the 2nd millennium BC. There was trade with Bronze Age Mesopotamia and Egypt, the main export from the Afghan area being lapis lazuli from the mines of Badakhshan. In addition, a site with definite links to the Harapp

35. Books On Afghanistan Books on afghanistan history History, Culture, Travel and War from Brough s Books. Search Books on afghanistan history. Bestsellers in Afghan History. http://www.dropbears.com/b/broughsbooks/history/afghanistan.htm

more search options Afghanistan Books on History, Culture, Travel... and War Home History Asia > Afghanistan History Related Books History Index Asia Afganistan - Travel Afghanistan - Rare Books ... History A - Z Departments Posters History Calendars History Magazines History Software ... Documentaries Resources History Books UK Powells: History Articles Invasion of Afghanistan 2001 Afghanistan in the 1970's - A Travel Diary Best Sellers Magazines History Magazines Posters Oriental Art Posters Afghanistan's Endless War: State Failure, Regional Politics, and the Rise of the Taliban by Larry P. Goodson (Paperback - October 2001) Afghan Nomads in Transition : A Century of Change Among the Zala Khan Khel (The Carlsberg Foundation's Nomad Research Project) by Gorm Pedersen, Ida Nicolaisen (Hardcover - June 1995) Afghanistan Diary: 1992-2000 by Edward Grazda (Photographer) Amazon.com Hardcover - 72 pages 1 Ed edition (August 31, 2000) Power House Cultural Entertainment; ISBN: 1576870472 Armor of the Afghanistan War by Steven Zaloga, et al (Paperback - 1992) Special Order Afghanistan : From Holy War to Civil War by Olivier Roy (Hardcover - September 1995) Back Ordered The Abbas Pasha Manuscript : And Horses and Horsemen of Arabia and Egypt During the Time of Abbas Pa Sha, 1800-1860

36. Books On Afghanistan - UK Bookshop Books on afghanistan history History, Culture, Travel and War from Brough s Books. Search Books on afghanistan history. afghanistan history on DVD. http://www.dropbears.com/b/books_uk/history/afghanistan.htm

more search options Afghanistan Books on History, Culture, Travel... and War Home History Asia > Afghanistan History Related Books History Index Asia Afganistan - Travel Afghanistan - Rare Books ... History A - Z Departments Posters History Calendars History Magazines History Software ... Documentaries Resources History Books USA Articles Invasion of Afghanistan 2001 Afghanistan in the 1970's - A Travel Diary Best Sellers Magazines History Magazines Posters Oriental Art Posters Afghanistan's Endless War: State Failure, Regional Politics, and the Rise of the Taliban by Larry P. Goodson (Paperback - October 2001) Afghan Nomads in Transition : A Century of Change Among the Zala Khan Khel (The Carlsberg Foundation's Nomad Research Project) by Gorm Pedersen, Ida Nicolaisen (Hardcover - June 1995) Afghanistan Diary: 1992-2000 by Edward Grazda (Photographer) Amazon.com Hardcover - 72 pages 1 Ed edition (August 31, 2000) Power House Cultural Entertainment; ISBN: 1576870472 Armor of the Afghanistan War by Steven Zaloga, et al (Paperback - 1992) Special Order Afghanistan : From Holy War to Civil War by Olivier Roy (Hardcover - September 1995) Back Ordered The Abbas Pasha Manuscript : And Horses and Horsemen of Arabia and Egypt During the Time of Abbas Pa Sha, 1800-1860

37. Terrorismfiles.org : Afghanistan History, Terrorismfiles.org STATESPONSORED TERRORISM afghanistan history, back to Afghanistan. History Located just northwest of the modern day India, Afghanistan http://www.terrorismfiles.org/countries/afghanistan_history.html

Terrorism History of terrorism Terrorism in the 20th century Drug trafficking and terrorism ... Weapons of Mass Destruction STATE -SPONSORED TERRORISM Afghanistan History History Located just northwest of the modern day India, Afghanistan has long served as the northwestern border and gateway for the Indian civilization. Various Indian emperors have ruled the region over the last 3,000 years and its close relations with the rest of India have been well documented by historians. The Hindukush Mountains in the west and Himalayas in the north and northeast served as the borders for India; Afghanistan was an integral part of the Indian kingdoms at various times during its history. In the fourth century B.C.E., Taxila and Kandahar formed important centers of commerce and education for the empire of Ashoka the Great. In fact, Taxila was one of the first universities to be founded in India. In those days, the entire region of today's Afghanistan and northern Pakistan was called Gandhar, after which an important stream of Indian art painting and sculptures has been named. The area was also an important center for Buddhism in its early days and several ancient statues of Buddha and other artifacts of Buddhism are still found in the region.

38. Afghanistan: History Repeats As U.S. Finds Unlikely Allies Issue 2, 27 November 2001 afghanistan history Repeats as US Finds Unlikely Allies by Jeff Kunerth Orlando Sentinel, Florida, 21 Oct 2001. http://www.eclipsereview.org/issue2/historyrepeats.htm

Issue 2, 27 November 2001 Afghanistan: History Repeats as U.S. Finds Unlikely Allies by Jeff Kunerth Orlando Sentinel , Florida, 21 Oct 2001 If politics makes strange bedfellows, foreign policy sometimes means sleeping with the devil. And that's what the United States did when it allied itself with Osama bin Laden and other Islamic militants in the 1980s. The United States helped build some of the terrorist facilities it is now destroying in Afghanistan. The Central Intelligence Agency trained Islamic militants on the use of explosives and the concept of "strategic sabotage" – picking targets with a symbolic significance. Altogether, the United States poured an estimated $3 billion in arms, training and financial support to mujahedeen guerrillas in efforts to drive the Soviet Union from Afghanistan. Thousands of those trained by the CIA and the Pakistani intelligence agency ISI were Islamic radicals recruited from Saudi Arabia, Algeria, Egypt, China, the Philippines and the Chechnya republic in the Soviet Union. "The Islamic fundamentalists would not be in power in Afghanistan if not for U.S. intervention," said William Blum, author of Killing Hope: US Military and CIA Interventions since World War II. "The CIA orchestrated the symphony. They brought in warriors from over a dozen Muslim countries who were trained and armed." Blum contends that the United States was so blinded by its obsession to bring down the Soviet Union that it ignored the anti-Western ideology of Islamic militants such as bin Laden.

39. CapitalSources Afghanistan History afghanistan history of Government rule since post Soviet withdrawal. http://www.capitalvenue.com/CS-Afghanistan-History.htm

Faxable Registration Form CapitalVenue Newsletter Afghanistan History of Government rule since post Soviet withdrawal Back to Country Statistics Links Multinational Regional Organizations South Asia Association for Regional Cooperation History Following the retreat of the Soviet troops in 1989, and the subsequent fragmentation of political authority and civil war between opposing military factions, provincial warlords gained control of the mineral and productive resources in their territories, diverting the associated revenues from central government to themselves, and started collecting large amounts of off-budget taxes and fees. Natural gas exports stopped, foreign assistance inflows substantially decreased, and the income of SOEs declined sharply due to large-scale armed confrontations in industrial areas, resulting in a severe loss of revenue for the central government. Despite this fall in revenue, expenditures increased significantly, reflecting rising defense spending, successive pay increases for government employees, and subsidies, mainly on food utilities. The resulting deficits were covered entirely by printing money.

40. Education News & Resources At The Times Educational Supplement afghanistan history. In our resource sheets covering Afghanistan s history, based on Martin McCauley s book Afghanistan and Central Asia , you can read http://www.tes.co.uk/afghanistan/teaching_resources.asp?id=13721

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