1. Afghanistan: History The location of Afghanistan astride the land routes between the Indian subcontinent afghanistan history. Afghanistan peace force monitors Geneva Accords, broadbased national http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/world/A0856490.html

HOTWORDS CITE PRINT EMAIL in All Infoplease Almanacs Biographies Dictionary Encyclopedia Home Almanacs Atlas Dictionary ... D-Day Infoplease Tools Periodic Table Conversion Tool Perpetual Calendar Year by Year ... Site Map Also from Infoplease Search Infoplease Info search tips Search Biographies Bio search tips Encyclopedia Afghanistan History Early History The location of Afghanistan astride the land routes between the Indian subcontinent, Iran, and central Asia has enticed conquerors throughout history. Its high mountains, although hindering unity, helped the hill tribes to preserve their independence. It is probable that there were well-developed civilizations in S Afghanistan in prehistoric times, but the archaeological record is not clear. Certainly cultures had flourished in the north and east before the Persian king Darius I (c.500 B.C. B.C. ) them on his way to India. After Alexander's death (323 B.C. ) the region at first was part of the Seleucid empire. In the north, Bactria became independent, and the south was acquired by the Maurya dynasty. Bactria expanded southward but fell (mid-2d cent.

2. Backgrounder On Afghanistan: History Of The War FREE Join the HRW Afghanistan Mailing List. Backgrounder on afghanistan history of the War October 2001 (download PDF version 6 pages). http://www.hrw.org/backgrounder/asia/afghan-bck1023.htm

(Human Rights Watch Backgrounder, October 2001) Home News Releases About HRW Contribute ... Contact Us FREE Join the HRW Afghanistan Mailing List Backgrounder on Afghanistan: History of the War October 2001 (download PDF version - 6 pages) Key Sections The First Phase: The Saur Revolution and Soviet Occupation The Second Phase: From the Geneva Accords to the Mujahidin's Civil War The Third Phase: The Taliban's Conquest of Afghanistan Other sources Related Material Afghanistan: Human Rights Watch Key Documents September 11 Attacks: Crimes Against Humanity The Aftermath The U.S- led military intervention in Afghanistan marks the fourth phase in the country's twenty-three-year-old civil war. In every phase foreign powers have intensified the conflict by supporting one side against another. The First Phase: The Saur Revolution and Soviet Occupation After gaining power, Daoud tried to marginalize the Parchamis and distance the government from the Soviet Union. The two factions of the PDPA reunited in 1977 and launched a coup on April 27, 1978, killing Daoud and seizing power. The PDPA government, under Khalq leadership, then embarked on a campaign of radical land reform accompanied by mass repression in the countryside that resulted in the arrest and summary execution of tens of thousands. Those targeted included political figures, religious leaders, teachers, students, other professionals, Islamist organizations, and members of ethnic minorities, particularly the Hazaras, a Shi'a minority that has long been subject to discrimination by Afghanistan's ruling elite. The government's repressive measures, particularly its attempt to reform rural society through terror, provoked uprisings throughout the country.

3. Afghanistan History | Lonely Planet World Guide Thorn Tree Posts. Postcards. Afghanistan. History. Afghanistan's history as a country spans little more than two centuries, although it has contributed to the greatness of many great Central Asian empires. It was in Afghanistan that the ancient religion of Zoroastrianism began in http://www.lonelyplanet.com/destinations/middle_east/afghanistan/history.htm

home search help worldguide ... Postcards Afghanistan History Afghanistan's history as a country spans little more than two centuries, although it has contributed to the greatness of many great Central Asian empires. As with much of the region, the rise and fall of political power has been inextricably tied to the rise and fall of religions. It was in Afghanistan that the ancient religion of Zoroastrianism began in the 6th century BCE. Later, Buddhism spread west from India to the Bamiyan Valley, where it remained strong until the 10th century AD. The eastward sweep of Islam reached Afghanistan in the 7th century AD, and today the vast majority of Afghanis are Muslim. Between 1220 and 1223, Genghis Khan tore through the country, reducing Balkh, Heart, Ghazni and Bamiyan to rubble. After damage was repaired, Timur swept through in the early 1380s and reduced the region to rubble again. Timur's reign ushered in the golden Timurid era, when poetry, architecture and miniature painting reached their zenith. Timur's fourth son, Shah Rukh, built shrines, mosques and medressas throughout Khorasan, from Mashad, in modern-day Iran, to Balkh. Heart continued to prosper under Sultan Hussain Baykara (died 1506), producing such great Central Asian poets as Jami and Alisher Navoi.

4. Afghanistan History A Brief (recent)History of Afghanistan by Mohammad Ismail Sloan; Watan Afghanistan General history, land, geography, people, language, past, present, and http://afghana.com/SocietyAndCulture/History.htm

History Afghana! - Help See Also Afghana! Chat - Online Afghan community See also Afghana! The Soviet War See Also Afghana! Biographies Afghanistan Timeline AfghanLand.com AfghanMagazine.com Watan Afghanistan (Historical guide) General History Pictorial - Presented by Afghan-info.com Kabul Museum - presented by Qazi brothers, several galleries presenting pictures of artifacts from several eras including several Buddha figures. AriaAfghan.com - A chronology of Afghan history from 50,000 BC to present Gran Hewad - General history and pictorials of past Afghan leaders A Brief (recent)History of Afghanistan by Mohammad Ismail Sloan Watan Afghanistan - General history, land, geography, people, language, past, present, and national anthem. Afghanpedia.com - Quality and useful information on history, people, geography, land, economy, government, army, etc. CyberAfghanistan - Lille (France) based Afghan site with information on culture and history (French). A Brief History of Afghanistan in the past 1000 years - A speech delivered by Adam Ritscher in Duluth, Minnesota (2002).

5. Afghanistan History A presentation of Afghan history. You will find chronologies, biographies, documents such as past constitutions, and articles dealing with various stages of Afghan history. A Brief (recent)History of Afghanistan by Mohammad Ismail Sloan. Watan Afghanistan General history, land, geography, people, language http://www.afghana.com/SocietyAndCulture/History.htm

History Afghana! - Help See Also Afghana! Chat - Online Afghan community See also Afghana! The Soviet War See Also Afghana! Biographies Afghanistan Timeline AfghanLand.com AfghanMagazine.com Watan Afghanistan (Historical guide) General History Pictorial - Presented by Afghan-info.com Kabul Museum - presented by Qazi brothers, several galleries presenting pictures of artifacts from several eras including several Buddha figures. AriaAfghan.com - A chronology of Afghan history from 50,000 BC to present Gran Hewad - General history and pictorials of past Afghan leaders A Brief (recent)History of Afghanistan by Mohammad Ismail Sloan Watan Afghanistan - General history, land, geography, people, language, past, present, and national anthem. Afghanpedia.com - Quality and useful information on history, people, geography, land, economy, government, army, etc. CyberAfghanistan - Lille (France) based Afghan site with information on culture and history (French). A Brief History of Afghanistan in the past 1000 years - A speech delivered by Adam Ritscher in Duluth, Minnesota (2002).

6. THE SOVIET WAR IN AFGHANISTAN: HISTORY AND HARBINGER OF FUTURE WAR? United States Army Foreign Military Studies Office Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, USA. THE SOVIET WAR IN afghanistan history AND HARBINGER OF FUTURE WAR? http://www.bdg.minsk.by/cegi/N2/Afg/Waraf.htm

United States Army Foreign Military Studies Office Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, USA THE SOVIET WAR IN AFGHANISTAN: HISTORY AND HARBINGER OF FUTURE WAR? by General (Ret) Mohammad Yahya Nawroz , Army of Afghanistan LTC (Ret) Lester W. Grau , U.S. Army Soviet military power meets the Afghan warrior society Fifteen years after its commencement and five years after its cessation, the Soviet-Afghan War remains an enigma in the West. Earlier successful Soviet military interventions in the Ukraine (1945-1951), East Germany (1953), Hungary (1956), and Czechoslovakia (1968) and intermittent Soviet military pressure on Poland demonstrated that the stark military power of the Soviet state was an irresistible tool of Soviet political power. The West was thankful that nuclear deterrence maintained the Cold War balance and reluctantly accepted Soviet intervention within its socialist commonwealth and in the Soviet border regions as one cost of that balance. The Soviet invasion of Afghanistan was a repeat of their invasion of Czechoslovakia. For months after the invasion, hardly a political or military expert in the world doubted that Afghanistan was now forever incorporated as a part of the Soviet Empire and that nothing short of a large-scale global war could alter the status quo. And global war was most unlikely as both super powers intended to avoid it. Some Westerners recalled the British experiences in Afghanistan and waited for a Soviet "Vietnam" to emerge, but most Westerners believed that the Soviets would ultimately prevail. Some even projected their European fears to southern Asia and envisioned a bold Soviet strategic thrust from southern Afghanistan to the shores of the Persian Gulf, to challenge Western strategic interests and disrupt Western access to critical Middle Eastern oil.

7. Afghanistan: History The location of Afghanistan astride the land routes between the Indian subcontinent afghanistan history. Afghanistan peace force monitors Geneva Accords, broadbased national http://www.infoplease.com/cgi-bin/id/A0856490.html

HOTWORDS CITE PRINT EMAIL in All Infoplease Almanacs Biographies Dictionary Encyclopedia Home Almanacs Atlas Dictionary ... D-Day Infoplease Tools Periodic Table Conversion Tool Perpetual Calendar Year by Year ... Site Map Also from Infoplease Search Infoplease Info search tips Search Biographies Bio search tips Encyclopedia Afghanistan History Early History The location of Afghanistan astride the land routes between the Indian subcontinent, Iran, and central Asia has enticed conquerors throughout history. Its high mountains, although hindering unity, helped the hill tribes to preserve their independence. It is probable that there were well-developed civilizations in S Afghanistan in prehistoric times, but the archaeological record is not clear. Certainly cultures had flourished in the north and east before the Persian king Darius I (c.500 B.C. B.C. ) them on his way to India. After Alexander's death (323 B.C. ) the region at first was part of the Seleucid empire. In the north, Bactria became independent, and the south was acquired by the Maurya dynasty. Bactria expanded southward but fell (mid-2d cent.

8. Afghanistan History History of Afghanistan. Past Country Profiles 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002. http://www.countryreports.org/history/afghanistanhistory.htm

History of Afghanistan Past Country Profiles: History Home Page CountryReports.org Subscription Discuss World Issues! ... AFGHANISTAN'S PROSPECTS Afghanistan Albania Algeria Angola Austria Azerbaijan Bahrain Bangladesh Belarus Bolivia Bulgaria Cambodia Chad Chile China Congo, Dem. Rep. Colombia Comoros Cyprus Czech Republic Dominican Republic Ecuador Egypt El Salvador Ethiopia Finland Georgia Germany Ghana Guyana Haiti Honduras Hungary Indonesia Iran Iraq Israel Japan Jordan Kazakstan Korea, North Korea, South Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Lebanon Libya Madagascar Mauritania Moldova Mongolia Nepal Nicaragua Nigeria Oman Pakistan Panama Paraguay Peru Philippines Poland Portugal Qatar Romania Saudi Arabia Seychelles Singapore Somalia Spain

9. Afghanistan History - Flags, Maps, Economy, Geography, Climate, Natural Resource afghanistan history Flags, Maps, Economy, Geography, Climate, Natural Resources, Current Issues, International Agreements, Population, Social Statistics http://www.workmall.com/wfb2001/afghanistan/afghanistan_history_index.html

Country Ranks Introduction History Geography People Government Gov. Leaders ... [TOP] Afghanistan History Index http://workmall.com/wfb2001/afghanistan/afghanistan_history_index.html Source: The Library of Congress Country Studies Historical Setting THE PRE-ISLAMIC PERIOD Achaemenid Rule, ca. 550-331 B.C. Alexander and Greek Rule, 330-ca. 150 B.C. ... COMMUNISM, REBELLION, AND SOVIET INTERVENTION NOTE: The information regarding Afghanistan on this page is re-published from The Library of Congress Country Studies. No claims are made regarding the accuracy of Afghanistan History information contained here. All suggestions for corrections of any errors about Afghanistan History should be addressed to the Library of Congress. Please put this page in your BOOKMARKS - - - - - http://workmall.com/wfb2001/afghanistan/afghanistan_history_index.html Revised 04-Jul-02 Photius Coutsoukis

10. Afghanistan's Web Site -@ Afghanistan History afghanistan history. 652 Arabs introduce Islam that was to influence the course of Afghanistan’s history. 650 661 Arabs - Orthodox Caliphates. http://www.afghanistans.com/Information/History/Default.htm

Afghanistan History Home Afghanistan History Natural Regions Rivers and Lakes Climate Natural Resources ... Economy Afghanistan's history internal political development, foreign relations, and very existence as an independent state have largely been determined by its geographic location at the crossroads of Central, West, and South Asia. Over the centuries, waves of migrating peoples passed through the region described by historian Arnold Toynbee as a "roundabout of the ancient world"leaving behind a mosaic of ethnic and linguistic groups. The outline of the Afghanistan History In modern times, as well as in antiquity, will focus on vast armies of the world passing through Afghanistan, temporarily establishing local control. 50,000 BC - 20,000 BC Stone Age Archaeologists have identified evidence of stone age technology in Aq Kupruk (balkh), and Hazar Sum. Plant remains at the foothill of the Hindu Kush mountains indicate, that North Afghanistan was one of the earliest places to domestic plants and animals. 3000 BC - 2000 BC Bronze Age It has been indicated the Bronze have been invented in ancient Afghanistan around this time.

11. Afghanistan History fighting the Taliban. The Taliban regime was defeated and an interim government led by Hamid Karzai. More History of Afghanistan. http://www.nationbynation.com/Afghanistan/History1.html

BACK TO THE FRONT PAGE BASIC INFO. ECONOMY GEOGRAPHY BACK TO THE FRONT PAGE BASIC INFO. ECONOMY GEOGRAPHY ... AFGHANISTAN The history of this country extends back to the days of Alexander the Great. After falling to the Parthians and thriving as a Buddhist entity, the country was conquered by Islam, only to fall to the forces of Genghis Khan in the early 13th century. After a period as the center of Tamerlane's empire a century-and-a-half later, the country was broken up and controlled by a number of small kingdoms and tribes. In the mid-eighteenth century, a unified emirate was established by Ahmed Shah Durani. Eventually, the country was controlled by Britain, and it was not until 1919 that Afghanistan achieved full independence under Amanullah Khan, who was proclaimed king. The monarchy was overthrown in a military-led coup in 1973 and the country descended into a civil war, following the 1979 Soviet invasion. (A pro-Soviet coup had taken place in 1978). A decade later the USSR withdrew. Turmoil has continued to dog the country with the rise of the extreme fundamentalist Taliban, which since 1995, have overrun the country and instituted a strict Islamic-based regime. In late 2001 in wake of the terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon, the United States began providing air and ground support to the forces fighting the Taliban. The Taliban regime was defeated and an interim government led by Hamid Karzai More History of Afghanistan

12. Afghanistan History Afghanistan, often called the crossroads of Central Asia, has had a turbulent history. In 328 BC, Alexander the Great entered the http://www.nationbynation.com/Afghanistan/History2.html

BACK TO THE FRONT PAGE BASIC INFO. ECONOMY GEOGRAPHY ... AFGHANISTAN Afghanistan, often called the crossroads of Central Asia, has had a turbulent history. In 328 BC, Alexander the Great entered the territory of present-day Afghanistan, then part of the Persian Empire, to capture Bactria (present-day Balkh). Invasions by the Scythians, White Huns, and Turks followed in succeeding centuries. In AD 642, Arabs invaded the entire region and introduced Islam. Arab rule quickly gave way to the Persians, who controlled the area until conquered by the Turkic Ghaznavids in 998. Mahmud of Ghazni (998-1030) consolidated the conquests of his predecessors and turned Ghazni into a great cultural center as well as a base for frequent forays into India. Following Mahmud's short-lived dynasty, various princes attempted to rule sections of the country until the Mongol invasion of 1219. The Mongol invasion, led by Genghis Khan, resulted in massive slaughter of the population, destruction of many cities, including Herat, Ghazni, and Balkh, and the despoliation of fertile agricultural areas. Following Genghis Khan's death in 1227, a succession of petty chiefs and princes struggled for supremacy until late in the 14th century, when one of his descendants, Tamerlane, incorporated Afghanistan into his own vast Asian empire. Babur, a descendant of Tamerlane and the founder of India's Moghul dynasty at the beginning of the 16th century, made Kabul the capital of an Afghan principality.

13. Afghanistan: History You are here History. Afghanistan. The territory now known as Afghanistan is believed to have been inhabited in the Neolithic era, 100,000 years BC. http://gbgm-umc.org/country_profiles/country_history.cfm?Id=193

14. Afghanistan History And Geography Introduction. Top of Page. Background Afghanistan was invaded and occupied by the Soviet Union in 1979. The USSR was forced to http://www.worldhistory.com/geos/af.htm

[Country Listing] The World Factbook Home] Afghanistan Afghanistan Introduction [Top of Page] Background: Afghanistan was invaded and occupied by the Soviet Union in 1979. The USSR was forced to withdraw 10 years later by anti-communist mujahidin forces supplied and trained by the US, Saudi Arabia, Pakistan, and others. Fighting subsequently continued among the various mujahidin factions, but the fundamentalist Islamic Taliban movement has been able to seize most of the country. In addition to the continuing civil strife, the country suffers from enormous poverty, a crumbling infrastructure, and widespread live mines. Geography [Top of Page] Location: Southern Asia, north and west of Pakistan, east of Iran Geographic coordinates: 33 00 N, 65 00 E Map references: Asia Area: total: 652,000 sq km land: 652,000 sq km water: sq km Area - comparative: slightly smaller than Texas Land boundaries: total: 5,529 km border countries: China 76 km, Iran 936 km, Pakistan 2,430 km, Tajikistan 1,206 km, Turkmenistan 744 km, Uzbekistan 137 km Coastline: km (landlocked) Maritime claims: none (landlocked) Climate: arid to semiarid; cold winters and hot summers

15. Afghanland.com Afghanistan History Draft Constitution of Afghanistan Presented by The Loya Jirga of Jan 4, 2004 Who is Hamid Karzai? the bio of the new head of Afghanistan s government http://www.afghanland.com/history/history.html

HOME NEWS ISLAM HISTORY ... Transitional Gov Draft Constitution of Afghanistan: Presented by The Loya Jirga of Jan 4, 2004 ... Read Dr. Sima Samar : A courageous woman who works for the advancement of Afghan women ... More Who is Hamid Karzai?: the bio of the new head of Afghanistan's government... More Durrand Line: Durrand treaty has expired and Pashtunistan must return to Afghanistan... More Republic of Afghanistan A Republic is born and afghanistan is not ready... More Ulugbek A Prince, and pioneer in field of Astronomy in Afghanistan... More Ahmad Shah Baba Durrani: Afghanistan's first king selected by the Loya Jirga... More Loya Jirga Traditional Grand assembly of elders, intellectuals, and tribal leaders... More Afghanistan in Crisis A brief timeline of what occurred in the past century... More Flags of Afghanistan View the most complete collection of afghan flags...

16. Afghanistan History Links Caspian Revenue Watch. afghanistan history LINKS. Afghanland History Afghanistan Online History Historical Photo Album of Afghanistan, 1747 1992. http://www.eurasianet.org/resource/afghanistan/links/history.shtml

Eurasia Insight Analysis of current affairs Deals, Developments, and Trends Environment Hazards and Solutions Expert and Observer Interviews Culture News, Book Reviews, and Photo Essays Human Rights Monitoring and Actions Recaps Summaries of Expert Meetings Election Watch Results and Analysis East of Magnum An Online Photo Exhibition EurasiaNet Partners Contributing Sites Grants and Employment Opportunities in Central Eurasia Search EurasiaNet Eurasia Policy Forum Drug Policy, HIV/AIDS and the Public Health Crisis in Central Asia Caspian Revenue Watch AFGHANISTAN HISTORY LINKS Afghanland: History Afghanistan Online: History Historical Photo Album of Afghanistan, 1747 - 1992 Recent History History of the War in Afghanistan from Human Rights Watch Chronological History of Afghanistan (1978 - Present) The Dismantling of Afghan History A Brief History of the War in Afghanistan Afghan History before 1973 Sites in Perspective: An Historical Survey by Nancy Dupree The First Anglo-Afghan War Biography Biography of Afgan Political Figures Afghan Personalities Index Subscribe to EurasiaNet

17. Afghanistan History afghanistan history Book Review and Price Comparison. Top Selling Books for afghanistan history. Afghanistan A Short History of Its http://www.bookfinder.us/History/Asia_History/Afghanistan_History.html

Book Reviews and Compare Prices for Afghanistan History History : Asia History : Afghanistan History Home Browse Books Bookstore List Top Selling Books ... Rate Book Stores Search: Title/Author/Keywords/ISBN History Asia History Afghanistan History Book Review and Price Comparison Pages: Next Top Selling Books for Afghanistan History Afghanistan: A Short History of Its People and Politics AUTHOR: Martin Ewans ISBN: 0641526733 Format: Hardcover Compare prices for this book Afghanistan's Endless War AUTHOR: Goodson, Larry P. ISBN: 0295980508 Format: Paperback Compare prices for this book Charlie Wilson's War: The Extraordinary Story of the Largest Covert Operation in History AUTHOR: George Crile ISBN: 0871138549 Publish Date: March 2003 Format: Hardcover Compare prices for this book No Room for Error: The Covert Operations of America's Special Tactics Units from Iran To Afghanistan AUTHOR: Benjamin F. Schemmer, et al ISBN: 0345453336 Publish Date: November 2002 Format: Hardcover Compare prices for this book Immaculate Warfare AUTHOR: Wrage, Stephen D.

18. Afghanistan History afghanistan history Book Review and Price Comparison. Book Review and Price Comparisons for afghanistan history. America s Role in http://www.bookfinder.us/History/Asia_History/Afghanistan_History~~6.html

Book Reviews and Compare Prices for Afghanistan History History : Asia History : Afghanistan History Home Browse Books Bookstore List Top Selling Books ... Rate Book Stores Search: Title/Author/Keywords/ISBN History Asia History Afghanistan History Book Review and Price Comparison Pages: Next Book Review and Price Comparisons for Afghanistan History America's Role in Nation-Building: From Germany to Iraq AUTHOR: James Dobbins (Editor), John McGinn (Editor), Rollie Lal (Editor), Anga Timilsina (Editor), Andrew Rathmell (Editor) ISBN: 083303460X Publish Date: September 2003 Format: Paperback Compare prices for this book Afghan Wars: 1839 To the Present Day AUTHOR: Edgar O'Balance, Edgar O'Ballance ISBN: 1857533089 Publish Date: December 2002 Format: Paperback Compare prices for this book Statecraft: Strategies for a Changing World AUTHOR: Margaret Thatcher ISBN: 0641532768 Format: Hardcover Compare prices for this book The Light Garden of the Angel King: Travels in Afghanistan AUTHOR: Peter Levi (Introduction) ISBN: 1873429355 Publish Date: May 2001 Format: Paperback Compare prices for this book Afghanistan AUTHOR: Hamed Madani ISBN: 0737716703 Publish Date: January 2004 Format: Hardcover Compare prices for this book Nation-Building Unraveled: Aid, Peace and Justice in Afghanistan

19. LII - Results For "afghanistan History" No Stemming Show titles only in results. Results for afghanistan history 1 to 2 of 2, Afghanistan A Country Study The material on http://www.lii.org/advanced?searchtype=subject;query=Afghanistan History;subsear

20. LII - Results For "afghanistan History 20th Century" No Stemming Show titles only in results. Results for afghanistan history 20th century 1 to 3 of 3, Before Taliban Genealogies of http://www.lii.org/advanced?searchtype=subject;query=Afghanistan History 20th ce

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